The three receptors which are included in the NCR class are NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, NK cells mediate their cytolytic function through the engagement of activating receptors, such as NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp30, NKp46, and NKp44 ( 3 , 4 ), or following pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Results and conclusions: Compared to Gleason 6 patients, a reduced expression of NK cell activating receptors (NKp30, NKp46, 2B4) was observed as the Gleason grade of the patients increased. (ntu.ac.uk)
This killing is mediated primarily via the natural cytotoxicity receptors, including NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, and by the NKG2D receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
Activating NK cell receptor expression/function (NKp30, NKp46, DNAM-1) during chronic viraemic HCV infection is associated with the outcome of combined treatment. (unige.it)
FcRγ-deficient NK cells displayed dramatically reduced expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp46 and NKp30 but still expressed substantial levels of CD16. (nih.gov)
Other surface substances, such as organic cytotoxic receptors Nkp30, Nkp44, and Nkp46, and activating KIRs also donate to NK-cell activation procedure and are important to determine whether NK cells will become activated to focus on infected or changed cells (27, 31). (biospraysehatalami.com)
Publicity of NK cells to low dosages of IL-15 improved NKp30 considerably, NKp46, NKG2D, and NKG2C surface area appearance. (eotp.org)
Among the receptors indicated by NK cells, the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46), NKG2D and CD16 can all activate a functional response on binding ligand (2), although CD16 is the only one that directly causes cytotoxicity in the absence of cytokines or secondary signaling (9, 10). (museopedrogocial.org)
NKG2D7
In the last decade, many different KARs and KIRs, such as NKp46 or NKG2D, have been discovered (opposing-signals model). (wikipedia.org)
Here, we describe a potentially novel in vitro model of exhaustion that uses plate-bound agonists of the NK cell activating receptors NKp46 and NKG2D to induce canonical exhaustion phenotypes. (jci.org)
Other mechanisms for the evasion include the upregulation of HLA-E to activate NKG2A or the shedding of MICA and MICB to suppress NKG2D. (molcells.org)
Activating C-type lectin receptor NKG2D Carboxyamidotriazole identifies the modified self-state of contaminated or changed activates and cells NK-cell cytolytic activity. (biospraysehatalami.com)
NKG2D is an activating NK cell surface receptor that recognizes ligands, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence (MIC) A and B and UL16-binding proteins (ULPBs), displayed on the surfaces of stressed cells, thereby preventing non-specific killing by bringing NK cells into close proximity with their targets [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
showed that histamine could prevent NKp46 and NKG2D down-regulation mediated by mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes ROS creation (35). (eotp.org)
Inhibitory28
KARs work together with inhibitory receptors (abbreviated as KIRs in the text), which inactivate them in order to regulate the NK cells functions on hosted or transformed cells. (wikipedia.org)
KARs and KIRs can have tyrosine containing activatory or inhibitory motifs in the intracellular part of the receptor molecule (they are called ITAMs and ITIMs). (wikipedia.org)
The KIR term has been started to be being used parallelly both for the Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and for the Killer Inhibitory Receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors involve both activatory and inhibitory receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Killer-cell inhibitory receptors involve both immunoglobulin-like receptors and C-type lectin-like receptors. (wikipedia.org)
There are two different kinds of surface receptors which are responsible for triggering NK-mediated natural cytotoxicity: the NK KARs (meaning: Killer Activation Receptors) and the NK KIRs (meaning: Killer Inhibitory Receptors). (wikipedia.org)
When an inhibitory receptor is stimulated by the binding of MHC class I, kinases and phosphatases are recruited to the receptor complex. (wikipedia.org)
NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
Their function is regulated by the activation of a number of activating and inhibitory receptors that bind to specific ligands expressed on the surface of target cells. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, we discovered a beneficial effect of NK cell inhibitory receptor signaling during exhaustion. (jci.org)
By simultaneously engaging the inhibitory receptor NKG2A during activation in our model, cytokine production and cytotoxicity defects were mitigated, suggesting that balancing positive and negative signals integrated by effector NK cells can be beneficial for antitumor immunity. (jci.org)
NK cells recognize the targets through the biased signals transmitted from active or inhibitory receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are mainly involved in inhibiting NK killing (inhibitory KIRs) via interaction with MHC class I molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
On the other hand, other ligands, such as HLA, bind to inhibitory receptors NKG2A and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) to inhibit NK cells, providing a form of protection for self-cells from innate immunity. (molcells.org)
To comprehend the NK-cell effector features, it really is paramount to consider the total amount between activating and inhibitory indicators (31) that drive NK-cell cytotoxicity. (biospraysehatalami.com)
NK-cell activation depends on stimulatory indicators capable of conquering the regular inhibitory declare that can be taken care of by signaling through inhibitory receptors. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Self-recognition of MHC-I proteins through C-type lectin receptor NKG2A and inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) represent the physiological discussion between NK and focus on cells. (biospraysehatalami.com)
The lack of reputation of self by inhibitory receptors characterizes the missing-self trend and decreases the activating threshold. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Natural killer (NK)-cell function is finely regulated by an array of receptors transducing either inhibitory or activating signals. (ashpublications.org)
Human NK cells also express on their cell surface non-MHC-specific inhibitory receptors, including p75/AIRM1 (siglec-7) that is expressed virtually by all NK cells. (ashpublications.org)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Endometrium from pregnant heifers had greater mRNA abundance for the inhibitory molecules, CD274 and lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3), and greater cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), molecules that can interact with receptors on antigen-presenting cells and induce lymphocyte tolerance. (psu.edu)
The inhibitory KIRs 2DL1 (CD158a), 2DL2/3 (CD158b), and 3DL1 (CD158e1) are such surface receptors and allow adoptively transferred donor NK cells to exert potent antileukemic effects if the cognate HLA class I ligands are absent in the recipients [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Intro Natural Killer (NK) cells identify and kill infected, transformed and allogeneic cells having a diversity of activating and inhibitory cell-surface receptors (1C3). (museopedrogocial.org)
This study shown a strong genetic rules of the inhibitory receptors. (museopedrogocial.org)
This phenomenon could be offset by a dual-CAR system incorporating both an activating CAR against the cognate tumor antigen and an NK self-recognizing inhibitory CAR that transferred a 'don't kill me' signal to NK cells upon engagement with their TROG + siblings. (nature.com)
In addition to their role as effectors of innate immunity, both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors have essential functional roles, including self tolerance and the maintenance of NK cell activity. (microbiologynote.com)
NKp441
Suppression was not reliant upon the NKp44, NKp46, or GPR183 receptors. (haematologica.org)
Cytotoxicity triggeri1
Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NCR1) is also known as Natural killer cell p46-related protein (NK-p46), Lymphocyte antigen 94 homolog (LY94), CD antigen CD335, which belongs to the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family. (transcriptionfactor.org)
CD164
define NK cell differentiation states based on their education via NKG2a and expression of CD16 (FcγRIII), an activating Fc receptor that mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 8 , and demonstrate that nonpathogenic SIVagm infection in African green monkeys (AGMs) imprints the maturation of NK cells inducing terminally differentiated NKG2a low CD16 + NK cells, which express high levels of interleukin (IL)−21R. (nature.com)
NK cells respond to tumor and virus-infected cells directly through several activation receptors, including natural cytotoxicity receptors, or indirectly through the activating Fc receptor CD16 for antibody-coated cells. (nih.gov)
In December 2021, the Company announced that the first patient was dosed in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial by Sanofi, evaluating IPH6101/SAR443579, the first NKp46/CD16‑based NK cell engager, in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) or high risk-myelodysplastic syndrome (HR-MDS). (ymlp207.net)
In the current study it is shown that this NKp46 high phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of CD16 and CD27 compared to the CD8α + NKp46 - and NKp46 + NK-cell subsets in spleen and blood. (biomedcentral.com)
NCR11
NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
KIRs5
As KARs and KIRs are receptors with antagonic effects on NK cells, they have some structural characteristics in common. (wikipedia.org)
The two other classes are: Natural Killer Group 2 (NKG2), which includes activation and inhibition receptors (in this article, we will only describe NKG2 with an activator role), and some KIRs which, exceptionally, don't have an inhibitor role. (wikipedia.org)
Some KIRs, however, have been found to enhance NK killing when interacting with MHC class I molecules (activating KIRs). (ox.ac.uk)
These results may shed new light on the function of activating KIRs and their relevance in NK biology. (ox.ac.uk)
In humans, HLA class I-specific receptors include killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) specific for determinants shared by groups of HLA-A, -B, and -C allotypes 4 and CD94/NKG2A heterodimer specific for the nonclassic, class I molecule HLA-E 5 . (ashpublications.org)
CD3353
Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of CD335 (NKp46) expression on Human peripheral blood leucocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
Left Plots) or BD Horizon™ RB780 Mouse Anti-Human CD335 (NKp46) antibody (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
Bivariate pseudocolor density plots showing the correlated expression of either CD335 (NKp46) [or Ig Isotype control staining] versus NCAM-1 (CD56) [Top Plots] or side light-scatter (SSC-A) signals (Bottom Plots) were derived from gated events with the forward and side light-scatter characteristics of intact lymphocytes (Top Plots) or leucocyte populations (Bottom Plots). (bdbiosciences.com)
Interacting with MHC class I mol1
1-3 Among receptors negatively regulating NK-cell function, a crucial role is played by those interacting with MHC class I molecules. (ashpublications.org)
Cells40
Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) are receptors expressed on the plasmatic membrane of Natural Killer cells (NK cells). (wikipedia.org)
NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. (frontiersin.org)
During anti-HCMV responses, NK cells can reshape their receptor repertoire and function, through epigenetic remodeling, and acquire adaptive traits such as longevity and clonal expansion abilities. (frontiersin.org)
KLRF1, an activating homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR), is expressed on nearly all natural killer (NK) cells and stimulates their cytoxicity and cytokine release (Kuttruff et al. (nih.gov)
Results Collectively, this has resulted in a novel multifunctional NK cell engager, combining neoantigen-cytokine-chemokine elements fused to an activating domain-specific to NK cells, and we have investigated its ability to support and enhance NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against solid tumors in vitro and in vivo against patient-derived GBM models. (bmj.com)
Priming of NK cells from patients induced a lower induction of CD137 and CRTAM expression, and a greater down-regulation of NKp46 and CD96 expression compared to that which was observed following the priming of NK cells from healthy volunteers. (ntu.ac.uk)
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells express both TIGIT and DNAM-1 receptors, and in certain cases their effector functions are dictated by TIGIT or DNAM-1 signaling. (cusabio.com)
Cells were analyzed for NK cell purity, expression of different chemokine receptors, cell adhesion molecules, activating receptors and death ligands as well as IFN? (infinite-science.de)
The cells showed expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CCR7 and the cell adhesion molecules Lselectin, LFA-1 and VLA-4. (infinite-science.de)
Triggering of NK-cell effector functions through these receptors depends on physically associated transmembrane signaling adaptors, such as FcRγ (also known as FcεRIγ) and CD3ζ, both of which have been traditionally believed to be expressed by all mature NK cells. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, a minority of NK cells exhibit the FcRIIIA receptor (Compact disc16) that binds towards the continuous (Fc) area of IgG antibodies Carboxyamidotriazole that may bind to viral antigens portrayed on the top of contaminated cells. (biospraysehatalami.com)
NK cells are more vunerable to activation, particularly if activating substances are indicated in contaminated or transformed focus on cells and identified by activating receptors, characterizing the altered-self trend. (biospraysehatalami.com)
These receptors allow NK cells to spare autologous normal cells and to kill cells in which MHC class I expression is down-regulated (eg, by tumor transformation or viral infection) or cells expressing non-self MHC class I alleles unable to engage these receptors (eg, allogenic transplantation settings). (ashpublications.org)
In a study published in Science Immunology, researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden show that so-called natural killer (NK) cells were strongly activated early afte r SARS-CoV-2 infection but that the type of activation differed in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. (debuglies.com)
The result showed that NK cells were strongly activated in the blood shortly after infection. (debuglies.com)
Among the first responders to viral infections, tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) (55) recognize evolutionarily conserved microbial structures termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (56). (debuglies.com)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Results revealed an increased percentage of NKp46 + and CD8 + cells in the uterus of pregnant heifers. (psu.edu)
Phenotypical analyses with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine NKp46 recently revealed that in blood NKp46 - and NKp46 + cells with NK phenotype exist with comparable cytotoxic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally NKp46 high NK cells expressed elevated levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on mRNA level. (biomedcentral.com)
Functional analyses revealed that splenic NKp46 high NK cells produced much higher levels of Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α upon stimulation with cytokines or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/Ionomycin compared to the other two subsets. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, cross-linking of NKp46 by NKp46-specific mAbs led to a superior CD107a expression in the NKp46 high NK cells, thus indicating a higher cytolytic capacity of this subset. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore porcine splenic NKp46 high NK cells represent a highly activated subset of NK cells and may play a profound role in the immune surveillance of this organ. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, a recent study from our group with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the activating receptor NKp46 enabled a more comprehensive insight into the phenotype of porcine NK cells and putative subsets [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, NKp46 in the pig was shown to divide porcine CD3 - CD8α + NK cells into NKp46 - and NKp46 + subsets in blood and all organs tested [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CD3 - CD8α + NKp46 - NK cells show phenotypic and functional properties of NK cells although they produce reduced levels of IFN-γ compared to the NKp46 + subset after in vitro stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, a third NK cell population with elevated NKp46 expression levels was identified in high frequencies in spleen and liver, pointing towards a special role of NK cells with this phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, in this study we focused on functional and phenotypical properties of CD8α dim/- NKp46 high NK-cells in the spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
We determined if adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells from haploidentical killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors may prolong event-free survival in children with intermediate-risk AML who were in first complete remission after chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
The first evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of natural killer (NK) cells in AML was established in a study of 57 adult patients, in which none of the 20 individuals who received haploidentical cell transplantation from a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donor experienced disease relapse [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike cytotoxic T cells, they do not require prior sensitization to eliminate tumor cells but mediate cytotoxicity through complex interactions between NK cell surface receptors and their cognate ligands expressed on their respective target cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this scholarly study, IMiDs-treated NK cells shown a lesser NKp46 appearance, although this acquired no functional implications on cytolytic features of NK cells. (eotp.org)
One is an improved large quantity of NK cells expressing the NKG2C receptor in the peripheral blood (13), that is maintained throughout existence. (museopedrogocial.org)
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and results in the production of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, especially in the lungs, leading to what is known as COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we used human cultured mast cells that are plentiful in the lungs and showed that recombinant SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein (1-10 ng/mL), but not its receptor-binding domain (RBD), stimulates the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) as well as the proteolytic enzymes chymase and tryptase. (bvsalud.org)
These results provide evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 S protein contributes to inflammation by stimulating mast cells through different receptors and could lead to new targeted treatment approaches. (bvsalud.org)
Killer1
In humans, the HLA class I receptors include Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) that identify epitopes of HLA-A, -B and CC (A3/11, Bw4, C1 and C2) (7) and CD94:NKG2A heterodimers that identify HLA-E (8). (museopedrogocial.org)
Molecules1
These receptors identify epitopes on major histocompatibility complex class I and class I-like molecules, costimulatory ligands, stress-related molecules, and cytokines (4C6). (museopedrogocial.org)
Expression3
These findings also illustrate a differential contribution of FcRγ and CD3ζ for the expression and functional activity of their associated receptors. (nih.gov)
In spleen a third NKp46-defined population with NK phenotype was observed that was characterised by a low to negative CD8α and increased NKp46 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokines Few pharmacological brokers are able to directly increase the expression of NK-activating receptors. (eotp.org)
Cytokine2
NK cell exhaustion is caused by chronic exposure to activating stimuli during viral infection, tumorigenesis, and prolonged cytokine treatment. (jci.org)
In this model, prolonged activation resulted in downregulation of activating receptors, upregulation of checkpoint markers, decreased cytokine production and cytotoxicity in vitro, weakened glycolytic capacity, and decreased persistence, function, and tumor control in vivo. (jci.org)
Different receptors1
Thus, the overall response of an NK cell depends on the balance of stimulating these different receptors. (molcells.org)
Natural2
When the binding of an activation ligand to an activation receptor complex occurs, the tyrosine residues in the ITAMs in the associated chain are phosphorylated by kinases, and a signal that promotes natural cytotoxicity is conveyed to the interior of the NK cell. (wikipedia.org)
The first group of receptors where KARs are included is called Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCR), and it only includes activation receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Cell8
This is how ITIMs counteract the effect of kinases initiated by activating receptors and manage to inhibit the signal transduction within the NK cell. (wikipedia.org)
Human dNK cell function is differentially regulated by extrinsic cellular engagement and intrinsic activating receptors in first and second trimester pregnancy. (nih.gov)
On the NK cell side, the engager is designed to target the activating receptor NKp46. (bmj.com)
Cell surface receptors containing an immunoglobin domain. (embl.de)
Here, the peptide neoantigen on the DCs' MHC is presented to the awaiting CD4 + or CD8 + T cell receptor (TCR) complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
This system prevented trogocytic antigen-mediated fratricide, while sparing activating CAR signaling against the tumor antigen, and resulted in enhanced CAR-NK cell activity. (nature.com)
The NKp46 cell surface marker is currently a preferred NK cell surface marker expressed in humans, multiple mouse strains (including BALB/c mice), and three common monkey species. (microbiologynote.com)
Signal transduction1
As the chains which form KARs are not able to mediate any signal transduction in isolation, a common feature of such receptors is the presence of noncovalently linked subunits that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in their cytoplasmic tails. (wikipedia.org)
Bind2
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is able to bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with a much higher affinity compared to other coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
Zn2+ ions bind to the ACE2 receptor in its catalytic site and modulate its activity, but it could also contribute to the structural stability of the entire protein. (bvsalud.org)
Protein5
We have previously demonstrated that KIR2DS4, an activating KIR, recognizes the HLA-Cw4 protein. (ox.ac.uk)
The binding interface between the ACE2 receptor and the spike protein plays a critical role in the entry mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (bvsalud.org)
There are specific amino acids involved in the interaction between the S protein and the ACE2 receptor. (bvsalud.org)
In the ACE2 receptor, the largest number of amino acids playing a crucial role in the mechanism of interaction and recognition with the S protein is located in the C-terminal part, which represents the main binding region between ACE2 and S. This fragment is abundant in coordination residues such as aspartates, glutamates, and histidine that could be targeted by metal ions. (bvsalud.org)
The ability of the human ACE2 receptor to coordinate metal ions, such as Zn2+, in the same region where it binds to the S protein could have a crucial impact on the mechanism of recognition and interaction of ACE2-S, with consequences on their binding affinity that deserve to be investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Recognition1
MHC class I-independent recognition of NK-activating receptor KIR2DS4. (ox.ac.uk)
Specificity1
Such receptors have a broad binding specificity and, therefore, are able to broadcast opposite signals. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins1
These two kinds of specific receptors have some morphological features in common, such as being transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Interactions1
We report here on peptide amphiphile supramolecular nanofibers that display a sequence from ACE2 in order to promote interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain. (bvsalud.org)
Organic1
Accordingly, this boost of receptor appearance was correlated with a rise of organic cytotoxicity against autologous AML blasts (29, 48). (eotp.org)