Watkins et al (1990) Experiments with kainate and quisqualate agonists and antagonists in relation to the sub-classification of 'non-NMDA' receptors. (tocris.com)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system. (wikimili.com)
GABA B receptors (GABA B R) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels. (wikimili.com)
GABA A receptors including those of the ρ-subclass are ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. (wikimili.com)
There are three receptors of the gamma -aminobutyric acid. (wikimili.com)
In our body, Histamine Agents (Histaminergic Agents) , as neurotransmitter agents , are exogenous neurotransmitter substances used for their actions on histaminergic systems, including those that act at histamine receptors, affect the life cycle of histamine , or affect the state of histaminergic cells. (wellnessadvocate.com)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
GABA9
GABA(A)-mediated postsynaptic currents were subject to paired-pulse depression that was inhibited by the GABA(B) antagonist CGP 55845A (5 microM). (nih.gov)
Normally minimally ineffective in stimulating PI hydrolysis in the neonatal rat cerebellum, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) increased levels of PI hydrolysis 82.3 ± 5.5% above basal values in the presence of 1 μM baclofen, a γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABA B ) receptor agonist. (houstonmethodist.org)
The effect of baclofen could be mimicked by low dose GABA and taurine, actions which were blocked by prior application of a specific GABA B antagonist. (houstonmethodist.org)
Smith, SS & Li, J 1991, ' GABA B receptor stimulation by baclofen and taurine enhances excitatory amino acid induced phosphatidylinositol turnover in neonatal rat cerebellum ', Neuroscience Letters , vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 59-64. (houstonmethodist.org)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Tolibut , also known as 3-( p -tolyl)-4-aminobutyric acid (or β-(4-methylphenyl)-GABA ), is drug that was developed in Russia . (wikimili.com)
It is an analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (that is, a GABA analogue ) and is the 4-methyl analogue of phenibut , and is also an analogue of baclofen where the 4-chloro substitution has been replaced with a 4-methyl substitution. (wikimili.com)
γ-Aminobutyric acid , or GABA , is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. (wikimili.com)
Picamilon is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (wikimili.com)
Postsynaptic2
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) measured under voltage clamp were distinguished on the basis of their voltage dependence and sensitivity to specific NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor blockers. (nih.gov)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)
Glutamate1
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
Proteins1
In our body, the three major classes of Neurotransmitters may be amines, amino acids, or neuropeptides and range in complexity from the two carbon transmitter glycine to large proteins. (wellnessadvocate.com)
Neurotransmitter2
gamma -Hydroxybutyric acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. (wikimili.com)
In our body, Excitatory Amino Acid Agents are exogenous neurotransmitter substances used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. (wellnessadvocate.com)
Agonists1
In our body, Adrenergic Agents include: adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. (wellnessadvocate.com)
Inhibitory2
A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)
Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
19971
1997. Inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by polychlorinated biphenyls. (cdc.gov)
Abstract1
abstract = "Excitatory amino acid stimulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis has been associated with development of the CNS. (houstonmethodist.org)
The living organism produces a stream of metabolic products, such as carbon dioxide or lactic acid, which interact specifically with each other and with the metal ions, modifying their concentrations inside cells and in the body fluids. (raypeat.com)
Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Hormones1
In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
19891
1989. Cellular alterations and enhanced induction of cleft palate after coadministration of retinoic acid and TCDD. (cdc.gov)
Calcium1
The mitochondria can bind a certain amount of calcium during stress, but accumulating calcium can reach a point at which it inactivates the mitochondria, forcing cells to increase their inefficient glycolytic energy production, producing an excess of lactic acid. (raypeat.com)
Specific1
Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)
Axon4
The firing of an action potential by an axon is accomplished through sodium channels. (medscape.com)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
Action potential propagation along an axon is electrical, caused by the exchanges of sodium and potassium ions across the axonal membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
A particular neuron generates the same action potential after each stimulus, conducting it at a fixed velocity along the axon. (msdmanuals.com)
Mechanisms2
It is important to understand the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) so that these agents can be used effectively in clinical practice, especially in multidrug regimens (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The AEDs can be grouped according to their main mechanism of action, although many of them have several actions and others have unknown mechanisms of action. (medscape.com)
Major1
Antiepileptic drugs can be grouped according to their major mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Typically1
Evoked action potentials were typically followed by an afterdepolarizing potential (ADP). (nih.gov)
Potential2
The changing potassium concentrations hyperpolarize the cell at the end of an action potential. (wikimili.com)
Another electrical property is conductivity, which is characterized by a conduction and activation process, where the action potential, by the all-or-nothing law, travels throughout the heart. (bvsalud.org)
The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. (researchgate.net)
Types1
The heart is constituted by three types of muscle: atrial, ventricular, and specialized excitatory and conducting fibers. (bvsalud.org)
Response1
In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. (researchgate.net)
Effect1
Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. (researchgate.net)
Channels1
Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)