Acids microbial hexose sugars into bacteria. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most pentoses and some hexoses are all substrates for D-xylose isomerase. (wikipedia.org)
Hemicelluloses are water-soluble polysaccharides and consists of hexoses, pentoses, and uronic acids and are the major plant constituents second only in quantity of cellulose, and sources of energy and nutrients for soil microflora. (agriinfo.in)
xylose, arabinose, galactose and mannose) which are further convened to organic acids, alcohols, CO2 and H2O and uronic acids are broken down to pentoses and CO2. (agriinfo.in)
Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
Among these, pentoses (e.g., ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA)) and hexoses (e.g., glucose, or blood sugar) are the most common sugars in animal tissues. (oregonstate.education)
Most nutritionally important sugars are pentoses or hexoses. (oregonstate.education)

Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
Lactic acid yields are between 85 and 95% based on fermentable sugars. (chemtradeasia.com)
These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
In Ethanol & Alcohol production process, the starches from agricultural products are converted in fermentable sugars with the help of enzymes. (sunsonenzymes.com)

Sugars, water-soluble nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, lipids, starches and some of the hemicellulases are decomposed first at rapid rate, while insoluble compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins etc. which forms the major portion of organic matter are decomposed later slowly. (agriinfo.in)
Lipases convert lipids to long-chain fatty acids. (fao.org)
The anaerobic decomposition of plant and animal polymers including polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids to CO 2 , H 2 O and methane requires syntrophic metabolism as an essential step. (ucla.edu)
Extraction procedures are optimized to precipitate and remove proteins and nucleic acids while maximizing solubilization of GSLs along with other lipids. (springer.com)

The activity of D-xylose isomerase was first observed by Mitsuhashi and Lampen in 1953 in the bacterium Lactobacillus pentosus. (wikipedia.org)
Hence D-xylose isomerase is used to produce these rare sugars which have very important applications in biology despite their low abundance. (wikipedia.org)
Xylose isomerase can be isolated from red Chinese rice wine, which contains the bacterium Lactobacillus xylosus. (wikipedia.org)
This bacterium was mistakenly classified as a L. plantarum, which normally grows on the sugar L-arabinose, and rarely grown on D-xylose. (wikipedia.org)
The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
1 unit of Xylanase equals to the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes xylan to get 1 μmol of reducing sugar (Calculated as xylose) in 1 min at 50℃ and pH5.0. (sunsonenzymes.com)

Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
In this context, the exploration of temporal interplay between populations with different lifestyles (comprising metabolism, motility, sporulation, etc.) becomes of primary importance to interpret the changes in fundamental quantities in a microbial community, such as the protein-to-RNA ratio that ultimately impacts the overarching community phenotype(s). (nature.com)
Using coordinated molecular and bioinformatic approaches we examine metabolism of model microbial communities to better understand the processes that drive anaerobic carbon recycling in nature. (ucla.edu)
Disruption of syntrophic metabolism significantly impacts organic matter turnover in natural and anthropogenic environments: short-chain fatty acids accumulate, the pH drops, and methane production decreases. (ucla.edu)
The ubiquity of syntrophic metabolism in many anoxic environments emphasizes that metabolic cooperation among microbial species is essential for the anaerobic conversion of organic matter in nature. (ucla.edu)
Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
Nitrogen metabolism - amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. (iasexamportal.com)
The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The key findings of the present study manifested that rosmarinic acid, a medicinal compound extracted from P. frutescens , had pharmacological activity in inhibiting the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by affecting its enolase expression to reduce metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
A few years ago, I was asked to explain lactic acid fermentation in sourdough, and the difference between homo- and heterofermentation. (thefreshloaf.com)
Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
Lactic acid fermentation is considered one of the important mechanisms in the food industry for its sour taste, improved microbiological stability and safety of food. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is produced on an industrial scale by fermentation or a synthetic method. (chemtradeasia.com)
The fermentation method requires carbohydrates, nutrients, and a microorganism to produce lactic acid via fermentation. (chemtradeasia.com)
The carbohydrates used in fermentation consist mainly of hexoses or compounds which can be easily split into hexoses, e.g. glucose and sugar. (chemtradeasia.com)
After fermentation, the lactic acid broth needs to be purified for its intended use. (chemtradeasia.com)
A few years ago, there has been a growing awareness of the medical benefits of secondary metabolites extracted from marine microorganisms by microbial fermentation [ 1 , 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
Normal microbial fermentation odour. (sunsonenzymes.com)
Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Nous cherchons à comprendre les systèmes qu'utilisent C. phytofermentans pour fermenter la biomasse en combinant les mesures à haut débit de l'expression des gènes comme la protéomique ( Tolonen and Haas, 2014 ), la transcriptomique ( Boutard et al, 2014 ), et la métabolomique avec des analyses de la croissance, la fermentation et la microscopie (figure 1A). (cea.fr)
Extrac-tion of butanol by fatty acid methylester stimulated fermentation rates by release of end product inhibition (4) and the extract was similar to diesel fuel. (banksolar.ru)

The final product of aerobic decomposition is CO2 and that of anaerobic decomposition are Hydrogen, ethyl alcohol (CH4), various organic acids and carbon dioxide (CO2). (agriinfo.in)
Various microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes both aerobic and anaerobic are involved in the decomposition of hemicelluloses. (agriinfo.in)
In this multi-stage process, fermentative bacteria hydrolyze the polymeric substrates present in all anaerobic habitats and then ferment the hydrolysis products to acetate and longer chain fatty acids, alcohols, aromatic compounds, CO 2 , formate, and H 2 . (ucla.edu)
Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are group of microbes which produce H 2 photoheterotrophically under a variety of anaerobic environmental conditions in presence of light and at expense of broad range of substrates [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)
After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)
This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)

Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
Minerals, proteins, sugars, and phenolic compounds were measured in grains of peas and faba beans, and in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
Under ECO2, grains of pea and faba bean increased levels of proteins and phenolics, respectively, and the sugars-to-protein ratio decreased in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
Signal transduction : overview, receptors and G-proteins, specific signaling mechanism in bacteria and proteins. (iasexamportal.com)
The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. (encyclopedia.pub)
Among them, 97 proteins are involved in sugar transport ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)

The cellulolytic microorganisms responsible for degradation of cellulose through the excretion of enzymes (cellulase & Cellobiase) are fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. (agriinfo.in)
A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
In vitro antifungal assays showed that rosmarinic acid had a favorable inhibitory effect on fungi. (biomedcentral.com)

Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,[17] alcohols, and organic acids. (lutheransatcmu.org)

MECHANISMHemicellulose comprises a group of heterogenous polysaccharides made up of hexose, pentose and their derivatives. (sunsonenzymes.com)
Based on the number of carbon atoms, a carbohydrate can be classified as triose (3 C), tetrose (4 C), pentose (5 C), and hexose (6 C). The suffix " ose " at the end of a biochemical name flags the molecule as a "sugar. (oregonstate.education)

Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)
and (4) polysaccharides, large polymers of simple sugars. (oregonstate.education)

In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA) and cytokinins (CK). (bio-fit.eu)

Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. (lutheransatcmu.org)
Both glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula C6H12O6 and are hexoses (6 C). But glucose is an aldose (also called aldohexose) and fructose is a ketose, or a ketohexose. (oregonstate.education)

On hydrolysis hemicelluloses are converted into soluble monosaccharide/sugars (eg. (agriinfo.in)
Pretreatment which alters structure and compositions of lignocellulosic feedstock and makes it more feasible for enzymatic hydrolysis becomes essential in the cellulosic sugar utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
One approach to un-locking the potential in this abundant feedstock is to separate the lignin from the carbohydrate fraction of the biomass via extensive pre-treatment of the lignocellulose involving, for exam-ple, steam-explosion and/or acid hydrolysis. (banksolar.ru)

In order to perform studies of such design and test if previously defined quantitative data about the functioning of microorganisms (i.e., protein-to-RNA ratio) is applicable to real world consortia, we must first sample microbial communities across transition events and employ quantification techniques that are absolute. (nature.com)
Van Leeuwenhoek, using his simple microscopes, first utilization of the confocal laser scanning microscope to char- observed microorganisms on tooth surfaces and can be cred- acterize biofilm ultrastructure, and an investigation of the ited with the discovery of microbial biofilms. (cdc.gov)
Such microorganisms, in general, consist of diverse naturally occurring microbes whose inoculation into the soil ecosystem advances soil physicochemical properties, soil microbial biodiversity, soil health, plant growth and development and crop productivity. (bio-fit.eu)
Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are glucose, fructose, and galactose (see Figure 3.1). (oregonstate.education)

Introduction of heterologous glucose- or fructose-proton symporters in an hxt 0 yeast background strain (derived from CEN.PK2-1C) restored growth on the corresponding sugar under aerobic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
Fructose, or "fruit sugar," is found in ripened fruits and honey and is also formed by digestion of disaccharide sucrose. (oregonstate.education)

Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)

The final cleavages of these aromatic compounds yield organic acids, carbon dioxide, methane and water. (agriinfo.in)
Lactic acid is an important organic chemical compound with a global production of 275.000 tonnes per year and is naturally available in humans and animals. (chemtradeasia.com)
Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)

Based on the ganglio GSL series, gangliosides are synthesized, where sialic acids are linked to the glycan structure to produce negatively charged GSLs. (springer.com)

A. Monosaccharides are often referred to as simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds. (oregonstate.education)
Simple sugars are also subdivided into aldose, a sugar that contains an aldehyde structure, or ketose, a sugar that contains a ketone group. (oregonstate.education)

In the plant cell, carbohydrates could be present in the cell content as sugar or starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall structure (e.g., cellulose). (oregonstate.education)
One method of classifying carbohydrates is based on the number of carbon atoms per each molecule of a carbohydrate and on the number of molecules of sugar in the compound. (oregonstate.education)
Glucose is the form of carbohydrates found in circulating blood (blood sugar) and is the primary carbohydrate used by the body for energy production. (oregonstate.education)

Complete oxidation of lignin result in the formation of aromatic compounds such as syringaldehydes, vanillin and ferulic acid. (agriinfo.in)
GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
Based on the chemical profile analysis, 32 compounds were successfully or tentatively identified, including gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, flavonol glycosides, triterpenes and pheophorbides. (biomedcentral.com)
Three key compounds commonly found in the samples, namely gallic acid, quercitrin, and corosolic acid, did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity when assessed individually or in combination with antibiotics against clinical bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
The top five potential antifungal compounds in P. frutescens screened by network pharmacology are: progesterone, luteolin, apigenin, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. (biomedcentral.com)

The long-chain fatty acids produced are further degraded by p-oxidation to produce acetyl CoA. (fao.org)
To address this, we use an integrated set of omics tools coupled with new informatics approaches to identify and characterize core metabolic pathways in model syntrophic communities when growing on unstudied or poorly studied classes of substrates ( i.e. , amino acids, carboxylates, and long chain fatty acids). (ucla.edu)

The 47.5% and 64.2% higher hydrogen volume than the DLH and NDLH substrates, respectively appeared as a function of significantly higher monomeric sugar contents of the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate and lesser/zero amounts of toxic derivatives including pH reducing agents. (biomedcentral.com)

Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,[7] and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. (lutheransatcmu.org)
However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. (lookformedical.com)
To obtain fluorescent Gb 3 derivatives, either fatty acid labelled Gb 3 molecules or head group labelled ones were synthesized. (springer.com)

Moreover, the sugar-negative platform strain constructed in this study acts as a valuable starting point for future studies on sugar transport or development of cell factories requiring specific sugar transport mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)

The agriculturally useful microbial populations cover plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, mycorrhiza, plant disease suppressive beneficial bacteria, stress-tolerant endophytes and biodegrading microbes. (bio-fit.eu)
Or seulement 2% de la biomasse cellulosique est actuellement utilisée par l'homme, elle représente une vaste ressource potentielle que les microbes industriels pourraient convertir en biocarburants et bioproduits ( Pauly & Keegstra, 2008 ). (cea.fr)

Lactic acid played an important role in biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. (chemtradeasia.com)

The isomerase has now been observed in nearly a hundred species of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The rhizosphere, which is the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots, can comprise up to 10 11 microbial cells per gram of root and above 30,000 prokaryotic species that, in general, improve plant productivity. (bio-fit.eu)

Seed dormancy and germination, hormonal regulation of growth and development physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, plant rythms and biological clock, secondary metabolites, plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. (iasexamportal.com)
Integration of transcriptomics and proteomics to elucidate inhibitory effect and mechanism of rosmarinic acid from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (biomedcentral.com)

We discuss the historical relevance and the benefits of pulque consumption, its chemical and nutritional properties, including the health benefits associated with diverse lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from the beverage. (frontiersin.org)
Lactic acid is also known as milk acid and is primarily found in milk products. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid formed by the muscle cells' exertion of glycogen in the human body. (chemtradeasia.com)
In 1856, Louis Paster found that the microorganism Lactobacillus plays an important role in manufacturing Lactic acid. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lime, calcium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide are typically used to neutralize the lactic acid produced to maintain constant pH. (chemtradeasia.com)
The crude lactonitrile is then recovered and purified by distillation and is hydrolyzed to lactic acid using either concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, producing the corresponding ammonium salt as a by-product. (chemtradeasia.com)
This crude lactic acid is esterified with methanol, producing methyl lactate. (chemtradeasia.com)
The latter is recovered and purified by distillation and hydrolyzed by water under acid catalysts to produce lactic acid, which is further concentrated, purified, and shipped under different product classifications, and methanol, which is recycled. (chemtradeasia.com)
In the food industry, lactic acid is used as a pH regulator, preservative, and flavouring agent. (chemtradeasia.com)
In the meat industry, lactic acid is used in the form of sodium or potassium lactate to extend shelf life, control pathogenic bacteria enhancement, protect meat flavour, improve water binding capacity and reduce sodium. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is used in the beverage industry to convert the naturally present malic acid to lactic acid and to reduce the sharpness. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is used to prevent spoilage of preserved food vegetables and other preserved vegetables in the brine solution. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid can also be a preservative for salads and dressings to maintain microbial stability and safety. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is used to enhance natural savoury flavours. (chemtradeasia.com)
In confectionery and dairy products, lactic acid is used to enhance mild acid taste, improve quality, reduce stickiness and longer shelf life. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid can act as an excellent acidification agent for many dairy products. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is able to nourish the skin and is used as a wet agent and PH regulator. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is used in the detergent industry as a good descaler property, soap-scum remover and a natural antibacterial agent. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid can be used in producing new pesticides and environmental protection as it has high biological activity in soil and crop and is non-toxic. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid is used in the tobacco industry to improve tobacco quality and maintain tobacco humidity. (chemtradeasia.com)
Lactic acid can also be used to produce biodegradable plastics. (chemtradeasia.com)

The emergence of Crabtree-positive yeasts 100-150 million years ago probably coincided with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, providing a sugar-rich niche in which these yeasts evolved [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Efficient growth and associated production and yield of desired products depend on the efficient sugar transport capabilities, sugar catabolism through the central carbon catabolism, and the efficient carbon flux through specific biosynthetic pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)

While the field of microbiology has adapted to the study of complex microbiomes via modern meta-omics techniques, we have not updated our basic knowledge regarding the quantitative levels of DNA, RNA and protein molecules within a microbial cell, which ultimately control cellular function. (nature.com)
Special emphasis is put on the preparation of Gb 3 molecules differing only in their fatty acid part (saturated, unsaturated, α-hydroxylated and both, unsaturated and α-hydroxylated). (springer.com)
Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed to deal with multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDR), and, in this scenario, plants can provide a valuable source of bioactive molecules. (biomedcentral.com)

The virulence of Xcc to cabbage was estimated after bacteria were introduced into the leaves by leaf clipping as described previously (Qian et al. (mirnamimics.com)

It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. (lookformedical.com)
The results again demonstrate that the fatty acid of Gb 3 plays a pivotal role for the overall membrane organisation. (springer.com)

Two basic amino acids surround the negatively charged ligands to neutralize them. (wikipedia.org)

The required nutrients include soluble peptides, amino acids, phosphates and ammonium salts, and vitamins. (chemtradeasia.com)

Removal of lignin and uronic acid substitutes on hemicelluloses, reduction of crystallinity and increase of porosity of the plant cell wall in the pretreatment process can significantly improve accessibility of enzyme to hemicelluloses and cellulose [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

To facilitate uptake and conversion of glucose at low extracellular concentrations, activity of high-affinity transporters ( K M ~ 1 mM) is required, in combination with hexokinase activity to 'trap' the sugar inside the cell in its phosphorylated form and therefore maintain a glucose concentration gradient over the cellular membrane [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, due to the high number of sugar transporters, E. coli uses preferentially few systems to grow in glucose as the sole carbon source. (encyclopedia.pub)
Additionally, numerous transporters with overlapping sugar specificities for monosaccharides increase the potential capability to transport glucose [ 6 ] , indicating the extraordinary capability and plasticity of transporting and growing glucose as a carbon source. (encyclopedia.pub)

Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)

The cellulosic and hemicellulose substrate can be hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars by chemical and/or biological methods. (biomedcentral.com)

Glucose is the essential carbon source for growing and cultivating heterotrophic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli , for laboratory and production purposes. (encyclopedia.pub)

Most monosaccharides in animal tissues are of 5 C and 6 C sugars. (oregonstate.education)

Starch sugar is the sugar produced by starch as the raw material and the enzyme preparation is widely used in the preduction of starch sugar. (sunsonenzymes.com)

Conversion to monomeric sugars of the cellulosic substrate is the first step in such processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Fourth, unlike traditional chemical catalysts which require a set feed gas composition to yield desired product ratios or suite, microbial processes have freedom to operate for the production ofthe same suite of products across a wider range of CO:H2 ratios in the feed gas [ 16 ]. (banksolar.ru)
This sugar is the primary carbon and energy source for large-scale biotechnological processes and provides faster and optimum growth compared with other carbon sources. (encyclopedia.pub)

The pKa value was found to be 10.41 indicating that the amino acid residue at active site might be lysine. (scirp.org)

An estab- lished biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. (cdc.gov)
A biofilm is an assemblage of surface-associated microbial film characterization. (cdc.gov)
A biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is irre- organisms could attach. (cdc.gov)
Natural products have demonstrated different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, such as promoting cell wall rupture and lysis, inhibiting biofilm formation, preventing cell wall construction, interrupting microbial DNA replication, and inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial toxins to the host, among others [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes11

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science5

Health Care3

Pentoses8

Fermentable5

Lipids4

Xylose6

Metabolism10

Fermentation14

Anaerobic7

Proteins6

Fungi3

Ribose1

Pentose2

Polysaccharides2

Acetic acid2

Glucose and fructose2

Hydrolysis3

Microorganisms4

Galactose1

Fructose3

Biomass1

Organic3

Sialic Acids1

Simple sugars2

Carbohydrates3

Compounds5

Long-chain2

Substrates1

Ethanol2

Nucleotide1

Yeast3

Derivatives2

Cell factories1

Microbes2

Biochemical1

Species2

Mechanism2

Lactic acid21

Yeasts1

Pathways1

Molecules3

Virulence1

Fatty acid2

Negatively charged1

Soluble1

Uronic acid1

Transporters3

Different fatty2

Biological1

Heterotrophic1

Monosaccharides1

Starch1

Processes3

Lysine1

Biofilm4