AnatomyChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and Processes
Taurochenodeoxycholic AcidTaurodeoxycholic AcidGlycocholic AcidLithocholic AcidChenodeoxycholic AcidTaurocholic AcidBile Acids and SaltsCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverHydroxylationMixed Function Oxygenases
SerumCholicTaurodeoxycholicTaurineUrsodeoxycholicGlycolithocholicLithocholicEnterohepatic circulationTaurocholicHydrophilic bile acidSynthesisFattyGlycoursodeoxycholicMetabolismGlycodeoxycholicSulfonicTauroursodeoxycholic AcidAminoConjugationEnzymeLiverSecondary bileUrsodeoxycholateSodium saltGlycohyodeoxycholicGlycochenodeoxycholicBiosynthesisConsiderableFormUniqueProvideFormation
Serum8
  • Affected individuals have a defect involving the excretion of bile salts, which leads to increased serum bile acids. (medscape.com)
  • Serum bile acids were measured using stable-isotope liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Results: In the overall study population, serum cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were lower, whereas glycocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, and glycoursodeoxycholic acid were significantly higher at older ages. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Independent of age, serum taurochenodeoxycholic acid, tauromuricholic acid, and glycoursodeoxycholic acid were significantly different between 244 children with EED and 69 children without EED. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Total serum bile acids (median, interquartile range) were 4.51 (2.45, 7.51) and 5.10 (3.32, 9.01) μmol/L in children with and without EED, respectively (age-adjusted, P=0.0009). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Fig. 1B illustrates that OA at dosages of 45 mg/kg or more elevated serum concentrations of total bile acids, with 90 mg/kg Crizotinib or more elevated total bilirubin and immediate bilirubin, all indicative of liver organ injury. (bibf1120.com)
  • The bile acidity concentrations weren't further elevated with the best dosage, possibly because of saturation of serum bile acids or liver organ toxicity. (bibf1120.com)
  • Twentyfour hr following the last dosage, blood was gathered and serum concentrations of bile acids and their metabolites had been dependant on UPLC-MS/MS and normalized with the inner criteria. (bibf1120.com)
Cholic3
  • Administration of 0.05 g/kg capsaicin showed the highest of tauro-alpha-muricholic acid sodium salt and tauro-beta-muricholic acid sodium salt and 0.1 g/kg capsaicin resulted in the highest of lithocholic acid, cholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Subsequent enzymatic reactions catalyzed by sterol 12 α -hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and sterol 27-hyroxylase (CYP27A1), respectively, yield the primary BAs, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cholic acid NEW! (viochemicals.com)
Taurodeoxycholic3
  • Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, an epimer See article about Taurodeoxycholic acid as an interferent in Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) mass spectrometry analysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taurodeoxycholic acid NEW! (viochemicals.com)
  • Recent studies have implemented 2 bile acids, taurocholic and taurodeoxycholic aids, as being the specific ones elevated in ICP. (medscape.com)
Taurine9
  • Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed in the liver of most species, including humans, by conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid with taurine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acids are naturally coupled to either glycine or taurine in the liver to form bile salt conjugates. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
  • It is the taurine-conjugated form of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). (fruiterco.com)
  • Before the bile acids leave the liver, they are conjugated to a molecule of either glycine or taurine, producing the conjugated bile salts glycocholic or taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid. (pharmacy180.com)
  • In the intestine, bacteria can remove the glycine and taurine and can remove a hydroxyl group from the steroid nucleus, producing the secondary bile salts, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n / ), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid , is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. (cloudfront.net)
  • Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite . (cloudfront.net)
  • Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. (cloudfront.net)
  • Cysteic acid is converted to taurine by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase . (cloudfront.net)
Ursodeoxycholic2
  • The results showed that the addition of capsaicin further decreased the fasting blood glucose and insulin, and increased beta-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 3 beta-ursodeoxycholic acid when compared to only high fiber diet. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Interestingly, these are also the bile acids significantly decreased by ursodeoxycholic acid (UCDA), which is currently the main pharmacological treatment. (medscape.com)
Glycolithocholic2
  • Glycolithocholic acid NEW! (viochemicals.com)
  • The use of an integrated analysis showed that the reduction of plasma glycolithocholic acid and taurolithocholic acid could contribute to the immunosuppression of monocytes (CD14 + MON) during excessive lipolysis by decreasing the expression of GPBAR1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Lithocholic1
  • 05). Lithocholic acid concentration was consistently higher in all biological fluids during ursodeoxycholate administration. (nih.gov)
Enterohepatic circulation2
  • Because of abnormal gut mucosa and altered gut microbiome, EED could potentially affect the metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • More than 95% of the bile salts are efficiently reabsorbed in the intestinal ileum by a sodium-bile salt cotransporter, returned to the blood, and carried by albumin back to the liver where they are taken up by the hepatic form of the cotransporter and reused (enterohepatic circulation, which bile acid sequestrants reduce). (pharmacy180.com)
Taurocholic1
Hydrophilic bile acid2
  • Because in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the more hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholate has greater beneficial effects than ursodeoxycholate, we have compared for the first time the absorption, metabolism, and clinical responses to these bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). (nih.gov)
  • It is a hydrophilic bile acid and a cholesterol gallstone. (fruiterco.com)
Synthesis1
  • The rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis is catalyzed by cholesterol-7-gα-hydroxylase, which is inhibited by bile acids. (pharmacy180.com)
Fatty7
  • Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
  • and increased the short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In addition, dietary fiber can be fermented by gut microbes into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which have beneficial effects on the gut barrier and can mitigate obesity by regulating the endocrine activity[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound, with a single hydroxyl group located at carbon 3 of the A ring, to which a fatty acid can be attached, producing an even more hydrophobic cholesteryl ester. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Apo C-II activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the TAG in chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The fatty acids that are released are stored (in the adipose) or used for energy (by the muscle). (pharmacy180.com)
Glycoursodeoxycholic1
Metabolism1
  • Conclusions: EED is associated with altered bile acid metabolism in young children in rural Malawi. (johnshopkins.edu)
Glycodeoxycholic1
Sulfonic2
  • It is an unusual example of a naturally occurring sulfonic acid . (cloudfront.net)
  • [6] The sulfonic acid has a low p K a [7] ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. (cloudfront.net)
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid1
  • Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an amphiphilic bile acid. (fruiterco.com)
Amino2
  • ICE Pharma are able to supply these conjugates to a host of bile acids and we are able to conjugate alternative amino acids to provide custom products as required. (thebileacidsexpert.com)
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Conjugation1
  • This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids , antioxidation , osmoregulation , membrane stabilization , and modulation of calcium signaling . (cloudfront.net)
Enzyme2
  • They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (lookformedical.com)
  • In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase . (cloudfront.net)
Liver2
  • The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It can reduce the secretion of cholesterol in the liver, reduce the saturation of cholesterol in bile, promote the secretion of bile acids, increase the solubility of cholesterol in bile, dissolve cholesterol stones or prevent the formation of stones. (fruiterco.com)
Secondary bile1
  • The results of metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolome analysis together revealed that secondary bile acid (SBA) biosynthesis was significantly activated in the cows with excessive lipolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Ursodeoxycholate1
  • Sodium ursodeoxycholate is a natural bile acid isolated from bear bile. (fruiterco.com)
Sodium salt1
Glycohyodeoxycholic1
Glycochenodeoxycholic1
Biosynthesis1
  • A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Considerable1
  • In recent years, bile acids and their derivatives have received considerable interest in drug delivery research due to their versatile role in pharmaceutical formulations. (viochemicals.com)
Form1
  • Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine . (cloudfront.net)
Unique1
  • The availability and low cost of bile acids along with their unique advantages turn them into attractive scaffolds for the design of novel drugs and drug carrier systems. (viochemicals.com)
Provide1
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Formation1
  • In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. (lookformedical.com)