• Some cytoskeletal drugs stabilize a component of the cytoskeleton, such as taxol, which stabilizes microtubules, or Phalloidin, which stabilizes actin filaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Others, such as Cytochalasin D, bind to actin monomers and prevent them from polymerizing into filaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytochalasin D and Latrunculin are both understood to be toxins developed by certain fungi and sponges to promote the depolymerization of filaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jasplakinolide binds to and stabilizes actin dimers by enhancing nucleation (one of the first phases of G-actin polymerization,) and thus lowering the critical concentration, or the minimum concentration needed to form filaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phalloidin prevents filaments from polymerizing by binding between subunits in F-actin and locking them together. (wikipedia.org)
  • A requirement for actin filaments (F-actin) in mediating axon retraction has long been established ( Solomon and Magendantz, 1981 ). (biologists.com)
  • It is definitely known that disruption of actin filaments with cytochalasin inhibits matrix set up (2, 13, 67). (geogise.com)
  • Recently set up FN fibrils coalign with bundles of actin filaments (27, 32), and with focal adhesions or cytoskeletal buildings which contain many focal adhesion proteins (3, 7, 8, 10, 61). (geogise.com)
  • A prominent pathway stimulates set up of huge bundles of actin filaments (tension Sele fibres) and focal adhesions (57). (geogise.com)
  • It forms microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • TGB ectopic expression experiments revealed that TGB3 is a major elicitor of filament thickening, that TGB2 resulted in formation of intermediate DsRed:Talin filaments, and that TGB1 alone had no obvious effects on actin filament structure. (ppjonline.org)
  • Cytochalasin D decreases cytoskeletal pressure by capping the developing ends of f-actin filaments to avoid the addition of monomers therefore disrupting cytoskeletal corporation and reducing pressure [25] whereas blebbistatin alters the actin cytoskeleton by inhibiting rigid non-muscle myosin type II crosslinking with actin [26]. (techuniq.com)
  • Specific members of the Myosin superfamily of motor proteins are known to transport cargo along actin filaments. (mechanobio.info)
  • The transport of components along filopodial shafts is crucial to the continued growth of actin filaments and the formation of adhesions at the tips of filopodia. (mechanobio.info)
  • Filopodia are finger-like projections supported by a cytoskeleton of bundled actin filaments ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Contrasting, Latrunculin binds to and sequesters G-actin, thus preventing it from adding to the filament end of F-actin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly to the phallotoxins, the virotoxins interact with actin and prevent filament depolymerization. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was rapidly demonstrated that the toxins target the cytoskeleton and inhibit the actin polymerization by specifically sequestering the G-actin monomers with a high affinity [4] , unlike cytochalasin D that targets the actin filament [5] . (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein paxillin has been implicated in regulation of actin filament formation and force development. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The mAR sensitive signaling includes activation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and reorganization of the actin filament network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) induces massive actin filament thickening at the infection front of infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. (ppjonline.org)
  • Latrunculin B (LatB) treatments retarded BSMV cell-to-cell movement, disrupted actin filament organization, and dramatically decreased the proportion of paired TGB3 foci appearing at the cell wall (CW). (ppjonline.org)
  • Myosin-X step size corresponds to a single twist of the actin filament helix. (mechanobio.info)
  • Localization of Arp2/3 complex at actin filament branching points. (ucsd.edu)
  • These results show that in mesenteric arteries an intact cytoskeleton and force development are not prerequisites for G-protein-coupled receptor-induced activation of PYK2 and paxillin, by tyrosine phosphorylation, in vascular tissue, but are necessary for the translocation of PYK2 and paxillin to the membrane. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The nice reason an intact cytoskeleton PX20606 trans-isomer is essential for matrix PX20606 trans-isomer assembly is not established. (geogise.com)
  • An intact cytoskeleton seems to be a prerequisite for the interaction of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and annexin V with platelet membranes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It was hypothesized that an intact cytoskeleton would be required for uninhibited mechanotransduction of hydrostatic pressure. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Thus upregulation of macromolecular gene expression by cyclic hydrostatic pressure did not require a completely intact cytoskeleton. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Treatment of arteries with cytochalasin D disrupted stress fibers and inhibited NA-induced and ET-induced force in a myosin light chain 20 phosphorylation independent and reversible manner. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • In primary bovine chondrocytes subjected to 5 MPa of cyclic hydrostatic pressure the actin stress fibers resembled those of non-pressurized controls. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • The transient increase of Orai1 protein abundance was abrogated by Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 (50 μM) and by prevention of actin reorganization with cytochalasin B (1 μM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lat-B (latrunculin B), an inhibitor of actin polymerization, is involved in Ca2+ regulation. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The effects of Lat-B on the PV spontaneous electrical activity were attenuated in the presence of Y-27632 [10 μM, a ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) inhibitor] and cytochalasin D (10 μM, an actin polymerization inhibitor). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • I then used the β-actin polymerization inhibitor, cytochalasin D, to inhibit spinogenesis in the ARH. (escholarship.org)
  • G-actin regulated genes were induced by treatment with cytochalasin D ( CD , 2 μM, 90 min) and repressed by latrunculin B ( LB , 5 μM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytoskeletal drugs are small molecules that interact with actin or tubulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of the lack of specificity for specific type of actin (i.e. cannot distinguish between cardiac, smooth muscle, muscle and cytoskeletal forms of actin), the use of these drugs in animals results in unacceptable off-target effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytochalasin D alone induced a dose-dependent cytoskeletal collapse indistinguishable from that caused by the acute phase-heat shock sequence that caused cell death by apoptosis. (usuhs.edu)
  • Because cytochalasin D-induced rearrangement of this cytoskeleton produced apoptosis indistinguishable from the stress-induced apoptosis, we conclude that the cytoskeletal rearrangement is likely a critical event in the pathway to apoptosis. (usuhs.edu)
  • We have studied in CHO cells transfected with the rat muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit the effects of two substances expected to produce drastic perturbations of the cytoskeletal structure: Cytochalasin-D, which depolymerizes microfilaments, and Colchicine, which inhibits the microtubules polymerization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Such cytoskeletal changes appeared to render the eggs more receptive to sperm, as judged by the significant alleviation of polyspermy by latrunculin-A and mycalolide-B. In addition, our fluorimetric assay provided the first evidence that nicotine directly accelerates polymerization kinetics of G-actin and attenuates depolymerization of preassembled F-actin. (mdpi.com)
  • These morphological changes are accompanied by cytoskeletal changes including decreased actin synthesis [8] and reorganization [13]. (techuniq.com)
  • Modified actin business may influence cytoskeletal tension which has been shown to regulate adipogenesis in MSCs is typically performed in ambient air flow at 20% O2In contrast physiological O2 levels in adult adipose cells from lean human being patients range from 5.2 to 9.6% while adipose cells from obese human being sufferers is even decrease with O2 amounts in the number of 3.8 to 8.2% [16]. (techuniq.com)
  • To improve cytoskeletal company and apparent pressure from the ASCs we subjected the cells towards the chemical substance inhibitors cytochalasin D and blebbistatin through the differentiation procedure. (techuniq.com)
  • The tumor suppressor Eplin-α is thus a novel cytoskeletal target gene transcriptionally regulated by the actin-MAL-SRF pathway, which supports a role in cancer biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In view of our results, we suggest that the cytoskeletal cortex is not a mere physical barrier that blocks CGE, but rather a dynamic network that can be maneuvered towards allowing CGE by activated actin-associated proteins and/or by activated PKC. (tau.ac.il)
  • The present study explored, whether mAR activation is followed by alterations of Orai1 protein abundance and function in MCF-7 breast tumor cells and addressed the role of actin reorganization and actin signaling to this effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During time-lapse image, fresh media buffered with HEPES was continuously perfused through the dish and temperature was maintained at 37°C. After 1-2 hours, cells were treated with cytochalasin D (to disrupt f-actin) and/or nocodazole (to depolymerize microtubules). (arvojournals.org)
  • Overall, the data suggest that microtubules play an important role in regulating cell tensegrity (e.g. by counteracting tension within the f-actin cytoskeleton) and/or contractility (e.g. by sequestering Rho-GEF) in corneal fibroblasts within 3-D collagen matrices. (arvojournals.org)
  • The nucleus is translocated by actin and microtubules, yet the actual force generated by the interplay of these cytoskeletons remains elusive. (biologists.com)
  • It was further determined that cell entry of PSaV Cowden strain required actin rearrangements for vesicle internalization, endosomal trafficking from early to late endosomes through microtubules, and late endosomal acidification for uncoating. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude that PSaV strain Cowden is internalized into LLC-PK cells by clathrin- and cholesterol-mediated endocytosis that requires dynamin II and actin rearrangement, and that the uncoating occurs in the acidified late endosomes after trafficking from the early endosomes through microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding sites are represented by red and dark blue actin monomers. (mechanobio.info)
  • This was also seen when preactivated platelets, which cannot undergo further morphological changes, were used, and when platelets were activated in the presence of shape-change inhibitors such as cytochalasin D and vincristine. (nature.com)
  • Induction of the inflammatory or heat-shock responses caused subtle and distinct rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. (usuhs.edu)
  • Sequential stresses that mimic pathophysiologic 'two-hit' stimuli induce a characteristic fractal rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. (usuhs.edu)
  • Stretch causes structural remodelling, including cytoskeleton rearrangement, which may play a role in the genesis of AF. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
  • Some of these drugs have multiple effects on the cytoskeleton: for example, Latrunculin both prevents actin polymerization as well as enhancing its rate of depolymerization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, Cytochalasin D is a fungal alkaloid while Latrunculin is a toxin that is secreted by sponges. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon addition to live cells, Cytochalasin D and Latrunculin disassemble the actin cytoskeleton and inhibit cell movements such as locomotion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other toxins secreted by sponges, such as jasplakinolide and phalloidin (phallotoxins), isolated from Amanita phalloides (the "death cap" mushroom), contrasts the function of Cytochalasin D and Latrunculin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Actin-latrunculin A structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • NIH 3T3 cells were treated with cytochalasin D (2 μM) for 120 min, or with cytochalasin following 30 min pretreatment with latrunculin B (5 μM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytochalasin D binds to the (+) end of F-actin and blocks the addition of subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon signal induction, the coactivator MAL/MRTF is released from a repressive complex with monomeric actin, binds the transcription factor SRF and activates target gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Filamin binds all actin isoforms (e.g. (mechanobio.info)
  • Despite this, the actin targeting compounds are still useful tools that can be used on a cellular level to help further our understanding of how this complex part of the cells' internal machinery operates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ultimately, these toxins disrupt the functions of the cytoskeleton, paralyzing susceptible cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, the effect of microtubule disruption appears to be enhanced in cells with a well organized cytoskeleton and greater pre-existing contractile forces. (arvojournals.org)
  • In cells, F-actin assumes specific types of organization depending on its functions. (biologists.com)
  • Laser confocal micrographs of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled phalloidin-stained cells were analyzed to calculate the border fractal dimension of the cytoskeleton. (usuhs.edu)
  • Other cells were exposed to cytochalasin D, a fungal metabolite, which interferes with polymerization of actin from its globular to its filamentous form, and similarly were analyzed with respect to fractal dimension, viability (neutral red assay), and manner of death (annexin V fluorescence-activated cell scanning analysis). (usuhs.edu)
  • TAC treatment of MCF-7 cells was followed by Rac1 activation, actin polymerization, transient increase of Orai1transcript levels and protein abundance, and transient increase of SOCE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Actin, a family of globular multi-functional proteins, is the most abundant protein in most eukaryotic cells. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • To determine the mechanisms leading to actin remodeling, fluorescent protein fusions of the BSMV triple gene block (TGB) proteins were coexpressed in cells with the actin marker DsRed: Talin. (ppjonline.org)
  • In epithelial cells, Eplin is required for formation of the F-actin adhesion belt by binding to the E-cadherin-catenin complex through α-catenin [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We then characterize a Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden type SED for individual VSMCs and find that architecture-dependent properties of the cells can be robustly described using a formulation solely based on the organization of their actin cytoskeleton. (asme.org)
  • C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured as pellets in either 4µM cytochalasin D or 4µM nocodazole and subjected to 3 days of cyclic hydrostatic compression (1 Hz, 5 MPa, 2 h per day). (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Because hydrostatic pressure can be a major factor in chondroinduction of mesenchymal stem cells, it was proposed to investigate the importance of the cytoskeleton in transduction of hydrostatic pressure by C3H10T1/2 murine fibroblasts, a model of primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Filamin forms a vital scaffolding adaptor and regulatory component that contributes to the mechanical stability of cells by linking the internal actin network with membrane receptors and mechanosensitive components. (mechanobio.info)
  • Studies of various exocytotic cells suggest that filamentous actin (F-actin) blocks exocytosis by excluding secretory vesicles from the plasma membrane. (tau.ac.il)
  • For example, Phalloidin that has been conjugated with a fluorescent probe can be used for visualizing the filamentous actin in fixed samples. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
  • A decrease in the fluorescence signal of F-actin, which represents its depolymerization/reorganization, was detected upon fertilization and upon parthenogenetic activation. (tau.ac.il)
  • Exposing the eggs to drugs that cause either polymerization or depolymerization of actin (jasplakinolide (JAS) and cytochalasin D (CD) respectively) did not induce or prevent CGE. (tau.ac.il)
  • Therefore we examined the effects of drugs which selectively interfere with actin and tubulin polymerization on pressure-induced upregulation of aggrecan and col2a1 (type II collagen) mRNA expression. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • The filamin family of proteins bind to both actin and a number of signaling molecules including Rho GTPases. (mechanobio.info)
  • How do motor proteins transport cargo along the cytoskeleton? (mechanobio.info)
  • Cargo that can be delivered or by cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport mechanisms can include other proteins and complex components. (mechanobio.info)
  • Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. (biologists.com)
  • Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
  • We have investigated the role of the actin cytoskeleton in noradrenaline (NA)-induced and endothelin (ET)-induced activation of the calcium-dependent nonreceptor tyrosine kinase PYK2 and subsequent phosphorylation of paxillin in rat small mesenteric arteries. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • NA and ET induced a rapid and prolonged activation of PYK2, as shown by increased phosphorylation at Y402 and Y881, and a concomitant association of the kinase with a Triton X-100 insoluble membrane (cytoskeleton) compartment. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. (biologists.com)
  • I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces. (biologists.com)
  • Peptide-specific cell death was blocked both by cytochalasin D inhibition of actin polymerization and by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the present study we investigated the role of actin in the process of CGE, and the possible interaction between actin and protein kinase C (PKC), by using coimmunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. (tau.ac.il)
  • We further demonstrated that myristoylated alanin-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a protein known to cross-link F-actin in other cell types, is expressed in rat eggs and is colocalized with actin. (tau.ac.il)
  • We conclude that the two known main components of the cytoskeleton do not interfere directly with the sodium channel function or with the heterologous expression of channels in the cell membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In a transcriptome analysis with a combination of actin binding drugs which specifically and differentially interfere with the actin-MAL complex (Descot et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any cell undergoing division will have an altered cytoskeleton, and the cytoskeleton itself may become a target for therapeutic agents designed to interfere with cell division (e.g., anti-cancer drugs). (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • mAR sensitive Rac1 activation and actin reorganization contribute to the regulation of Orai1 protein abundance and SOCE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When activation-induced actin polymerisation was prevented by cytochalasin E, the recovery of both annexin V and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) remained unchanged. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cell stiffness was reduced and the oscillations were inhibited by treatment with cytochalasin D, ML7 or blebbistatin indicating the involvement of actin-myosin-driven processes. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Guidance cues activate signaling transduction pathways that, in turn, regulate the dynamics and organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
  • Interestingly, inhibiting specifically DGK changed vacuolar dynamics and the morphology of pollen tubes, whereas inhibiting specifically PLD disrupted the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Myosin II interacts with F-actin to generate contractile forces that result in axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)
  • However, cytochalasin D treatment had no effect on NA-induced and ET-induced phosphorylation of either PYK2 or paxillin but did prevent their association with the TritonX-100 insoluble membrane compartment. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • F-actin was evenly distributed throughout the egg's cytosol with a marked concentration at the cortex and at the plasma membrane. (tau.ac.il)
  • Typically occupying 16 - 21% of a cell's volume [ 7 ] and linked to extracellular matrix elements, the cytoskeleton is often implicated in mechanotransduction of cellular distortion (e.g. stretch). (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Eplin is encoded by Lima1 (LIM domain and actin binding-1) and expressed in two isoforms from distinct promoters: a longer Eplin-β (confusingly also called Eplin 1 or variant a) and a shorter Eplin-α (sometimes called Eplin 2 or variant b) [ 2 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pereyra, E. Mucor rouxii ultrastructure: Cyclic AMP and actin cytoskeleton. (uba.ar)
  • Moreno, S. 'Mucor rouxii ultrastructure: Cyclic AMP and actin cytoskeleton' (2006) Protoplasma. (uba.ar)
  • F-actin is concentrated at the growth cone and sparse in the axon ( Letourneau, 1983 ). (biologists.com)
  • Deactivation of this natural actin depolymerizing agent allows the formation of new spines. (escholarship.org)
  • Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm α is a novel cytoskeleton-associated tumor suppressor whose expression inversely correlates with cell growth, motility, invasion and cancer mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B) Validation of differential regulation of Eplin-α, but not of Eplin-β, by actin binding drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further analysis revealed that induction of the Eplin-α mRNA and its promoter was sensitive to drugs and mutant actins which stabilise the repressive actin-MAL complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A) Four independent Affymetrix probe sets of the Lima1 gene encoding Eplin were differentially regulated by actin binding drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified an interaction between actin and the PKC alpha isoenzyme in non-activated metaphase II (MII) eggs and in eggs activated by phorbol ester 12- O -tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). (tau.ac.il)