Activate checkpoint pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

What are monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors? (cancer.net)
Checkpoint inhibitors prevent cancer cells from blocking the immune system. (cancer.net)
Common checkpoints that these inhibitors affect are the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. (cancer.net)
Many checkpoint inhibitors are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for specific cancers. (cancer.net)
There are also 2 checkpoint inhibitors that are used to treat tumors anywhere in the body if they have specific genetic changes. (cancer.net)
The side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors may include side effects similar to an allergic reaction. (cancer.net)
Learn more about side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors . (cancer.net)
Inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway, such as dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) are now being used in clinical studies as potential anticancer agents. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate T cells to target cancer cells have greatly improved patient outcomes across a variety of tumor types. (medicalxpress.com)
Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
New immunomodulators known as "immune checkpoint inhibitors" are being increasingly used for the treatment of common malignancies such as metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. (acc.org)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are generally well-tolerated compared with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies, although a number of potentially serious immune-related adverse events have been reported involving the gastrointestinal system, skin, endocrine system, liver, and lung. (acc.org)
19 Endomyocardial biopsy demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration with predominantly CD8-positive cells, findings that have been previously observed in tumor samples from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. (acc.org)
The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors against different types of cancer is variable, and while such treatments have improved patient survival rates, a significant proportion of patients are resistant to such treatments, the authors explained. (genengnews.com)
The first poster will highlight preclinical data from the company's GADLEN™ platform, while the second will highlight preclinical data from SL-9258 (TIGIT-Fc-LIGHT), derived from the company's ARC ® platform, demonstrating its ability to broaden the activity of checkpoint inhibitors through targeted myeloid cell and effector lymphocyte activation. (canadianinsider.com)
The unique mechanism of LYT-200 holds potential across a number of solid tumor types and may enable LYT-200 to be used as a single agent, as well as in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and other anti-cancer treatments. (businesswire.com)
Clinical use of a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy continues to increase, while the development of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, offers hope in improving treatment outcome. (hkmj.org)
This has led to the need for new immunotherapy-based approaches, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT), therapeutic vaccines, and novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically changed outcomes for patients across cancer types. (biomedcentral.com)
This has resulted in the development of additional immunotherapy-based approaches, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT), therapeutic vaccines, and inhibitors of other immune checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)

Despite the success of checkpoint blockade in some cancer patients, there is an unmet need to improve outcomes. (bepress.com)
Another, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, unleashes the body's cancer-killing immune cells. (uclahealth.org)
Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the blockade of immune checkpoints. (nih.gov)
Given the impressive impact on cancer outcomes observed with immune checkpoint blockade, its use as a therapeutic strategy in cancer patients has grown rapidly within the past few years. (acc.org)
There is also a need for rational combinations beyond interleukin (IL)-2 and programmed death (PD)-1/ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 immune checkpoint blockade and to combat exhaustion and restore costimulatory functions, e.g., with gene-engineered or pharmacologic agent-treated TILs. (biomedcentral.com)
Blockade of pathways involving PD-1 and its ligand is a promising treatment for cancers (melanoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, head and neck carcinomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, and urothelial carcinoma) ( 4 ), although the role of PD1/programmed death ligand 1 in immune suppression and the mechanism of action of antibodies remain to be better defined. (cdc.gov)

The DNA damage response is a network of signaling pathways that leads to activation of checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis to inhibit damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, thymocytes that recognize self-peptide/MHC with high affinity undergo negative selection via TCR-mediated apoptosis, prompting Trinquand, dos Santos, Tran Quang, and colleagues to hypothesize that reactivation of this developmental checkpoint in T-ALL cells may have antileukemic activity. (aacrjournals.org)
Silibinin considerably reduced the development of oral cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, G 0 /G 1 arrest, ROS generation, and activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway. (jcancer.org)
p53 is a transcription factor that participates in cell cycle checkpoint processes and apoptosis. (lu.se)
Critically short telomeres activate cellular senescence or apoptosis, as mediated from the tumor suppressor p53, however in the lack of this checkpoint response, telomere dysfunction engenders chromosomal cancer and aberrations. (woofahs.com)
PD-1 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on dendritic, NK, CD4, CD8, and T-cells and involved in downregulation of the immune system by promotion of activated T-cell apoptosis and diminution of regulatory T-cell apoptosis to stop unrestrained cytotoxic functions ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. (wikipedia.org)
A direct linkage between the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway and the mammalian target of rapamycin in mitogen-stimulated and transformed cells. (nih.gov)
Pathogen signatures activate a ubiquitination pathway that modulates the function of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR. (nih.gov)
One treatment targets the mitogen-activated protein kinase cancer pathway that sustains the growth of many types of cancer. (uclahealth.org)
Another important pathway is the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
In human monocytic cell lines U-937 and THP-1, LeTx induced cell cycle arrest in Go-Gi phase by rapid down-regulation of cyclin D1/D2 and checkpoint kinase 1 through MEK1 inhibition. (uwo.ca)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)

Preliminary clinical findings with blockers of additional immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), indicate broad and diverse opportunities to enhance antitumour immunity with the potential to produce durable clinical responses. (nih.gov)
After Day 1's introductory and educational sessions-many of which also focused on immunotherapy- Day 2 's opening plenary session kicked off with talks about potential next generation checkpoint immunotherapies, a dendritic cell-based vaccine that was able to enhance existing immunity as well as generate new responses in patients with ovarian cancer, and a promising personalized neoantigen vaccine that is being evaluated in multiple phase I clinical trials. (cancerresearch.org)
Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiome plays a key role in antitumor immunity and the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments, but the underlying mechanisms aren't well understood. (genengnews.com)
Affects various cell signaling pathways, host immunity and lipid metabolism (Probable). (proteopedia.org)
Nivolumab, a cancer immunotherapy, is a checkpoint inhibitor that functions by blocking the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 pathway and restoring immunity against tumor cells ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Day 4 presented results from several encouraging combination trials in which the effectiveness of PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy was enhanced through strategies that blocked immunosuppressive pathways, such as TGF-b, as well as those that engaged the innate immune system by activating Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. (cancerresearch.org)
LYT-200 is a clinical stage, fully human, monoclonal antibody (mAb), that is designed to target galectin-9, an immunosuppressive protein that simultaneously activates multiple immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment and is prominently expressed in multiple difficult-to-treat cancers, including breast cancer, pancreatic and cholangiocarcinoma. (businesswire.com)

Although epigenetically silenced, endogenous retroviral (ERV) genes become activated in tumors and function to ignite immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
Initiation and propagation of tumors reflect underlying genomic alterations such as mutations, polymorphisms, and copy number variations found in genes of multiple cellular pathways. (hindawi.com)
Notably, the identification of host genes/pathways that contribute to the regulation of the host microbiota and antitumor immune is expected to be essential for the development of advanced therapeutic strategies, the team wrote. (genengnews.com)

Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. (wikipedia.org)
The era of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB), which started in 2011 with the approval of an antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells (namely, ipilimumab) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma ( 1 ), has brought a new paradigm to cancer therapy whereby the immune system is being harnessed to cure the cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
The p53 protein is activated in response to DNA damage, serving as a checkpoint in the elimination or repair of cells with damaged DNA. (mdanderson.org)
The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
Blocking the interaction of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, using specific antibodies has been a major breakthrough for immune oncology. (snmjournals.org)
ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
To date, development of these agents has focused on two major targets: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. (acc.org)
An inhibitor protein made inside the cells limited their ability to respond to an activating signal that issues the "command" to kill cancer. (oginski-law.com)
The investigations in mouse models indicated a role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) cellular signalling pathway in the ability to hold back cancer growth, while an analysis of human data also identified reduced UPR in melanoma patients who responded to immune checkpoint therapy. (genengnews.com)
Whenever genomic lesions are detected during DNA synthesis, they are coated by the single strand DNA binding protein complex, called Replication Protein A, leading to the activation of canonical checkpoint proteins like ATR, Chk1 and p53. (nii.res.in)
Human genome codes for many other single strand DNA binding proteins and we are testing if novel mechanisms of checkpoint activation exist that do not require Replication Protein A. If such mechanisms exist we would like to understand which factors provide the role of DNA binding, how checkpoint proteins like Chk1 and p53 are activated and how signal transduction pathway stalls the cell cycle and DNA replication. (nii.res.in)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)

Immune checkpoints refer to a plethora of inhibitory pathways hardwired into the immune system that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the duration and amplitude of physiological immune responses in peripheral tissues in order to minimize collateral tissue damage. (nih.gov)

They are proteins that send messages between cells to activate the immune system. (cancer.net)
E1 activating enzymes initiate the cascade for conjugation of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins onto the target proteins by activating respective modifiers. (apexbt.com)
Our laboratory is interested in understanding the mechanisms by which microRNA and checkpoint proteins stall the cell cycle preventing genomic instability and cancer. (nii.res.in)
Most of the different proteins and metabolites were considered to be enriched in a variety of species in metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism and alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism and other pathways, which means that ASE may have molecular mechanisms to ameliorate PD dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)

EIF6 inactivation mediates a compensatory pathway with limited leukemic potential by ameliorating the underlying SDS ribosome defect and enhancing clone fitness. (nature.com)
Outcomes p53 reactivation in cells with telomere dysfunction causes powerful gene manifestation adjustments resembling a mobile checkpoint response To define the p53-mediated transcriptome MSH6 connected with telomere dysfunction, we used a era 4 telomerase-negative, Atm-negative (G4 (triple knockout, TKO) pores and skin fibroblasts display inactivation of mobile checkpoints offering genomic balance. (woofahs.com)

The Cdk5-AMT signal pathway involved in regulation of DDR by TIGAR defines a new role of TIGAR in cancer cell survival and it suggests that TIGAR may be a therapeutic target for cancers. (nature.com)
Compounds derived from Shattuck's proprietary Agonist Redirected Checkpoint, ARC®, platform simultaneously inhibit checkpoint molecules and activate costimulatory molecules within a single therapeutic. (canadianinsider.com)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. (kegg.jp)
Activated Akt inhibited GSK3 and prevented proteasome-mediated cyclin D1 degradation in LeTx-intoxicated THP-1 cells. (uwo.ca)

The PI3K pathway is considered to be a major determinant of the glycolytic phenotype through AKT1 and mTOR signaling, and subsequent downstream Hypoxy Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription factor activation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, THP-1 cells adaptively adjusted to LeTx and overrode cell cycle arrest by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (uwo.ca)

Even before the sessions started, the FDA announced the approval of a checkpoint immunotherapy combination for first-line treatment of advanced kidney cancer. (cancerresearch.org)
Then, beginning with the morning press briefing, results from three phase III clinical trials revealed the benefits of combinations involving PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy as first-line options for patients with advanced lung cancer, while a pilot study showed that lung cancer patients who received the PD-1 immunotherapy prior to surgery experienced significant protection against relapse, at least compared to historical rates. (cancerresearch.org)
Beyond the impressive clinical breakthroughs, Day 3 also highlighted how checkpoint immunotherapies affect immune cell memory, how CD40-targeting immunotherapies and radiation complement checkpoint immunotherapy through independent mechanisms, and how targeting metabolic factors in the tumor microenvironment might be able to improve immune responses against tumors. (cancerresearch.org)

Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Studies on Chk1 deficient chicken lymphoma cells have shown increased levels of genomic instability and failure to arrest during the spindle checkpoint phase in mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
In response to DNA-damaging agents, the wild-type p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1 also known as p21) is an important downstream effector in the p53-specific growth arrest pathway. (lu.se)

Targeting alternative pathways, such as costimulatory molecules (e.g. (bepress.com)
These monoclonal antibodies interact with specific costimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of activated T cells. (acc.org)

In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. (wikipedia.org)
Functional DNA repair and 145525-41-3 manufacture cellular checkpoint processes promote proper replication of the genome in part by resolving replication blockage. (woofahs.com)
Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by blocking the formation of phosphorylated STAT1 and promoting ubiquitin-mediated proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT1 (PubMed:23799612) (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
Activates STAT3 leading to cellular transformation (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)

Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however the relationship is less clear as compared to checkpoints in other cell cycle stages. (wikipedia.org)
These studies suggest Chk1 depletion can lead to defects in the spindle checkpoint resulting in mitotic abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)

TP53 mutations define a maladaptive pathway with enhanced leukemic potential by inactivating tumor suppressor checkpoints without correcting the ribosome defect. (nature.com)
DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)

Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, Chk1 has shown to mediate DNA repair mechanisms and does so by activating various repair factors. (wikipedia.org)
In response to DNA damage, Chk1 is an important signal transducer for G2/M checkpoint activation. (wikipedia.org)
During this phase the Chk1 activating element of ssDNA can not be generated suggesting an alternate form of activation. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage induces the activation of Chk1 which facilitates the initiation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 is regulated by ATR through phosphorylation, forming the ATR-Chk1 pathway. (wikipedia.org)

Other types of monoclonal antibodies boost your immune system by inhibiting or stopping immune checkpoints. (cancer.net)
Immune checkpoints are used by the body to naturally stop an immune system response and prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells. (cancer.net)
Cancer cells can find ways to hide from the immune system by activating these checkpoints. (cancer.net)
The immune system also possesses a complex system of checkpoints that in certain situations tone down its responses to prevent accidental damage to healthy tissue. (oginski-law.com)
Led by researchers at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, the studies identified a mix of 11 bacterial strains that activated the immune system and slowed melanoma growth in mice. (genengnews.com)

AMPK is often considered a metabolic checkpoint as it can control cell proliferation when activated under energetic stress, and activation of AMKP results in the inhibition of mTOR activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Knockout of the PD-1 receptor in mice causes severe dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by high levels of immunoglobulin G autoantibodies that react specifically to cardiac troponin I. 12,13 In mouse models of lupus and other experimentally induced inflammatory states, inhibition of the PD-1 pathway has been recognized as an essential mediator of autoimmune myocarditis 14-16 and is similarly associated with high-titer autoantibodies against cardiac myosin. (acc.org)
We could confirm the increased polyploidy upon Mps1 inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and PDX model, leading to mitotic catastrophe activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (lu.se)

In contrast to CTLA-4, signaling through the PD-1 pathway occurs primarily during the late phase of T cell activation. (acc.org)
It's now clear that the decisions that lead to lymphocyte activation, survival or death are decided not just by antigen binding but also by activating or inhibitory ("checkpoint") receptors that provide positive or negative selection signals and tune cells to vital cues in their environment. (ox.ac.uk)
Genotoxic damage causes robust alterations to pathways associated with B cell activation and increased proliferation, suggesting that genotoxic damage initiates not only the normal B cell maturation processes but also mimics activated B cell response to antigenic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NF-kappa-B activation, and activates AP-1 (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)

The company's SL-172154 (SIRPα-Fc-CD40L) program, which is designed to block the CD47 immune checkpoint and simultaneously agonize the CD40 pathway, is being evaluated in two Phase 1 trials. (canadianinsider.com)

Dr. Lozano is recognized as a pioneer in describing the p53 pathway, a recognized tumor suppressor gene associated with cancer. (mdanderson.org)
Guillermina's pioneering work in genetics has paved the way for innovative research at MD Anderson and at cancer centers around the world," said President Peter WT Pisters, M.D. "We are proud to count her among our most distinguished faculty, and we are excited to see her recognized by our peers for her transformative work in outlining the p53 pathway. (mdanderson.org)
Lozano has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for her pioneering work in describing the p53 pathway, a recognized tumor suppressor gene associated with cancer. (mdanderson.org)
In vitro , MET overexpression activated ERK signaling and rendered BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cells resistant to vemurafenib and panitumumab, and sensitivity was restored by treatment with the MET inhibitor crizotinib. (aacrjournals.org)
Western blotting revealed that silibinin downregulated SOD1 and SOD2 and triggered the JNK/c-Jun pathway in oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
Inhibiting PARP-1 is lethal in a wide range of cancer cells that lack the homologous recombination repair (HR) pathway. (techscience.com)
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the different intracellular pathways involved in the programming of Treg cell homeostasis and functions in cancer. (mdpi.com)
These results suggest genotoxic damage may induce a unique cancer-prone phenotype and processes mimicking activated B cell response to antigenic agents, as well as the normal B cell maturation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Many correlative studies in human cancer and numerous other studies have supported the view that persistent DNA damage signaling resulting from telomere dysfunction provides pressure to deactivate critical checkpoints and sets the stage for 145525-41-3 manufacture accumulation of chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy [15]. (woofahs.com)
There is consistent evidence of the cost-effectiveness and clinical benefit of a structured diagnostic pathway in patients with LS following a diagnosis of cancer linked to cascade testing in families. (cdc.gov)

p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. (kegg.jp)
While it is known that genotoxic agents, such as IR, activate transcriptional programs involved in maintaining the integrity of the genome, we also want to investigate whether or not the genotoxic breaks could affect lymphocyte-specific maturation transcriptional responses similar to those we observed following RAG-induced physiological DSBs. (biomedcentral.com)
In this current study, we attempt to dissect the circuitry of the p53-mediated checkpoint response by analyzing transcriptional changes associated with telomere dysfunction. (woofahs.com)

As such a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying selectivity of the tumor response and control of immune checkpoint components is urgently needed. (genengnews.com)
RNF5 has also been implicated in the mechanisms that control T-cell priming and immune checkpoint efficiency, so the team investigated whether there was a link between RNF5 knockout on immune checkpoint control and tumor growth. (genengnews.com)
When mammalian cell experiences DNA damage, it activates checkpoint mechanisms to stall the progression of cell cycle and DNA replication. (nii.res.in)
The mechanisms by which isocyanates cause asthma remain unclear, hampering disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.7 It is assumed the reactive nature of N=C=O groups underlies isocyanate asthma, with a hapten-based mechanism as the most obvious pathway to pathogenesis.8 However, the critical "self" reaction targets for isocyanate in vivo remain uncertain. (cdc.gov)

E1/E2 heterodimer binding on CD81 activates the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway (PubMed:22855500). (proteopedia.org)

Because many of the immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand-receptor interactions, they can be readily blocked by antibodies or modulated by recombinant forms of ligands or receptors. (nih.gov)

Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)

Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 (MEDI6469) therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma activates and expands antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells. (bepress.com)
In addition, we studied another death-inducing pathway via interferon gamma signaling and detected high-level upregulations of human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A) and beta 2-microglobulin (B2M) with only moderate killing efficacy. (uni-bielefeld.de)

The problem is that there are ~70 of these receptors and it's unclear which of the checkpoints should be tried most urgently. (ox.ac.uk)

It is now clear that tumours co-opt certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. (nih.gov)
Tumor-induced glaucoma may be produced by obstruction of outflow pathways by pigment cells (pigment dispersion syndrome), melanin-laden macrophages (melanomalytic glaucoma), or tumor cells. (medscape.com)
Researchers found that a particular checkpoint pathway had the effect of taming natural killer cells. (oginski-law.com)
We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. (biologists.com)
These cells can be activated ex vivo to exhibit a potent antitumor effector function. (biomedcentral.com)

Current insight revealed aerobic glycolysis supports various biosynthetic pathways and, consequently, the metabolic requirements for proliferation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Arrayed CRISPR screens will be used to test the hits and identify co-operative interactions underpinning receptor recruitment, complementing whole-genome screens of the signalling pathways already underway. (ox.ac.uk)

Bioinformatic analyses at Gilead Sciences (Oxford) will link the signalling pathways to disease indications, using publicly available and other genetic (e.g. (ox.ac.uk)
The Oxford laboratory, on the other hand, wants to leverage the bioinformatic strengths of Gilead to learn, e.g. how genetic variation influences immune checkpoint signalling outputs. (ox.ac.uk)

The first evidence that radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) was obtained a dozen years ago in a mouse model of metastatic carcinoma refractory to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. (aacrjournals.org)

The overall goal of my laboratory is to understand the signals that regulate the p53 pathway and the consequences of expressing wild-type or mutant p53. (mdanderson.org)

This pathway recognizes single strand DNA (ssDNA) which can be a result of UV-induced damage, replication stress and inter-strand cross linking. (wikipedia.org)
The phosphopentose pathway (PPP), which converts glucose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate for synthesis of nucleotides and NADPH to reduce DNA damage caused by ROS was reported to be activated in DDR 2 . (nature.com)

Alterations in components of the p53 pathway, such as amplification of the Mdm2 gene, which encodes a p53 inhibitor, also contribute to tumorigenesis. (mdanderson.org)

Hereditary defects in DNA repair pathway components such as WRN, BLM, and BRCA1/2 cause DNA breaks during replication, resulting in chromosomal rearrangement [18, 19]. (woofahs.com)

Comparison of tumor biopsies before and after treatment reveals an increase of activated, conventional CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in most patients and higher clonality by TCRβ sequencing. (bepress.com)

A p53 dependent checkpoint pathway prevents re-replication. (nii.res.in)

Anatomy24

Organisms10

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes93

Information Science3

Health Care3

Inhibitors20

Blockade6

Apoptosis7

Kinase9

Immunity5

Immunosuppressive pathways2

Genes3

Protein13

Inhibitory pathways1

Proteins4

Inactivation2

Therapeutic2

Cyclin2

PI3K2

Immunotherapy3

Arrest4

Costimulatory2

Cellular4

Spindle2

TP532

Chk18

Immune system5

Inhibition3

Activation4

CD471

Cancer10

Transcriptional3

Mechanisms4

Epithelial1

Ligand1

Cell cycle1

Antigen2

Urgently1

Cells5

Proliferation1

Genome1

Genetic2

Blockers1

Regulate1

Damage2

Alterations1

Repair1

Lymphocytes1

Prevents1