The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In the present study, we demonstrate that IRE1α (also known as ERN1) and its downstream target, XBP1, are activated in skeletal muscle of mice upon injury. (elifesciences.org)
The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1(S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)
The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1(U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1(S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. (cancerindex.org)
Gene6
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. (cancerindex.org)
This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. (genome.jp)
Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. (wikipedia.org)
In this closed state, chromatin structure becomes an obstacle for eukaryotic transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase machinery and most transcription factors (TFs). (cytoskeleton.com)
The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 were found to trigger endogenous expression of pluripotent genes [2] and were identified as PTFs due to their ability to access closed chromatin [3] . (cytoskeleton.com)
Tumor1
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Machinery1
Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cells3
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
and CD8 + T cells play a major role as beta cell killers [ 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
Stress1
ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. (wikipedia.org)
Levels1
Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
ATF64
Reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment through genetic activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 attenuates secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. (elifesciences.org)
A fragment of ATF6 then moves to the nucleus of the cell to activate genes needed to increase the cell's capacity to fold proteins. (elifesciences.org)
used a new approach to screen over 600,000 small molecules and identified a small number that could activate ATF6-regulated genes without inducing global endoplasmic reticulum stress. (elifesciences.org)
Under stress conditions, GRP78, a key molecule in the UPR, dissociates from the UPR sensors protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and becomes activated and overexpressed [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokines3
The IL-6 family cytokines show diverse physiological and pathological functions. (frontiersin.org)
The NF-κB inducers are highly variable and include bacterial lipopolysaccharides, ionizing radiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and viral DNA and RNA (Zhang et al. (springer.com)
In addition to their primary role in mediating neuroinflammation, neuroimmune factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and MHC, are essential for a variety of normal brain functions. (nih.gov)
Protein11
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. (wikipedia.org)
Some of their functions are overlapping such as both IL-6 and IL-11 participate in promoting the synthesis of acute-phase protein in hepatocytes ( 7 - 9 ), and IL-11, IL-6, OSM as well as CT-1 are all involved in the bone metabolism by stimulating osteoclast formation ( 10 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
The cell responds to this stress by activating the unfolded protein response, which increases the folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum to match the demand. (elifesciences.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. (nih.gov)
In addition to facilitating ion, lipid, and protein exchange, MCSs also play an important role in organelle dynamics [ 1 , 6 ]. (thno.org)
This gene encodes a transcription factor that activates target genes for the unfolded protein response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Although it is a transcription factor, this protein is unusual in that it is synthesized as a transmembrane protein that is embedded in the ER. (utsouthwestern.edu)
This protein has been identified as a survival factor for quiescent but not proliferative squamous carcinoma cells. (utsouthwestern.edu)
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are vital organelles regulated by adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), especially during oxidative stress injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Anavex 2-73 (blarcamesine) is an oral investigational therapy developed by Anavex Life Sciences that works by activating the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), a protein involved in the correct folding of other proteins. (epiphanyasd.com)
Receptors2
However, more frequently, individual IL-6 family members have distinct functions by the respective specific receptors that may not present simultaneously or spatially restricted. (frontiersin.org)
TGF-{beta}1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons: implications for neuronal NF-{kappa}B signaling. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Signaling pathway2
IL-6 can simultaneously elicit distinct or even contradictory physiopathological processes, which is likely discriminated by the cascades of signaling pathway, termed classic and trans-signaling. (frontiersin.org)
This review provides an overview of basic concept of IL-6 signaling pathway as well as the interplay between IL-6 and renal-resident cells, including podocytes, mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and tubular epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
Cytokine3
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that not only regulates the immune and inflammatory response but also affects hematopoiesis, metabolism, and organ development. (frontiersin.org)
For IL-31, it utilizes the IL-31R and OSMR as signal-transducing receptor, and it is the only cytokine of IL-6 family that does not need gp130 for signal transmission [Figure S1 in Supplementary Material quoted from Garbers et al. (frontiersin.org)
Transforming growth factor-beta1 differentially mediates fibronectin and inflammatory cytokine expression in kidney tubular cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Genes3
Upon stimuli (induction), phosphorylation of IκBs by IκB kinase (IKK) leads to nuclear translocation of NF-κB, binding to their cognate DNA and activates transcription of a wide variety of genes involved in host immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis (Oeckinghaus and Ghosh 2009 ). (springer.com)
Diverse transcription factors (TF) like MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), WD40 and WRKY can mainly control the expression of structural genes encoding enzymes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway at the transcriptional level [ 15 ], in which the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) transcription complex is crucial, especially. (biomedcentral.com)
It functions as an ER stress sensor/transducer, and following ER stress-induced proteolysis, it functions as a nuclear transcription factor via a cis-acting ER stress response element (ERSE) that is present in the promoters of genes encoding ER chaperones. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Nuclear2
Hyper-activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the severe/critical COVID-19 phenotype (Hirano and Murakami 2020 ). (springer.com)
Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling reduces growth in medulloblastoma in vivo. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Regulates1
Transcription factor Sp1 regulates mitotic chromosome assembly and segregation. (nih.gov)
Regulation1
MYB transcription factor is one of vital components in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism, which occupies a dominant position in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Response1
This FOA seeks studies to address the role of neuroimmune factors in response to and in the neuroadaptation of the brain to acute and chronic alcohol exposure. (nih.gov)
Role3
These neuromodulatory properties, together with their essential roles in neuroinflammation, provide a new frame work to understand the role of neuroimmune factors in mediating neuroadaptation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral disorders due to alcohol exposure. (nih.gov)
For example, lysosomes and ER both play a role in mitochondrial division through the MCSs [ 1 , 3 , 6 ]. (thno.org)
Neuroprotection of microglial conditioned medium on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death: role of transforming growth factor beta-2. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Effects1
thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. (wikipedia.org)
Production1
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was discovered in 1986 as a B cell stimulatory factor initiating IgG production ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Growth1
B. Kaltschmidt and C. Kaltschmidt, "DNA array analysis of the developing rat cerebellum: transforming growth factor-beta2 inhibits constitutively activated NF-kappaB in granule neurons", Mech Dev , vol. 101, 2001, pp. 11-19. (uni-bielefeld.de)