Activating histone. Medical search. Frequent questions

Transcriptional profiling demonstrates that mutant NSD2 aberrantly activates factors commonly associated with neural and stromal lineages in addition to signaling and adhesion genes. (northwestern.edu)
In order to directly target a generally conserved feature, elevated trimethyl-lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), we developed the Polycomb-based Transcription Factor (PcTF), a fusion activator that targets methyl-histone marks via its N-terminal H3K27me3-binding motif, and co-regulates sets of silenced genes. (elsevierpure.com)
Thus, acetylation of histones is known to increase the expression of genes through transcription activation. (wikipedia.org)
Background: Bivalent chromatin domains consisting of the activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone modifications are enriched at developmental genes that are repressed in embryonic stem cells but active during differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Drugs called histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors protect the acetyl group connection and allow transcription factors to connect with genes' promoter regions to activate them. (newswise.com)
Microarray analysis revealed that HTZ1-activated genes cluster near telomeres. (sdbonline.org)
Other Htz1-activated genes flank the silent HMR mating-type locus. (sdbonline.org)
Swr1 is required for the deposition of histone H2AZ at specific chromosome locations in vivo, and Swr1 and H2AZ commonly regulate a subset of yeast genes. (sdbonline.org)
Methylation strengthens the interaction between histones and DNA, suppressing transcription of genes involved in differentiation. (jove.com)
In contrast, histone demethylases remove methyl groups to activate genes involved in pluripotency. (jove.com)
HDAC2 appears to mediate the action of steroids to switch off activated inflammatory genes, but in patients with COPD, patients with severe asthma, and smokers with asthma, HDAC2 activity and expression are reduced by oxidative stress through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ. (nih.gov)
The regulation of transcription of histone genes differs between eukaryotes. (news-medical.net)
The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
Given that the replication dependent histone genes all activate upon entry into the S phase, it is speculated that there exists some further upstream regulatory element. (news-medical.net)
This mechanism is hypothesized to transduce a shared signal that activates the transcription of histone genes when the G1/S phase boundary is reached. (news-medical.net)
Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
In Drosophila , the BX-C cluster contains the three most posterior Hox genes, where their collinear activation incorporates progressive replacement of histone modifications, reorganization of 3D chromatin architecture and sequential activation of boundary elements and cis -regulatory regions. (biorxiv.org)
Methylation of this fourth amino acid residue from the N-terminus of histone H3 is one of the most studied histone modifications, and with good reason: it's tightly associated with the promoters of active genes. (epigenie.com)
Adding the acetyl tags normally activates certain genes, meaning they change the way the cell behaves. (smithsonianmag.com)
influences which genes are activated and which tend to change as cells age. (scientificamerican.com)

NSD2, a histone methyltransferase specific for methylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36), exhibits a glutamic acid to lysine mutation at residue 1099 (E1099K) in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and cells harboring this mutation can become the predominant clone in relapsing disease. (northwestern.edu)
A small molecular weight G-protein essential for Nox2 activation, Rac1, is also transcriptionally activated via active DNA methylation-hydroxymethylation. (nature.com)
diabetes alters retinal histone methylation machinery. (nature.com)
Our aim is to investigate the role of histone methylation (H3K9me3) of Rac1 promoter in dynamic DNA methylation- transcriptional activation. (nature.com)
Crosstalk between H3K9me3 and DNA methylation was examined in cells transfected with siRNA of histone trimethyl-transferase, Suv39H1, or Dnmt1 , exposed to high glucose. (nature.com)
Thus, H3K9me3 at Rac1 promoter assists in active DNA methylation-hydroxymethylation, activating Rac1 transcription. (nature.com)
Here, we summarize the different types of epigenetic enzymes which target corresponding protein domains, emphasize DNA methylation , histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated cooperation with epigenetic modification, and highlight recent achievements in developing targets for epigenetic inhibitor therapy. (frontiersin.org)
In htz1Delta cells, Sir2 and Sir3 spread into flanking euchromatic regions, producing changes in histone H4 acetylation and H3 4-methylation indicative of ectopic heterochromatin formation. (sdbonline.org)
Unlike methylation, acetylation weakens histones' interaction with DNA and loosens the chromatin to make it accessible to transcription factors. (jove.com)
Epigenetic information can be transmitted by several different molecular mechanisms, which include but are not limited to DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). (plos.org)
Methylation of histones does not usually change as much as phosphorylation does. (news-medical.net)
Some methylation alterations of H3 histones occur in the M phase, whereas many other H3s do not change noticeably. (news-medical.net)
While this is still an active area of research, it is clear that specific histone methylation states regulate transcription by promoting the binding of positive transcription factors and blocking negative ones. (epigenie.com)
Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. (epigenie.com)

Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes, the basic structural unit of the chromosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
Adding chemical groups to the DNA backbone and modifying histone proteins impart distinct characteristics on chromatin architecture. (frontiersin.org)
Their team found that in effector T cells, this process is blocked by histone proteins that intertwine with DNA to form chromatin. (newswise.com)
Acetyl groups that connect to histone proteins cause a more "open" status for gene transcription. (newswise.com)
The histone H2A.F/Z (H2AZ) variant is a functionally distinct, highly conserved histone subgroup that likely represents a separate evolutionary lineage of histone H2A proteins. (sdbonline.org)
Chromatin is composed of nucleosomes-structures consisting of DNA wound around histone proteins. (jove.com)
Histone variants can replace the major histone proteins, leading to chromatin remodeling. (jove.com)
In chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. (news-medical.net)
The S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis, and in the 1960s it was discovered that histone proteins are also synthesized during this phase. (news-medical.net)
Histone H2B gene transcription during Xenopus early development requires functional cooperation between proteins bound to the CCAAT and octamer motifs. (wikigenes.org)

When a lysine is to be deacetylated, factors known as histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of the acetyl group with a molecule of H2O. (wikipedia.org)
Strategies to induce fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis for the treatment of ß- hemoglobinopathies probably involve protein modifications by histone deacetylases (HDACs) that mediate Î³- globin gene regulation . (bvsalud.org)
There has been an increase in the identification of disease-associated risk factors, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs) and vimentin, as well as the signaling pathways involved, including activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and inactivation of the cellular tumor antigen p53 signaling pathway ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases catalyze acetylation and deacetylation. (jove.com)

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) using a histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) mark in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atherosclerosis with T2D (n = 8) or without T2D (ND, n = 10). (lu.se)
Histone lysine demethylases in breast cancer. (open.ac.uk)
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) have been recently discovered in mammals and have been nicknamed "erasers" for their ability to remove methyl groups from histone substrates. (open.ac.uk)

These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with "histone acetyltransferase" (HAT) or "histone deacetylase" (HDAC) activity. (wikipedia.org)
and reduced expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2. (nih.gov)
Additionally, the use of simvastatin plus classII histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (MC1568) induced further overexpression of p27(KIP1) by inhibiting HDAC5 induction originated from downregulated EZH2 in CRC cells and synergistically led to considerable antiproliferative effects. (nih.gov)

The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)

The histone tails insert themselves in the minor grooves of the DNA and extend through the double helix, which leaves them open for modifications involved in transcriptional activation. (wikipedia.org)
Modifications of histones can not only cause secondary structural changes at their specific points, but can cause many structural changes in distant locations which inevitably affects function. (wikipedia.org)
ChIP-qPCR assays were performed to evaluate the recruitment of different histone modifications in the core promoter region of securin gene as well as its upstream and downstream regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone modifications and chromatin-associated protein complexes are crucially involved in the control of gene expression, supervising cell fate decisions and differentiation. (researchgate.net)
TETs' role in the crosstalk with specific histone modifications, however, is largely elusive. (researchgate.net)
We model central nervous system development using organoids, and select three histone modifications as proxies for dynamic epigenetic change and validate our findings in a primary developing human brain. (researchgate.net)
Recent achievements highlight the accelerated development of epigenetics, such as the definition of a human DNA methylome at single-nucleotide resolution, the various discoveries of histone variants and modifications, the study of the CpG island in the genome, and the progress of genome-wide nucleosome positioning maps ( Baldi, 2019 ). (frontiersin.org)
A closely related debate around chromatin modifications is about causality: several histone PTMs correlate with specific transcriptional states, but in many cases they are not responsible for a transcriptional outcome but rather are a consequence of it [7] . (plos.org)
Our work establishes the importance of the Fab-7 boundary element for insulation between 3D domains marked by different histone modifications. (biorxiv.org)
Set9, a novel histone H3 methyltransferase that facilitates transcription by precluding histone tail modifications required for heterochromatin formation. (epigenie.com)

This might be due to modification of the GR by means of phosphorylation as a result of activation of several kinases (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase α, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase γ, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), which in turn might be due to reduced activity and expression of phosphatases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase A2. (nih.gov)
Cbx2 interacts with methylated histone H3, and this is regulated by phosphorylation of Ser42 within the Cbx2 chromodomain. (rndsystems.com)
The 96 kDa protein kinase activated by oncogenic Ras in Xenopus egg extracts is also activated by constitutively active Mek: activation requires serine/threonine phosphorylation. (wikigenes.org)
Furthermore, SWCNT induced time- and dose-dependent apoptosis and phosphorylation of histone gamma-H2A.X, a variant of histone H2A that is activated following DNA damage. (cdc.gov)

As a result, cell lines harboring E1099K exhibit increased H3K36 dimethylation and reduced H3K27 trimethylation, particularly on nucleosomes containing histone H3.1. (northwestern.edu)
Nucleosomes are portions of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) that are wrapped around protein complexes called histone cores. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylated histones, the octomeric protein cores of nucleosomes, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleosomes impose a block to transcription that can be overcome in vivo by remodeling complexes such as SNF/SWI and histone modification complexes such as SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
Histone variant H2A.Z (Htz1 in yeast) replaces conventional H2A in many nucleosomes. (sdbonline.org)
How histone variants such as H2AZ are incorporated into nucleosomes has been obscure. (sdbonline.org)
These advances establish a third mechanism of chromatin reconfiguration, raising fundamental questions about the stability of nucleosomes in nonreplicative phases of the cell cycle and the cellular machinery responsible for incorporating histone variants into nucleosomes (Mizuguchi, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
During remodeling, the histones are modified by specific enzymes, and entire nucleosomes relocate, altering gene expression. (jove.com)

Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (jove.com)
Histone Variants: The Nexus of Developmental Decisions and Epigenetic Memory. (ens-lyon.fr)

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)

The variant histone H2A.Z regulates gene transcription, and deletion of the gene encoding H2A.Z strongly increases the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
A cyclin E-CDK2 substrate called NPAT has been found to be associated with histone gene clusters, and cyclin E-CDK2 bolsters activation of histone gene transcription by NPAT. (news-medical.net)
In cancer cells, KDMs can activate or repress gene transcription, behaving as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending upon the cellular context. (open.ac.uk)

Much of the current understanding of these processes is derived from analyses of nucleosomal histones that represent the major histone species within cells. (sdbonline.org)

Since the molecular mechanism underlying securin upregulation remains unclear, this study intended to investigate the association of securin upregulation with the Rb-E2F1 circuit and epigenetic histone (H3) modification patterns both globally and in the promoter region of the securin gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Many promoters in embryonic stem (ES) cells harbor a distinctive histone modification signature that combines the activating histone H3 Lys 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) mark an. (researchgate.net)
Failures in this histone modification process are linked to cancers , cardiovascular diseases and many neurodegenerative disorders . (smithsonianmag.com)

Intellectual disability-associated dBRWD3 regulates gene expression through inhibition of HIRA/YEM-mediated chromatin deposition of histone H3.3. (ens-lyon.fr)

A total of 99 anterior lens capsules (ALCs) of patients with ARC of various nuclear grades, ultraviolet models of ALCs, and two human lens epithelial cell lines (FHL-124 and SRA01/04) were used, and the expression of histone H3, CRYAA, GLB1, and p53 were detected by immunoblotting and reverse transcription and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (techscience.com)

Here, we investigated the mechanism by which cyclin I safeguards against apoptosis and found that cyclin I bound and activated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in isolated mouse podocytes and neurons. (jci.org)
In UV models of ALCs and human lens epithelial cell lines, the expression levels of histone H3, cell apoptosis factors (Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3), and inflammation factors (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) were all up-regulated. (techscience.com)

Indeed, statin induced p27(KIP1) expression by downregulation of histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), which acts as an epigenetic gene silencer. (nih.gov)

Conclusions Our results demonstrate for the first time a chromatin-mediated interferon-related transcriptional response driven by an engineered fusion protein that physically links repressive histone marks with active transcription. (elsevierpure.com)

Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. (jove.com)

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. (cancerindex.org)

Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. (cancerindex.org)

HDACs and histone acetylases together regulate gene expression by histone acetylation and de-acetylation. (spandidos-publications.com)

By deacetylating the histone tails, the DNA becomes more tightly wrapped around the histone cores, making it harder for transcription factors to bind to the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
This protein also phosphorylates histone, casein, and the transcription factors ATF2 (activating transcription factor 2) and c-JUN. (thermofisher.com)

Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
These results describe a novel pathway for regulating transcription using variant histones to modulate chromatin structure (Santisteban, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
Pathway analysis revealed multiple activated pathways involved in immunity, including type 1 diabetes. (lu.se)
atorvastatin) even though both of simvastatin and pravastatin could activate mevalonate pathways, suggesting the statin-mediated antiproliferative effects depended on non-mevalonate pathway. (nih.gov)
Akbari MR, Malekzadeh R, Nasrollahzadeh D, activates EGFR pathway signaling in the lung. (who.int)

A ) HEK293 cells were transfected with HA-Cdk5, then cotransfected with either myc-p35 or myc-cyclin I. Following an IP to the myc epitope tag on either p35 or cyclin I, in vitro kinase assays were performed using either histone H1 (HH1) or tau as substrates. (jci.org)

These residues are located on the tails of histones that make up the nucleosome of packaged dsDNA. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylation of all histone residues are activating, and H3K4 is no exception. (epigenie.com)

Upregulation of histone gene expression is one of the hallmarks of entry into the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
CRYAA-mediated upregulation of histone H3 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ARC. (techscience.com)

They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)

The Lid/KDM5 histone demethylase complex activates a critical effector of the oocyte-to-zygote transition. (ens-lyon.fr)

Bivalent promoters are defined by the presence of both activating (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) chromatin marks. (researchgate.net)

To counteract constraints imposed by nucleosome structure, cells deploy two major classes of multiprotein enzymes, which covalently modify the nucleosome core histones or catalyze nucleosome mobility in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent fashion. (sdbonline.org)

The association between CRYAA with histone H3, GLB1, and p53 was assessed in FHL-124 and SRA01/04 cells following CRYAA overexpression. (techscience.com)
Furthermore, transfection of CRYAA in FHL-124 cells induced overexpression of histone H3. (techscience.com)

The main mammalian histone subtypes ( H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 ) and the linker H1 are located in different gene clusters. (news-medical.net)

Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
The conserved histone variant H2AZ has an important role in the regulation of gene expression and the establishment of a buffer to the spread of silent heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)

Per usual in non-apoptotic growing cells caspase activated dnase is held in check inactivated in the cytoplasm thanks to the association with its inhibitor, inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) also known as DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa (DFF45). (wikipedia.org)
Histone deacetylase 9 activates gamma-globin gene expression in primary erythroid cells. (bvsalud.org)
K562 erythroleukemia cells treated with the HbF inducers hemin , trichostatin A, and sodium butyrate had significantly reduced mRNA levels of HDAC9 and its splice variant histone deacetylase -related protein . (bvsalud.org)
With vorinostat relaxing the chromatin, IL-21-generated STAT3 activated CD28, resulting in expansion of T cells bearing the markers for central memory T cells. (newswise.com)
Subsequently, truncation and mutation of a vimentin promoter demonstrated that HDAC1‑induced vimentin expression was dependent on a nuclear factor κ‑light‑chain‑enhancer of activated B cells (NF‑κB) binding site in the vimentin promoter sequence. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mice homozygous for a conditional allele activated in neuronal stem cells exhibit decreased NSC proliferation and premature differentiation and decreased number of late-born neurons. (jax.org)
Histone organizes our 2m-long DNA molecules so that they can fit neatly inside our 100 micrometer-long cells. (smithsonianmag.com)
Adding the acetyl tag is a natural mechanism used by cells to change the way histone interacts with DNA. (smithsonianmag.com)
Bacterial cells have their own version of histone known as HU, which organizes their DNA and is involved in making all its functions work. (smithsonianmag.com)
Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)

In particular, we can add a tag known as an acetyl group to an important protein called histone. (smithsonianmag.com)

Molecular basis for site-specific read-out of histone H3K4me3 by the BPTF PHD finger of NURF. (epigenie.com)

The process is aided by factors known as histone acetyltransferases (HATs). (wikipedia.org)

Their research confirmed that IL-21 activates STAT3, a protein that then connects with the promoter region of the gene encoding the T cell stimulatory protein CD28, firing up CD28. (newswise.com)
This "closed" chromatin status covers the promoter regions on CD28 that STAT hits to activate it. (newswise.com)
It has histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. (cancerindex.org)

Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele exhibit embryonic lethality and decreased histone acetylation. (jax.org)

Aberrantly elevated expression levels of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and vimentin are closely associated with disease progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (spandidos-publications.com)

Mutations in the major core histones relieve transcriptional repression and bypass the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue light-dependent manner. (jove.com)

Several voices have questioned this use of the word epigenetics, because many histone PTMs do not carry heritable information [1] - [8] . (plos.org)

Nucleosome formation is dependent on the positive charges of the H4 histones and the negative charge on the surface of H2A histone fold domains. (wikipedia.org)
This study has found that Swr1, a Swi2/Snf2-related adenosine triphosphatase, is the catalytic core of a multisubunit, histone-variant exchanger that efficiently replaces conventional histone H2A with histone H2AZ in nucleosome arrays. (sdbonline.org)

Our study results demonstrate that hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride induces SIRT1 and augments HIF-2α, which activates and releases VEGF. (molvis.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes86

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Genes21

Methylation14

Proteins10

Deacetylases4

Lysine4

HDAC3

Mitogen-activa1

Modifications10

Phosphorylation4

Nucleosomes8

Variants3

Acetylation and deacetylation1

Gene transcription3

Major histone1

Modification3

Deposition of histone1

Expression of histone1

Apoptosis2

Epigenetic1

Repressive histone1

Demethylases1

Transcriptional regulation1

Deacetylation1

HDACs1

Transcription factors3

Pathway6

Assays were performed1

Residues2

Upregulation2

Kinase1

Demethylase1

Promoters1

Enzymes1

Overexpression2

Mammalian1

Regulation2

Cells11

Acetyl group1

H3K4me31

Acetyltransferases1

Promoter3

Embryonic1

Aberrantly1

Mutations2

Heritable1

Nucleosome2

Induces1