Acid rain and sulfate aerosol. Medical search. Frequent questions

Such an increase in sulfate aerosol emissions had a variety of effects. (wikipedia.org)
Even though volcanic SO 2 emissions represent 15 % of the total annual sulfur emissions, the volcanic contribution to the tropospheric sulfate aerosol burden is 25 %, which is due to the higher altitude of emissions from volcanoes. (copernicus.org)
What other emissions are contributing factors to climate change (e.g., aerosols, CO, black carbon soot), and what is their relative contribution to climate change? (nationalacademies.org)
Since sulfur dioxide is the major substance used for manufacturing sulfuric acid, it is not surprising that a significant source of industrial emissions is acid manufacturing and processing facilities. (cdc.gov)
PM2.5 is often comprised of sulfate and nitrate aerosols that form as gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react with moisture in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols (which can further condense to form acid rain). (publiclab.org)
For a long time, the aim was to reduce sulphur dioxide because it contributed to "acid rain", and we have been successful here in Europe and also in America in reducing these emissions," Dr Mentel told euronews. (euronews.com)
Aerosols: are SO2 emissions reductions contributing to global warming? (copernicus.eu)
Research suggests that the reduction in emissions of pollutants in Europe, thanks to regulations, i--s leading to reduced amounts of aerosols in the atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Scientists such as the Met Office's Ben Booth have suggested for some time that anthropogenic aerosols, such as those resulting from industrial and shipping emissions, had been a key driver of climate variability in the North Atlantic. (copernicus.eu)
The main anthropogenic source of aerosols is emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, which emit a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2. (copernicus.eu)
Sulphur dioxide emissions are the precursor of sulphate aerosol, which is a key player in Earth's energy balance. (copernicus.eu)
Phase I reductions of sulfur dioxide emissions stipulated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment have resulted in significant reductions of acid rain. (readabstracts.com)
The study, published Dec. 21 in Environmental Research Letters , shows emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides -- air pollutants that can irritate lungs and contribute to acid rain and smog -- also increased in some states as a result of droughts. (sciencedaily.com)
Traditional global emission inventories classify primary organic emissions into nonvolatile organic carbon and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), excluding intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs, respectively), which are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols. (bvsalud.org)

Also called acid precipitation or acid deposition, acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids formed primarily by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. (photius.com)
Combined sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides removal from simulated flue gas is investigated with an enhanced wet electrostatic precipitator (wESP) that injects ammonia and/or ozone into the flue gas to create ammonium salts aerosols, enhancing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides removal. (readabstracts.com)

In each case, the eruption was so strong that significant amounts of sulphur dioxide (which gets converted to sulphate aerosols) were carried up into the stratosphere (12 to 15 km above the ground). (realclimate.org)
The transformation of Sulphur dioxide into Sulphuric acid , which condenses quickly in the stratosphere to generate fine sulphate aerosols , is what has the biggest effects on climate from volcanic injections into the stratosphere. (sleepyclasses.com)

This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. (wikipedia.org)
However, as of 2021, there has been little research and existing natural aerosols in the stratosphere are not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
Major volcanic eruptions have an overwhelming effect on sulfate aerosol concentrations in the years when they occur: eruptions ranking 4 or greater on the Volcanic Explosivity Index inject SO2 and water vapor directly into the stratosphere, where they react to create sulfate aerosol plumes. (wikipedia.org)
the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere? (sleepyclasses.com)
Like others before him, Davidson argues for manmade mimicry of a famous natural interruption in the planet's warming trend - the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, which pumped 20 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, creating a mirroring blanket of sulfuric acid vapor that caused a dramatic two-year drop in temperatures around the world. (minnpost.com)
With a candidate particle identified, the next challenge is devising a system to effectively and economically lift and disperse millions of tons of particles some 20 km up into the stratosphere, so they stay up for a couple of years and do not immediately get rained out. (minnpost.com)

Sulfates occur as microscopic particles ( aerosols ) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. (wikidoc.org)
Atmospheric aerosols are microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas, (our atmosphere in this instance). (copernicus.eu)

This group includes inorganic sulfates (SO42-),HSO4- and H2SO4-: organic sulfur compounds are sometimes included as well, but are of lower importance. (wikipedia.org)
Inorganic aerosols are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in the clouds), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation. (wikipedia.org)

Soot, in and of itself, is a irritant when breathed, but it also attracts acids which make it worse. (contrails.nl)
An immense aerosol cloud regularly swirls over India, China and Southeast Asia, fed by particles of ash, soot and organic carbon compounds. (mongabay.com)
They include crystals of sulphate, balls of almost pure black carbon (commonly, though not entirely accurately, called soot), droplets of nitric or sulfuric acid, spores of pollen. (mongabay.com)
In addition to carbon dioxide, burning fossil fuel produces particulate matter-including soot and light-colored sulfate aerosols. (ossfoundation.org)

On the other hand, ammonium ion in the dewwater originated from not only gaseous ammonia but also aerosol ammonium ions. (elsevierpure.com)
It can be wet precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (absorbed gaseous and particulate matter, aerosol particles or dust). (photius.com)

as microscopic liquid droplets or fine (diameter of about 0.1 to 1.0 micrometre) sulfate solid particles in a colloidal suspension, with smaller particles at times coagulating into larger ones.The other major source are chemical reactions with dimethyl sulfide (DMS), predominantly sourced from marine plankton, with a smaller contribution from swamps and other such wetlands. (wikipedia.org)
However, before the Industrial Revolution, dimethyl sulfide pathway was the largest contributor to sulfate aerosol concentrations in a more average year with no major volcanic activity. (wikipedia.org)
One of the largest natural sources of aerosols are plankton, which breathe out dimethyl sulphide (DMS), a strong-smelling chemical that gives the sea it's familiar pungent odour. (mongabay.com)
Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate , are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid. (wikidoc.org)

Let's dive deeper than this banality and shed light on a complex subject that potentially lies behind the increase in ocean temperatures and subsequent storms: the reduction of cooling aerosols found in greenhouse gases. (bylinetimes.com)
While aerosols from greenhouse gases cooling the planet at high altitudes is understandably confusing, their terrible health impacts at low altitudes are obvious. (bylinetimes.com)
Like greenhouse gases, there are good reasons to curb aerosol pollution. (mongabay.com)
Unlike greenhouse gases, aerosols don't last long in the atmosphere. (mongabay.com)
This human-induced forcing is both positive ( greenhouse gases ) and negative ( sulfates and aerosols ). (ossfoundation.org)
During that time we added large amounts of greenhouse gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. (ossfoundation.org)
The greenhouse gases increased the positive forcing (warming) and the aerosols increased the negative forcing (cooling). (ossfoundation.org)

At the same time, SO2 is an important precursor of aerosols. (euronews.com)
Hydrogensulfite ions in the dewwater which originated from sulfur dioxide are an important species as the precursor of the sulfate and they were stabilized by forming hydroxyalkanesulfonate (HASA). (elsevierpure.com)

Observations of the organic components of the natural aerosol are scarce in Antarctica, which limits our understanding of natural aerosols and their connection to seasonal and spatial patterns of cloud albedo in the region. (copernicus.org)
In addition, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the natural sources of organic aerosol were characterized by amide group absorption, which may be from seabird populations. (copernicus.org)

The main direct effect of sulfates on the climate involves the scattering of light, effectively increasing the Earth's albedo . (wikidoc.org)

The GEOS-5 assimilated aerosol fields are first validated by comparison to independent in-situ measurements (AERONET and PM2.5 surface concentrations). (chiesadelsanto.it)
Takeuchi, M , Okochi, H & Igawa, M 2002, ' Controlling factors of weak acid and base concentrations in urban dewwater - Comparison of dew chemistry with rain and fog chemistry ', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan , vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 757-764. (elsevierpure.com)
The crucial factor was that the eruption was almost continuous for over 8 months which lead to significantly elevated sulphate concentrations for that whole time over much of the Atlantic and European regions, even though stratospheric concentrations were likely not particularly exceptional. (realclimate.org)

Burning coal poses a serious threat to the environment and to our health, by producing smog, acid rain, toxic mercury and particulate matter. (bartleby.com)
Aerosols of sulfuric acid and other sulfates make up 5- 20% of total suspended particulate matter in urban air. (soilworks.com)

On a global scale, the total annual atmospheric flux of sulfur has been estimated to be 140-350 million tons (of which less than 30% is anthropogenic sulfur) in the form of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acids, and sulfate (HSDB 1998). (cdc.gov)
One significant factor behind this is the recent reduction of atmospheric particles known as aerosols. (bylinetimes.com)
Ninety percent of aerosols in the atmosphere are naturally occurring, but their levels have remained relatively constant over time, says physicist, Yi Ming a Princeton University lecturer and researcher at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (mongabay.com)
The result was the Montreal Protocol to reduce atmospheric pollutants and aerosols. (ossfoundation.org)
The question of whether reduced aerosol loading contributes to global warming is not new to atmospheric scientists, but it has recently resurfaced with the extreme heatwaves across the North Atlantic and many areas of Europe. (copernicus.eu)
Climate models have since been improved to integrate atmospheric aerosols interactions. (copernicus.eu)
However, linking SO2 reductions directly to the recent extreme marine heatwaves omits part of the complexity of using models to calculate sulphate aerosol interactions in the atmosphere or estimating the effective application of the IMO 2020 regulation, and, more generally, the complexity of climate and atmospheric chemistry. (copernicus.eu)
There are many natural sources of atmospheric aerosols, such as desert dust, sea spray and salt from the oceans, biogenic aerosols from vegetation , wildfire smoke, or volcanoes to name a few. (copernicus.eu)

Sulfur dioxide is oxidized rapidly by both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and is removed from the atmosphere by precipitation and by dry deposition on surfaces, mainly as sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
Aerosols are fine particulates that float in the atmosphere. (mongabay.com)
There is a nice record of sulfates in Greenland ice cores that shows this type of particle was peaking in the atmosphere around 1970. (ossfoundation.org)
The aerosol pollution got so bad that we had acid rain beginning to destroy crops and destroy the protective ozone layer in our upper atmosphere. (ossfoundation.org)
The zeppelin has been loaded with heavy equipment, specially designed to absorb and analyse aerosols, tiny chemical particles that float in the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
We know that aerosols affect cloud formation and by doing so they can contribute to the cooling of the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles ( dust , smoke , etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. (docslib.org)
They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain . (wikidoc.org)
There, because this is well above the clouds and rain of the troposphere, the sulphates can hang around for a long time (a few years) while sulphates in the lower atmosphere get quickly washed out and don't generally have a long term impact (but there can be exceptions - see below). (realclimate.org)
Aerosols, by scattering, reflecting or absorbing sunlight, reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the lower layers of our atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
A recent study , published in the journal Climatic Change , shows that spraying aerosols of sulphate particles into the atmosphere could block solar radiation and combat global warming. (researchmatters.in)
The aerosols increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space, cooling the troposphere, or lower atmosphere, of the Earth. (sleepyclasses.com)

This refers to water pollution that results when sulfur-bearing minerals associated with coal are exposed to air and water and form sulfuric acid and ferrous sulfate. (photius.com)
The ferrous sulfate can further react to form ferric hydroxide, or yellowboy, a yellow-orange iron precipitate found in streams and rivers polluted by acid mine drainage. (photius.com)

But in the event where polluted air is dominant in more tiny particles that would have occurred naturally, they tend to form tiny rain droplets in the cloud. (imechanica.org)
The formed tiny rain droplets in the cloud therefore reflect back the radiated sunlight into the space. (imechanica.org)
As cloud droplets become less acidic, the chemical reaction that turns sulfur dioxide into sulfate aerosol gets more efficient. (washington.edu)
The SO 2 in eruption plumes reacts with oxygen, water, and particles in the air to form sulfuric acid droplets and solid sulfate particles known as vog (volcanic smog) and corrosive acid rain. (nps.gov)

Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. (wikipedia.org)
Cloud brightening, injecting aerosols into the clouds, and solar shades are methods to manage solar radiation. (canadanewsmedia.ca)
While aerosols have a direct cooling effect by filtering solar radiation, their effective contribution to global cooling , or warming when they are reduced, also referred to as negative or positive radiative forcing of aerosols, is still a matter of research, and not the easiest, due to the uncertainties of indirect effects such as sulphate aerosol impacts in cloud droplet formation. (copernicus.eu)
Generally, sulphate aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei, favouring cloud formation, therefore reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. (copernicus.eu)
They absorb or scatter solar radiation, creating a haze of sulphuric acid. (ncertbooks.guru)

It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects. (wikipedia.org)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that it "is the most-researched [solar geoengineering] method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)." However, like other solar geoengineering approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection would do so imperfectly and other effects are possible, particularly if used in a suboptimal manner. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers used physically-based climate models to analyse the impact of starting and ending the spraying of stratospheric aerosols on the apple cultivation. (researchmatters.in)

Sulfate aerosols can be anthropogenic (through the combustion of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel), biogenic from hydrosphere and biosphere, geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events. (wikipedia.org)

The result was the ozone layer was being destroyed increasing the risk of skin cancer, acid rain, and smog so thick, you could not see from one side of a city to the other. (ossfoundation.org)
Detailed ice core measurements show smog-related ratios leveling off in 1970, and suggests these deposits are sensitive to the same chemicals that cause acid rain. (washington.edu)

Aerosols are small particles in the air that can either cool or warm the climate, depending on the type and colour of the particle. (bylinetimes.com)

Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal , produce sulfate aerosols. (docslib.org)

Magnesium sulfate , commonly known as Epsom salts , is used in therapeutic baths. (wikidoc.org)

There is an instrument from our Swiss partner that measures the absorption of water in aerosols, a crucial element in cloud formation," said Dr Mentel. (euronews.com)

And sometimes, aerosols are produced from photochemical decomposition of COS (carbonyl sulfide), or when solid sulfates in the sea salt spray can react with gypsum dust particles). (wikipedia.org)

Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6, which is slightly acidic. (photius.com)

According to the latest IPCC report, aerosols have cooled the planet by an estimated range of 0 to 0.8 degrees Celsius, with 0.4C being the most likely. (bylinetimes.com)
Aerosols] impact almost every part of the human body, depending upon the composition, exposure amount and size," says Bhupesh Adhikary, an air pollution specialist at the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and a lead author for the most recent assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (mongabay.com)

Scientists say that accurately modelling the intensity of aerosol effects on climate change is vital to humanity's future but aerosol complexity makes it difficult to model and understand. (mongabay.com)
The results show that while spraying sulphate particles doesn't cancel the effect of climate change entirely, it indeed suppresses the increase in temperature by around 1-1.2°C in the initial phase. (researchmatters.in)

Examples of aerosols can be natural like dust and volcanic ash or created through air pollution like sulphates. (bylinetimes.com)

Sulfates cause acid rain and other health and environmental problems. (ossfoundation.org)

So before we can understand what humans are doing to contribute to higher aerosol loadings, we also have to really understand the biogenic sources. (euronews.com)

The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate: one adds a solution of, perhaps, barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions. (wikidoc.org)
Weak acids (carbonate, nitrite, sulfite, formate, and acetate ions) were the major species in the dewwater and were several times higher than those in the rain- and fogwater. (elsevierpure.com)
Sulfate ions declined 9.4% in precipitation in the Northeast. (readabstracts.com)

It's tragic consequences reflect back on past feminine (1984 Ethiopian famine), lack of rainfall (African rain belt monsoon lost), shift in the monsoon thereby changing climatic conditions such as the tropical rain belt. (imechanica.org)
As sulfuric acid degrades the ozone layer and is thought to cause regional changes in rainfall, Davidson sought a benign but similarly sized particle. (minnpost.com)

Some plants are sensitive to acidification, search for acid-sensitive plant species found at Hawai'i Volcanoes NP. (nps.gov)

In the eastern United States, sulfate particles were estimated to account for 25% or more of all air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
So while we had the advantage of the aerosol pollution to offset global warming, the pollution was killing our food supply and causing cancer. (ossfoundation.org)

The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, HSO 4 − , which is the conjugate base of H 2 SO 4 , sulfuric acid . (wikidoc.org)

While there has not been significant change in presence of natural aerosols, human-caused aerosols have increased rapidly. (mongabay.com)
But they also want to understand the exact proportion of natural and man-made aerosols. (euronews.com)
Gypsum , the natural mineral form of hydrated calcium sulfate , is used to produce plaster . (wikidoc.org)
Carboxylic acid group contributions were high in summer and associated with natural sources, likely forming by secondary reactions. (copernicus.org)

Unlike CO, which is only a concern for health effects, SOx not only affects human health, but damages crops and changes chemistry of soils, causes acid rain, and contributes to visibility impairment. (soilworks.com)

The appearance of a white precipitate, which is barium sulfate , indicates that sulfate anions are present. (wikidoc.org)

DMS reacts with oxygen to produce clouds of sulfuric acid. (mongabay.com)

Never could we see the effects of aerosols more clearly than in the COVID-19 pandemic. (bylinetimes.com)
Aerosols' effects are tough to quantify and characterise, but have the potential to fill many gaps in climate science. (mongabay.com)
The varying shapes, sizes, colors, plus a host of other characteristics can alter aerosol effects. (mongabay.com)

Mines exposed rocks containing pyrite which reacts to water and air to form acid and dissolved iron and can easily wash into rivers and streams. (bartleby.com)

The team will collect samples over various landscapes and environments, analysing aerosol particles of differing sizes and properties at several altitudes, pressures and temperatures. (euronews.com)
The planet can experience rising temperatures, or it is possible for rain and snow patterns to shift, causing it to do so in places it would not usually. (uab.edu)

An evaluation against the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO 2 total column and MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations shows the improvements of the model results with the updated inventory. (copernicus.org)
In addition to cooling the planet overall, Pinatubo's aerosols dramatically (though temporarily) depleted the ozone layer. (minnpost.com)

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs1

Phenomena and Processes2

Health Care3

Emissions14

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides2

Sulphur dioxide2

Stratosphere6

Microscopic particles2

Inorganic2

Soot4

Gaseous2

Dimethyl4

Greenhouse gases7

Precursor2

Organic2

Earth's1

Concentrations3

Particulate2

Atmospheric8

Atmosphere12

Ferrous sulfate2

Droplets4

Solar radiation5

Stratospheric3

Combustion of fossil fuels1

Smog2

Particles in the air1

Fossil1

Salts1

Cloud1

React1

Acidic1

IPCC2

Climate change2

Dust1

Cause acid rain1

Biogenic1

Ions3

Rainfall2

Volcanoes1

Pollution2

Hydrogen1

Natural4

Contributes1

Precipitate1

Clouds1

Effects3

Form acid1

Temperatures2

Ozone2