AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Glial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinAstrocytesAlexander DiseaseNeurogliaGliosisVimentinMilk ProteinsIntermediate Filament ProteinsS100 ProteinsImmunohistochemistryNestinNerve Tissue ProteinsNeurofilament ProteinsIntermediate FilamentsBrainS100 Calcium Binding Protein beta SubunitRetinaNeuronsAstrocytomaAquaporin 4Mammary Glands, AnimalMice, TransgenicPhosphopyruvate HydrataseMolecular Sequence DataSynaptophysinFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectAmino Acid SequenceRats, Sprague-DawleyElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelMolecular WeightRNA, MessengerCell DifferentiationCells, CulturedRibosomal ProteinsBrain ChemistryBrain NeoplasmsIsoelectric PointGliomaEpendymomaOligodendrogliaAnimals, NewbornBlotting, WesternGene Expression RegulationMice, Inbred C57BLFluorescent Antibody TechniqueMicrogliaDisease Models, AnimalHippocampusLateral VentriclesOptic NerveChromograninsLactationBiological MarkersBase SequenceChromogranin ASpinal CordGanglioneuromaEpendymaRats, WistarCerebral CortexGlutamate-Ammonia LigaseBrain InjuriesIsoelectric FocusingBrain Tissue TransplantationCell CountProteinsRetinal DegenerationImmunoenzyme TechniquesImidoestersDog DiseasesDesminalpha-Crystallin B ChainNucleoproteinsCaseinsThymosinStem CellsCerebellumNeural Stem CellsGene ExpressionTrimethyltin CompoundsRetinal DetachmentNerve Growth FactorsMicroscopy, ElectronCiliary Neurotrophic FactorNerve RegenerationTransgenesRetinal DiseasesMyelin Basic ProteinChoroid Plexus NeoplasmsWounds, StabFetal Tissue TransplantationCloning, MolecularSchwann CellsOligodendrogliomaRetinal VesselsGangliogliomaTime FactorsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionCalcium CarbonateSalivary Cystatins
GlialGFAPHippocampusUbiquitinMetabolismIntermediateWheyLocalizationPlasmaMolecularRegulatoryDiseasesPolymersDisulfideCysteineIsolateTranscriptionalMarkerNeurodegenerationPolypeptideAlkalineInteractPromoterMoleculesAggregatesDrugsStromalAntibodyReceptorAminoStructuralStrainsStriatumSuppressionMembranesCytoskeletonCellsHigh proteinNuclear ProteinReductionInteractsChainsNucleusBindAstrocytesBiological
Glial21
GFAP4
  • Human GFAP is a 49,749 dalton protein (432 amino acids) expressed in astrocytes. (neuromics.com)
  • GFAP is an intermediate filament protein and acts as an intracellular structural component of the cytoskeleton. (neuromics.com)
  • A protein co-migrating with GFAP and immunoreactive with antisera to GFAP can be demonstrated in lens epithelium protein extracts by immunoblots. (rupress.org)
  • GFAP has previously been considered unique to cells of neural origin, but this study demonstrates that ectodermally derived cells express GFAP or a highly similar protein. (rupress.org)
Hippocampus2
  • Immunohistochemistry revealed a marked increase in extracellular clusterin protein expression in the perilesional cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus (7d to 1 month post-TBI), and ipsilateral thalamus (14d to 12 months post-TBI). (nature.com)
  • In addition to its role in muscle tissue, it functions as an anchoring protein within the central nervous system such as in hippocampus and cerebellum. (frontiersin.org)
Ubiquitin1
  • A concordant reduction (22 - 33 %) in TH, alpha-synuclein (SNCA), and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1 / PARK5) proteins was also seen in the STR, suggesting that a short-term repeated exposure to WF causes dopaminergic neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
Metabolism1
  • The tumor microenvironment is acidic due to glycolytic cancer cell metabolism, hypoxia, and deficient blood perfusion. (ecu.edu)
Intermediate1
  • SummaryType III intermediate filament (IF) proteins assemble into cytoplasmic homopolymeric and heteropolymeric filaments with other type III and some type IV IFs. (knaw.nl)
Whey6
  • In molecular biology, the Whey acidic proteins (WAP) have been identified as a major whey protein family in milk, and are important in regulating the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) is the major milk protein in certain mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whey Acidic Protein contains two to three four-disulfide core domain, also termed WAP domain or WAP motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, mouse pups feeding on maternal milk lacking Whey Acidic Protein has been associated with poor growth rate and lethality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emulsification and encapsulation properties of conjugates formed between whey protein isolate and carboxymethyl cellulose under acidic conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to interact with whey protein isolate (WPI) to prepare conjugates as emulsifiers and embedding agents, which can be used under acidic conditions. (bvsalud.org)
Localization1
  • In undifferentiated neuronal cells LANP is predominantly a nuclear protein, requiring a bona fide nuclear localization signal to be imported into the nucleus. (northwestern.edu)
Plasma9
  • The effects of in vitro carbamylation of plasma with potassium cyanate on drug-protein binding have been investigated. (nih.gov)
  • Potassium cyanate added to samples of normal plasma and incubated for 30 to 150 min induced time-related plasma protein carbamylation. (nih.gov)
  • Carbamylation of plasma did not influence quinidine protein binding, but resulted in decreased salicylate binding. (nih.gov)
  • If cyanate is produced in vivo from urea in patients with uremia, plasma protein carbamylation may play a role in the decreased plasma protein binding of some acidic drugs. (nih.gov)
  • On this basis, we hypothesized that TBI leads to increases in the brain levels of clusterin protein, and consequently, increased plasma clusterin levels. (nature.com)
  • Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine was identified as a putative prognostic marker in plasma. (bairdinstitute.org.au)
  • The extent of drug distribution into tissues depends on the degree of plasma protein and tissue binding. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the bloodstream, drugs are transported partly in solution as free (unbound) drug and partly reversibly bound to blood components (eg, plasma proteins, blood cells). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Of the many plasma proteins that can interact with drugs, the most important are albumin , alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecular5
  • However, the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells and stromal cells sense and respond to acidic pH in the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. (ecu.edu)
  • Research on the pH-sensing GPCRs will continue to provide important insights into the molecular interaction between tumor and its acidic microenvironment and may identify new targets for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (ecu.edu)
  • Dr. Maity obtained his Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Life Science and Biotechnology department at Jadavpur University, India in 2017, where he studied the DNA damage repair protein WRN and autophagy. (nih.gov)
  • Molecular bonds determine the structures of amino acids and proteins. (visionlearning.com)
  • S100 is an acidic acute liver failure may in part be correlated to protein with a molecular weight of 21 kDA impaired astrocytic functions [16]. (who.int)
Regulatory2
  • Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • These vectors have a number of appealing features including the expression by using the machinery of the host cell instead of depending abilities to ef®ciently transduce cells in the central nervous system, on recombinant regulatory proteins. (lu.se)
Diseases1
  • proteinopathic adj ), or proteopathy , protein conformational disorder , or protein misfolding disease , is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells , tissues and organs of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Polymers2
Disulfide4
  • We developed a method for reducing disulfide bonds in proteins under weakly acidic conditions by use of 2-aminothiophenol. (elsevierpure.com)
  • disulfide bridge bonds hold proteins together. (visionlearning.com)
  • Prior to Sanger's major discoveries, biochemists learned about a feature in proteins called a disulfide bridge (Figure 3). (visionlearning.com)
  • They also found that treatment with chemicals called reducing agents severs a disulfide bridge between two cysteines and also causes a large proteins to split into smaller proteins, arguing that these bonds exist in proteins to help hold them together. (visionlearning.com)
Cysteine1
  • The significance of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) was examined in sera from a Dutch series (n=97). (bairdinstitute.org.au)
Isolate1
  • Chemical and physical techniques will be used to formulate ingredients and food products from seed kernels and to isolate high protein fractions to use to generate film products. (usda.gov)
Transcriptional1
  • However, the proteins needed for transcriptional control have been reported to be immunogenic and there is often a substantial leakage in the systems (Clackson, 2000). (lu.se)
Marker1
  • A reduction (20 %) in olfactory marker protein was also evident. (cdc.gov)
Neurodegeneration1
  • LANP thus could play a key role in neuronal development and/or neurodegeneration by its interactions with microtubule associated proteins. (northwestern.edu)
Polypeptide1
  • [13] [14] Because proteins share a common structural feature known as the polypeptide backbone, all proteins have the potential to misfold under some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
Alkaline2
  • Histones (biology) are highly alkaline proteins that are found in cells nuclei that package and order the Deoxyribonucleic acid into nucleosomes. (histoready.com)
  • The modified Edman reaction uses the effect of N-alkylated amino acids to form Edman products in neutral or alkaline conditions versus in acidic conditions required in conventional Edman reaction procedures. (cdc.gov)
Interact1
  • 1997) at higher how proteins interact with themselves in solution. (lu.se)
Promoter2
  • May act in a coactivator-like fashion through protein-protein interactions by contacting factors binding to the proximal MHC class II promoter, to elements of the transcription machinery, or both. (lu.se)
  • Alternatively it may activate HLA class II transcription by modifying proteins that bind to the MHC class II promoter. (lu.se)
Molecules2
  • For example, proteins that are normally unfolded or relatively unstable as monomers (that is, as single, unbound protein molecules) are more likely to misfold into an abnormal conformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are large molecules made up of hundreds, even thousands, of amino acids combined in different ways. (visionlearning.com)
Aggregates2
  • [10] Furthermore, evidence has emerged that small, non-fibrillar protein aggregates known as oligomers are toxic to the cells of an affected organ, and that amyloidogenic proteins in their fibrillar form may be relatively benign. (wikipedia.org)
  • We conclude that pancreatic zymogen aggregates, formed under the acidic conditions of the secretory pathway sorting compartments, have the capacity to bind firmly to membranes through their phospholipid constituents. (silverchair.com)
Drugs2
  • Efforts have therefore, designed a study to compare the expression of green ¯uor- been made to develop systems based on different drugs or hormones escent protein (GFP) and GDNF under the control of the hGFAP including tetracycline, rapamycine and progestrone (Clackson, 2000). (lu.se)
  • Many acidic drugs (eg, warfarin , aspirin ) are highly protein-bound and thus have a small apparent volume of distribution. (msdmanuals.com)
Stromal2
  • most notably genes coding for elafin, antileukoproteinase 1 (previously called secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, SLPI), WAP four disulphide core domain protein 1 (previously called prostate stromal protein 20 kDa, PS20), and WAP four disulphide core domain protein 2 (previously called major human epididymis-specific protein E4, HE4). (wikipedia.org)
  • Acidic pH has pleiotropic effects on the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic response of cancer cells and the function of immune cells, vascular cells, and other stromal cells. (ecu.edu)
Antibody1
  • Micrograph of a section of the cerebral cortex from a person with Alzheimer's disease , immunostained with an antibody to amyloid beta (brown), a protein fragment that accumulates in amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy . (wikipedia.org)
Receptor1
  • Trifluoperazine and fluphenazine, which inhibit ligand binding to the acidic pH binding sites, block degradation after internalization of cell surface-bound 125 I-TGF- β 1 or 125 I-α 2 M*. These results suggest that cell surface annexin VI may function as an acidic pH binding site or receptor and may also function as a co-receptor with LRP-1 at neutral pH. (tmu.edu.tw)
Amino7
  • WRN is a 1432 amino acid protein consisting of several domains. (nih.gov)
  • Did you know that the human body contains an estimated 100,000 different proteins, all due to the numerous ways that only 20 amino acids can combine? (visionlearning.com)
  • Using techniques like electrophoresis and chromatography, Frederick Sanger discovered that proteins were built of specific amino acid sequences and that changing the sequence would make it a different protein. (visionlearning.com)
  • Proteins can have four types of structures: (1) Primary, the sequence of amino acids, (2) Secondary, hydrogen bonds among the strands of amino acids form beta sheets or alpha-helixes, (3) Tertiary, the three-dimensional, twisted structure based on bonding interactions between amino acid strands, and (4) Quartnerary, the complex structure made up of multiple folded subunits. (visionlearning.com)
  • Amino acids are essential basic building blocks of proteins. (visionlearning.com)
  • In fact, the Murchison meteorite (Figure 2), which fell in Australia in 1969, was found to contain seventy different amino acids , but life on Earth uses just twenty, but that's enough to create an astronomical number of possible proteins . (visionlearning.com)
  • The human body alone contains an estimated 100,000 different proteins , because of the numerous ways that the same 20 amino acids can combine. (visionlearning.com)
Structural2
  • [15] However, only a relatively small number of proteins are linked to proteopathic disorders, possibly due to structural idiosyncrasies of the vulnerable proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1991), none of the the structural details of the heterogeneous protein surface and experimental studies mentioned so far could provide un- takes into account a variety of short-range interactions, direct ambiguous information about oligomer structure. (lu.se)
Strains1
  • [20] They have been most thoroughly studied with regard to prion disease , and are referred to as protein strains . (wikipedia.org)
Striatum1
  • In animals receiving excitotoxic lesions of the striatum we detected an eightfold increase of green ¯uorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells. (lu.se)
Suppression1
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines prevent bone regeneration in vivo and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling has been proposed to lead to suppression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteogenesis via direct binding of p65 to Smad4 in vitro. (elsevierpure.com)
Membranes1
  • Igs, typical constitutively secreted proteins, which needed chemical cross-linking to serve as an aggregated protein control, pelleted membranes almost independently of pH. (silverchair.com)
Cytoskeleton1
  • Dystrophin is part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. (frontiersin.org)
Cells6
  • Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for acidic repeat-containing protein (SMED30015608) in cells (dots) of each of the 12 neoblast clusters. (stowers.org)
  • Expression of acidic repeat-containing protein (SMED30015608) in the t-SNE clustered sub-lethally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
  • Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for acidic repeat-containing protein (SMED30015608) in cells (dots) of each of the 10 clusters of sub-leathally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
  • Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 (SMED30023159) in cells (dots) of each of the 12 neoblast clusters. (stowers.org)
  • Expression of 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 (SMED30023159) in the t-SNE clustered sub-lethally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
  • On the basis of high-throughput transcriptomics data, we identify whipworm proteins that are highly expressed in the anterior region of the parasite, that is, in intimate contact with the cytoplasm of host intestinal cells and the immune system. (nature.com)
High protein1
  • The partial replacement of semolina with high-protein raw materials leads to the improvement of the biological value of pasta proteins. (mdpi.com)
Nuclear Protein2
  • We had previously described the leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein (LANP) as a candidate mediator of toxicity in the polyglutamine disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). (northwestern.edu)
  • His graduate thesis focused on the nuclear protein Werner (WRN) and autophagy. (nih.gov)
Reduction1
  • Moreover, the reduction under weakly acidic conditions was demonstrated to be applicable for the location of such a labile residue as O-acetylated tyrosine. (elsevierpure.com)
Interacts2
  • LANP translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during the process of neuritogenesis, interacts with the light chain of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), and modulates the effects of MAP1B on neurite extension. (northwestern.edu)
  • M2 protein interacts with MAVS. (cdc.gov)
Chains1
  • Specifically, the reaction products with the N-terminal valine residue of the hemoglobin protein chains (N-[2-carbamoyl ethyl] valine and N-[2-hydroxycarbamoyl-ethyl] valine EO adducts) are measured. (cdc.gov)
Nucleus1
  • For example, cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, [3] and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), certain gene-regulating proteins inappropriately aggregate in the cytoplasm, and thus are unable to perform their normal tasks within the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Bind1
  • In most, if not all proteinopathies, a change in the 3-dimensional folding conformation increases the tendency of a specific protein to bind to itself. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes1
  • this is explained by the proteins that was termed "S100" because it fact that astrocytes form part of the BBB and was soluble in 100% saturated ammonium the increase in its permeability in HE due to sulfate solution [4]. (who.int)
Biological1