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ActinsActin CytoskeletonActin Depolymerizing FactorsCytoskeletonMicrofilament ProteinsGelsolinActin Capping ProteinsPhalloidineMyosinsTropomyosinCytochalasin DDestrinActin-Related Protein 2-3 ComplexThiazolidinesActin-Related Protein 2ActininIntermediate Filament ProteinsCapZ Actin Capping ProteinRabbitsActin-Related Protein 3PseudopodiaProfilinsTropomodulinActomyosinProtein BindingCytoskeletal ProteinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceBicyclo Compounds, HeterocyclicContractile ProteinsMyosin SubfragmentsPolymersBiopolymersCofilin 1VimentinChickensCytochalasinsViscosityMicroscopy, ElectronPolymerizationMicrotubulesMusclesModels, BiologicalDepsipeptidesMyosin Type IIMolecular Motor ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataMyofibrilsKineticsAmino Acid SequenceCell MovementSarcomeresProtein Structure, TertiaryVinculinCalmodulin-Binding ProteinsMuscle ProteinsCells, CulturedWiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, NeuronalCarrier ProteinsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueMyosin Type VAdenosine TriphosphateFilaminsModels, MolecularMuscle, StriatedDesminBinding SitesRhodaminesCalciumAcanthamoebaMacromolecular SubstancesMutationCytochalasin BDictyosteliumMuscle, SkeletalProtein ConformationWiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ProteinCalcium-Binding ProteinsKeratinsCell LineGizzardConnectinPhosphorylationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsNucleic Acid Synthesis InhibitorsTroponinMuscle ContractionFreeze EtchingCytoplasmic StreamingGreen Fluorescent Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsMyosin Heavy ChainsElasticityHorseshoe Crabscdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelCytoplasmCofilin 2Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein FamilyMuscle, SmoothMicroscopy, Confocal

CytoskeletonMicrotubulesMyosin headsFibersProteinsContractionIsoformsMoleculesLamellipodiumMicrotubuleGlobularSchematicActomyosinMicroscopyAssembliesAxonemalSubunitsPhragmoplastBiologyContractileReceptorsStructuresDetectorsIntermediateLongitudinal axisAxisLongitudinallyZonesArrangementMembraneFormTensionOrganizationCellsBinding sitesForceMaterialFigure

Cytoskeleton3

• Thus, it is critical to understand how cells orient the cytoskeleton to produce forces that deform tissues. (nature.com)
• Using a combination of genetic and mechanical perturbations that alter tissue shape, we demonstrate that geometrical and mechanical constraints act as cues to orient the cytoskeleton and tension during ventral furrow formation. (nature.com)
• A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)

Microtubules7

• The retrograde flow of microtubules oriented perpendicular to the leading edge in the lamellipodium is coupled to the movement of immediately adjacent lamellum f-actin speckles. (ucsd.edu)
• The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)
• Microtubules (MTs) form dense parallel arrays in axons and dendrites that are required for the growth and maintenance of these neurites [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The nucleus is translocated by actin and microtubules, yet the actual force generated by the interplay of these cytoskeletons remains elusive. (biologists.com)
• Within the myoblasts, long filaments called microtubules are arranged in an overlapping linear pattern. (elifesciences.org)
• A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
• The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)

Myosin heads3

• The myosin heads are in close proximity to the actin filaments, but in the resting state direct contact be-tween actin and myosin is blocked by the tropomyosin fil-aments. (brainkart.com)
• the myosin heads, then, com-prise both the oar and the biceps, whereas the actin filament is merely the water. (brainkart.com)
• On the right side you can see how the actin filaments (red) between the myosin heads (green) move towards one another and thus shorten the muscle. (zxc.wiki)

Fibers3

• When the muscles fibers and the associated tendon are arranged along the same axis, the muscle is termed a parallel muscle. (medscape.com)
• Cells exert traction forces on the ECM and generate tension at focal adhesions through actin stress fibers , which are higher-order structures in the cytoplasm that consist of parallel contractile bundles of actin and myosin filaments. (mechanobio.info)
• The actin fibers are fixed to the cell membrane and to dense bodies in the cytoplasm. (zxc.wiki)

Proteins6

• The finer striations visible in EM are due in part to addi-tional structural proteins, and in part to zones of overlap be-tween actin and myosin. (brainkart.com)
• While actin and myosin are present and responsible for motility in essentially all cells, a peculiarity of the striated muscle (apart from the sheer amount and regular, parallel packing) is the presence of two additional proteins associ-ated with the actin filaments. (brainkart.com)
• The Molecular Motors and Bionano Group have studied the muscle proteins actin and myosin for two decades. (bio4comp.org)
• Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
• Cell tension is generated along the actin filaments by the movement of myosin II motor proteins along the filaments (see contractile bundles). (mechanobio.info)
• The filamin family of proteins bind to both actin and a number of signaling molecules including Rho GTPases. (mechanobio.info)

Contraction4

• During contraction the S filaments shorten, so that the actin filaments slide toward each other, past the myosin filaments, thus causing a shortening of the muscle (for a detailed description of the process, see muscle: Striated muscle ). (britannica.com)
• In striated muscle, the sheer amount of filaments is such that we actually need quite a bit of calcium to swiftly sat-urate the troponin molecules and trigger contraction. (brainkart.com)
• We developed an in silico model of two-dimensional actomyosin meshwork contraction, demonstrating that actomyosin meshworks exhibit an inherent force orienting mechanism in response to mechanical constraints. (nature.com)
• Forces that shape cells and tissues can be produced by the contraction of actin filament (F-actin) meshworks by the molecular motor Myosin II (myosin). (nature.com)

Isoforms1

• Filamin binds all actin isoforms (e.g. (mechanobio.info)

Molecules1

• Actomyosin is a complex molecule formed by one molecule of myosin and one or two molecules of actin. (britannica.com)

Lamellipodium2

• The precise coupling of f-actin and parallel MT movements occurrs in all four zones of f-actin dynamic behavior: the lamellipodium,lamellum, convergence zone, and cell body. (ucsd.edu)
• At the leading edge and throughout the lamellipodium, f-actin s. (ucsd.edu)

Microtubule2

• In the axon, MTs are bundled by the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau, with their plus ends oriented toward the nerve terminal. (biomedcentral.com)
• used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)

Globular1

• Each microfilament consists of two helically twisted strands, each comprising a chain of globular subunits of the protein actin . (encyclopedia.com)

Schematic1

• Schematic representation of the actin (red) - myosin (green) filaments and the dense bodies in the smooth muscles. (zxc.wiki)

Actomyosin1

• This polarized tension is associated with supracellular actomyosin fibres oriented along the direction of tension. (nature.com)

Microscopy1

• Comparison of actin speckle microscopy with phalloidin staining. (ucsd.edu)

Assemblies1

• How do actin filaments form higher-order assemblies that produce and respond to force? (mechanobio.info)

Axonemal1

• The bundle is composed of a single asymmetrically located kinocilium, an axonemal cilium, as well as dozens of actin-filled stereocilia arranged in rows of increasing height. (silverchair.com)

Subunits1

• They correspond to densely and regularly packed filaments of actin and myosin, each composed of numerous, linearly polymerized subunits 2 . (brainkart.com)

Phragmoplast1

• Actin filaments are also possibly involved in guiding the phragmoplast to the site of the former preprophase band location at the parent cell wall. (sciforums.com)

Biology1

• Major roles in Bio4comp will include modelling of motor and filament systems, upscaling efforts with focus on biology, e.g. multiplication of actin filaments and finally, functional testing of biocomputation devices. (bio4comp.org)

Contractile1

• The cytoplasmic membrane there forms in-vaginations called T (transversal) tubules, which protrude into the cell interior and enter into immediate contact with the SR cisterns, which in turn are aligned to the contractile filaments. (brainkart.com)

Receptors1

• Filamin forms a vital scaffolding adaptor and regulatory component that contributes to the mechanical stability of cells by linking the internal actin network with membrane receptors and mechanosensitive components. (mechanobio.info)

Structures1

• A single building block is sufficient to create homogeneous structures with complex shapes, such as rings, filaments, or containers. (springeropen.com)

Detectors2

• Further, we will contribute to the development of architectural elements for computational networks, including programmable gates, FET based electric detectors for filaments, and error-proof junctions, and we will develop nano-imprint lithography methods to enable fast network replication. (bio4comp.org)
• Individual EMD units comprise parallel ON and OFF motion detectors is determined by correlated pixels the size similar to neurons that became nonresponsive (NR) at P32, for 6 mice receiving 4-day MD. Branch movements are captured well by the arrows. (margottriesthegoodlife.com)

Intermediate1

• See also intermediate filament . (encyclopedia.com)

Longitudinal axis1

• The striations are oriented perpen-dicularly to the longitudinal axis of the cells. (brainkart.com)

Axis2

• In muscle, actin and myosin filaments are oriented parallel to each other and to the long axis of the muscle. (britannica.com)
• Bundles of microfilaments often occur just beneath the cell surface, typically oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell, and some are anchored to the plasma membrane. (encyclopedia.com)

Longitudinally2

• Venyaminov, it is oriented longitudinally in crocodilians. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
• In the electron microscope image, the longitudinally oriented, parallel filaments inside the cell, compression zones inside the cell and on the cell membrane and pits ( caveolae ) on the cell membrane are noticeable. (zxc.wiki)

Zones1

• Four general zones of f-actin movement are seen in primary cultures of newt lung epithelial cells microinjected with X-rhodamine actin. (ucsd.edu)

Arrangement2

• The arrangement and the workings of actin, myosin, tro-ponin and tropomyosin in striated muscle are summarized in Figure 6.3. (brainkart.com)
• suggest that oMAP4 contributes to the formation of a strong and stable arrangement of filaments. (elifesciences.org)

Membrane1

• A cytoneme is a type of filopodium - a thin, tubular extension of a cell's plasma membrane that has a core composed of tightly bundled, parallel actin filaments. (wikipedia.org)

Form1

• The filaments act as a template that helps the sarcomeres to align as the muscle cells form. (elifesciences.org)

Tension1

• Therefore, the larger the diameter of a muscle fiber, the greater the total num- ber of thick and thin filaments acting in parallel to pro- duce force, and the greater the maximum tension it can develop (greater strength). (findbinaryoption.com)

Organization1

• The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (in full: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.) is Europe's largest application-oriented research organization. (bio4comp.org)

Cells4

• Decapentaplegic is expressed in the wing disc by cells that function as a developmental organizer, and cytonemes that are responsive to decapentaplegic orient toward this developmental organizer. (wikipedia.org)
• Primary cultures of newt lung epithelial cells were microinjected with X-rhodamine actin. (ucsd.edu)
• Together, our in vivo and in silico data provide a framework for understanding how cells orient force generation, establishing a role for geometrical and mechanical patterning of force production in tissues. (nature.com)
• The experiments show that the filaments progressively become more ordered as the myoblasts develop into muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)

Binding sites1

• The heads of myosin are allowed to access their binding sites on actin. (brainkart.com)

Force1

• Whether this responsiveness to external force and geometry is important to orient force generation during the development of a tissue is poorly understood. (nature.com)

Material1

• As a result, green wavelengths emerge from the retardation plate crystal still linearly polarized and having the same orientation as when they entered the retardation material (parallel to the polarizer). (olympus-lifescience.com)

Figure1

• When a birefringent specimen with a wavefront ellipsoid parallel to the retardation plate is inserted into the optical pathway (Figure 2(b)), the relative retardation of orthogonal wavefronts is increased across the viewfield so that the color (red) now exhibiting linear polarized behavior is shifted to longer wavelengths. (olympus-lifescience.com)