AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
GerminationSeedsSpores, BacterialSporesSpores, FungalPlant DormancyPicolinic AcidsSeedlingAbscisic AcidGibberellinsBacillus megateriumArabidopsisGene Expression Regulation, PlantArabidopsis ProteinsPollenPlant Growth RegulatorsBacillus cereusBacillus subtilisLepidium sativumCotyledonPlant ProteinsPlant WeedsMicrosporumPollen TubeChenopodiaceaeLettuceOrobancheAlanineInosineHot TemperatureTemperaturePlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant RootsGenes, PlantMutationCactaceaeWaterBacillus anthracisEndospermStrigaOcoteaOryza sativaOrobanchaceaeCulture MediaHordeumHyphaebeta-MannosidaseBlastocladiellaMolecular Sequence DataZea maysLightBacillusAmaranthaceaeBacterial ProteinsSodium ChlorideRNA, PlantMucorFlowersSalinityTime FactorsPlant DevelopmentDesert ClimateMicroscopy, Phase-ContrastSalt-Tolerant PlantsDesiccationCell WallFungal ProteinsPlant ExudatesPhytochromeAngiospermsHemerocallisPlant LeavesPlant DiseasesOrchidaceaeHypocotylPlant ShootsSorbic AcidEthylenesRaphanusSeed DispersalSoilAscomycotaTriticumAspergillus fumigatusAmino Acid SequencePhenotypeJatrophaPhytochrome BCoffeaClostridium botulinumGerm Cells, PlantHelianthusFungiMarsileaceaePlant Physiological PhenomenaLycopersicon esculentumDilleniaceaeDiatrizoateApiaceaeBasidiomycota
Spore germinationSeedlingsSeed vigorSalicylic acidDormancyAbscisicGibberellic acidConditions during germInhibit germinationPercentageFaster germinationRegarding seedSeeds germinationPhenolic compoundsConcentrationSoilTraitsInhibitionEstablishmentBarleyAccumulationConcentrationsLactucaInhibitorsSignificantlyLegumeNegativelyAminoMechanismsSolanumTranscriptomeGrowthPhyticArabidopsisTemperaturesRegulationSoilsBiosynthesisHydrogen peroxideProteinsViableInvolvesEffectSuitableSoakSpeciesRateAceticEarlyOptimumResultsPlantWaterIncreasesDaysVarietiesRates
Spore germination2
  • Fries, N. "Specific effects of diterpene resin acids on spore germination of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. (lapalala.com)
  • In the absence of a pressure-canning step, C. botulinum spores were not eliminated, and the closed jar created an anaerobic environment allowing spore germination and BoNT production. (cdc.gov)
Seedlings5
  • An early study by Narimanov (2000) reported enhanced germination, emergence and development of seedlings using a short seed soaking treatment with H2O2 in a wide variety of crops including corn (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus sp. (researchgate.net)
  • Germination indices (GI) calculated from radish seedlings were used to measure phytotoxicity of soil amended with 0.3125 to 2.5% biomass by dry weight. (cdc.gov)
  • On the other hand, SA pre-treatment improved growth and resulted in higher resistance of plants to salinity, so that it increased germination percentage, seed vigor index and growth parameters of the seedlings. (magiran.com)
  • Seedlings emerged slightly better with acid-scarification than scarification by sandpaper. (usda.gov)
  • Delayed embryo development, impeded seed germination and puny seedlings were also observed in the OsLTPL36 RNAi lines. (isaaa.org)
Seed vigor2
Salicylic acid3
  • A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) on germination characteristics of ajowan (Carum copticum) under salt stress. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • Furthermore, the water deficit appeared to stimulate the induction of salicylic acid accumulation in both varieties. (scirp.org)
  • Conversely, salicylic acid (SA) is known as a plant hormone for decreasing the adverse effects of salinity stress. (magiran.com)
Dormancy6
  • Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits seed germination and the regulation of ABA biosynthesis has a role in maintenance of seed dormancy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Treatment with high concentrations of GA is effective in overcoming dormancy and causing rapid germination of seed. (stfc.org.au)
  • However, such dormancy can interfere with malt production, and also cause non-uniform germination upon sowing. (eurekalert.org)
  • Notably, this abscisic acid build-up in itself cannot maintain long-term grain dormancy, the latter being important for high-quality barley production. (eurekalert.org)
  • Also, our study has not only clarified the roles of qsd1 and qsd2 in grain germination or dormancy, but has also established that qsd2 plays a more significant role. (eurekalert.org)
  • The physiological sequence of events that takes place during seed germination is usually influenced by some intrinsic and extrinsic factors like dormancy, physiological immaturity, genotype, light, temperature, water availability and sowing depth 15 . (scialert.net)
Abscisic4
  • Plant development is tightly regulated by phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. (frontiersin.org)
  • Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential hormone that allows plants to respond to environmental stresses such as high salinity, drought and cold. (nih.gov)
  • Also, all mutants showed abscisic acid build-up, consistent with conditions observed with delayed germination. (eurekalert.org)
  • An, Y.-Q. and Lin, L., Transcriptional regulatory programs underlying barley germination and regulatory functions of gibberellin and abscisic acid, BMC Plant Biol . (springer.com)
Gibberellic acid5
  • Gibberellic acid (actually a group of related substances called gibberellins) was discovered as a metabolic byproduct of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, which causes the stems of growing rice to elongate so rapidly the plant collapsed. (stfc.org.au)
  • Synthetic forms of gibberellic acid are available commercially. (stfc.org.au)
  • Gibberellic acid (GA) is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. (stfc.org.au)
  • Activated by water and oxygen , the root embryo of the barleycorn secretes a plant hormone called gibberellic acid , which initiates the synthesis of α-amylase. (britannica.com)
  • In some malting operations, gibberellic acid is sprayed onto the barley to speed germination , and bromates are used to suppress rootlet growth and malting loss. (britannica.com)
Conditions during germ1
Inhibit germination2
Percentage3
Faster germination2
Regarding seed2
Seeds germination2
  • This study was conducted to determine effect of vinegar on the germination of eggplant seeds and to identify, which vinegar concentration is suitable for seeds germination. (researchgate.net)
  • In the aim to study the contribution of phenolic compounds in the inhibition of seeds germination of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) under water deficit, we have forwarded quantitatively and qualitatively the change of the phenolic compounds levels in the seeds of two varieties (Achtar and Tigre) submitted to water stress induced by PEG-6000 during the germination stage. (scirp.org)
Phenolic compounds8
  • The phenolic compounds in seeds were often implicated in the regulation of germination. (scirp.org)
  • Given that the outer layers of mature seeds are rich in phenolic compounds, the content and nature of these compounds appear to be indexes for explain their involvement in the inhibition of seed germination. (scirp.org)
  • The biological material for the present study consisted of seeds of Triticum aestivum L. So, the major aim of the study has been to investigate whether phenolic compounds are involved in the inhibition of wheat seed germination under water stress simulated with PEG-6000. (scirp.org)
  • Profile analysis and correlation across phenolic compounds, isoflaves, and antioxidant capacity during germination of soybeans (Glycine max L. (usda.gov)
  • Only the free phenolic compounds benzoic and vanillic acids decreased during the germination process. (usda.gov)
  • In this research, the effect of germination for 2 and 6 days on the concentration of total and free phenolic compounds, isoflavones, and the antioxidant activity of soybean extracts, was evaluated. (usda.gov)
  • The antioxidant activity of the seeds increased with germination time and a high correlation was observed among total phenolic compounds (TPC), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (r=0.995, r=1.000). (usda.gov)
  • The germination process for a period of 6 days at 26°C increased bioactive phenolic compounds and isoflavone aglycon, which would render functional soybean flours. (usda.gov)
Concentration8
  • The 0.00001 mM SA concentration significantly improved all germination characteristics of ajowan up to 12 dS.m-1 salt stress level. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • The result showed that application of 0.001% vinegar concentration showed significant effects in terms of percent germination and germination rate. (researchgate.net)
  • Thus, application of vinegar with 0.001% concentration is effective in germination of eggplant seeds. (researchgate.net)
  • 15% H2O2provided the optimum oxygen concentration for seed germination. (researchgate.net)
  • Biosolarized soils were initially highly phytotoxic, and GI was negatively correlated to the concentration of succinic, acetic, and lactic acid found in treated soils. (cdc.gov)
  • In this research, the effect of germination for 2 and 6 days on the concentration of total and free phenolic, and other compounds with antioxidant activity of soybean extracts, was evaluated. (usda.gov)
  • After 6 days of germination, the concentration of most compounds with antioxidant activity increased compared to samples obtained from ungerminated soybean and soybean germinated for 2 days. (usda.gov)
  • The EC50 for inhibition of lettuce seed germination was 125.8 mg/L. The pH measured at the EC50 concentration was 5.75. (europa.eu)
Soil7
  • Nonetheless, cover crop biomasses on soil surfaces under the anaerobic conditions in flooded rice systems produce organic acids (mainly acetic acid) that cause early phytotoxicity to rice seedling coleoptile and roots. (unito.it)
  • Endogenous and fermentative organic acid biopesticides derived from the amendments can disinfest soil without the use of potentially harmful chemical fumigants. (cdc.gov)
  • Aeration of biosolarized soil successfully improved GI and decreased organic acid concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Average germination in soil 60 - 70% in 10 days. (stokeseeds.com)
  • Use low acid soil (pH) when transplanting. (stokeseeds.com)
  • The data so far recorded revealed that commencement of seed germination was almost equal ie.13 days after sowing in all the treatments T6 - Soil + Sand + FYM + Vermicompost (1:1:1:1), which recorded the maximum value of 16 days. (tnau.ac.in)
  • 100% germination was recorded in T11 - Soil + Sand + FYM +Poultry manure + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (1:1:1:1:1:1) , followed by T 10. (tnau.ac.in)
Traits3
Inhibition2
  • The compounds showed good inhibition of seed germination, especially at 50 mg.L-1, but little fungistatic activity. (scielo.br)
  • Regarding phenolic acid, the ferulic acid was the most dominant, and seemed to be related mainly to the inhibition of germination. (scirp.org)
Establishment4
  • Relatively less known are the effects of H2O2 in irrigation water on seed germination, seedling growth and establishment. (researchgate.net)
  • Fungicides aid in stand establishment, because acid delinting results in cracks in the seed coat and gives disease organisms an entry point into the germinating seed. (ufl.edu)
  • Hardseededness is a common feature in legume species that can limit initial, uniform germination and subsequent seedling establishment. (usda.gov)
  • However, no information is available concerning hardseededness in these three legumes and how scarification by acid or sandpaper affects the germination and early seedling establishment of these three species. (usda.gov)
Barley2
  • In traditional malting, the steeped barley was placed in heaps called couches and, after 24 hours, spread on a floor to permit germination. (britannica.com)
  • image: Germination in the non-mutated barley was almost complete, while the gene-edited barley did not germinate at all. (eurekalert.org)
Accumulation2
  • D4 reduced ABA and dihydrophaseic acid accumulation in tomato seeds overexpressing LeNCED1 and reduced ABA accumulation in wild type tomato seeds imbibed on polyethylene glycol. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This study concludes that biosolarization with low amendment rates (0.3-0.6%) would be ideal for field application, as they generated high initial organic acid accumulation (27-131 mM), but phytotoxicity could be eliminated after only one week of aeration. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations5
  • Across all varieties, increased acetic acid concentrations never slowed germination. (unito.it)
  • Root length damage appeared first at acetic acid concentrations of 36 ppm in var. (unito.it)
  • Studies were carried out on the effects of coumarin, ferulic acid and naringenin on soybean seed germination and on the growth of seed-borne fungi at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1. (scielo.br)
  • Germination of selected vegetable seeds including corn (Zea mays L.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was studied in water with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution ranging from 0, 0. (researchgate.net)
  • We evaluated two hydrogen peroxide products, with varying levels of stabiliser, over a range of peroxide concentrations (10-5000 ppm), in-vitro (petri dishes) seed germination and seedling growth for ten crop species. (researchgate.net)
Lactuca2
Inhibitors3
  • Promotion of Germination Using Hydroxamic Acid Inhibitors of 9-cis-Epoxycarotenoid Dioxygenase. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Two hydroxamic acid inhibitors of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD), D4 and D7, previously found to inhibit CCD and NCED in vitro, are shown to have the novel property of decreasing mean germination time of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds constitutively overexpressing LeNCED1. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The enhanced effects on germination with H2O2 have a) been reported for seed with pathogenic infestations (Szopniska, 2014) i.e. a biocidal effect, and b) mediated through the oxidation of germination inhibitors present in the seed coat or/and in the pericarp, i.e. a seed treatment effect. (researchgate.net)
Significantly1
Legume1
  • Soak legume seeds in 20-30 percent sulphuric acid for 4-5 minutes. (nzdl.org)
Negatively1
  • Indeed, the water deficit imposes itself as extrinsic factor that negatively influences the germination of seeds due to the essential and vital role of water in the induction of recovery of metabolic activity during germination process. (scirp.org)
Amino2
  • Other enzymes, such as the proteases and β-glucanases, attack the cell walls around the starch grains, converting insoluble proteins and complex sugars (called glucans) into soluble amino acids and glucose. (britannica.com)
  • Curing at higher temperatures promotes a reaction between amino acids and sugars to form melanoidins, which give both colour and flavour to malt. (britannica.com)
Mechanisms1
Solanum1
  • tested 24-h seed pre-treatments with H2O2 with 50 mM being optimal with improved seed germination, seedling vigour and growth in corn, squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Increased germination and seedling growth of peas (Pisum sativum L. 'Alaska') was shown by Barba-Espin et al. (researchgate.net)
Transcriptome1
  • Through de novo transcriptome assembly with the RNA-seq reads from whole organ samples of C. virgata at the germination stage (2 days after germination, DAG), early young development stage (8 DAG), young development stage (17 DAG), and adult development stage (28 DAG), we identified 21,589 unified transcripts (contigs) and found that 19,346 and 18,156 protein-coding transcripts were homologous to those in rice and Arabidopsis , respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Growth6
  • During post-germination growth stages, root phytotoxicity was always more evident than shoot phytotoxicity, although the responses varied among the varieties. (unito.it)
  • These plants should be prepared for fast germination and growth activity in response to the limited summer rainfall. (frontiersin.org)
  • It germinated just 5 h after treatment for germination initiation and showed rapid growth, especially in its early and young development stages. (frontiersin.org)
  • We discuss the possibility that C. virgata phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis genes regulate early germination and growth advantages. (frontiersin.org)
  • Post-germination, D4 exhibited no negative effects on tomato seedling growth in terms of height, dry weight, and fresh weight. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Water stress is one of the most important limitations of the development and the growth of plants because of the role of water in plant metabolism during germination. (scirp.org)
Phytic3
  • Phytic acid (PA) is considered as a major antinutrient due to its ability to chelate important micronutrients and thereby restricting their bioavailability. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phytic acid ( myo -inositol hexa kis phosphate, PA, IP 6 ) is one of the major anti-nutritional component in grains of wheat, rice, soybean, and other crops, that limit the bioavailability of micronutrients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, I emphasize the importance of soaking legumes, which eliminates phytic acid and promotes germination for increased nutritional content. (udemy.com)
Arabidopsis1
  • He has used biochemical genetics to dissect the main metabolic pathways controlling oil mobilisation in Arabidopsis seed and provided new insight into how a lipid based signal controls seed germination. (wikipedia.org)
Temperatures2
  • exposure of all mutants to cold temperatures largely promoted germination, indicating that the grains of the mutants were not dead but had been dormant longer. (eurekalert.org)
  • Seed viability was tested using triphenyltetrazolium chloride, seed germination under different light, temperatures and sowing depths were evaluated. (scialert.net)
Regulation1
  • The sequence of the metabolic pattern than occurs during germination involves the activation of specific enzymes at the proper time and regulation of their activity. (stfc.org.au)
Soils2
  • Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. (pfaf.org)
  • These results suggest that scarification is necessary to maximize germination in Daor and Dase and that planting at depths up to 1.9 cm are possible in sandy loam soils. (usda.gov)
Biosynthesis1
  • 2000. A metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis( p hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, reduces testosterone biosynthesis in rat leydig cells through suppression of steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen peroxide1
  • Hydrogen Peroxide Imbibition Following Cold Stratification Promotes Seed Germination Rate and Uniformity in Peach cv. (mdpi.com)
Proteins2
Viable2
  • To start, we must first understand that not all cannabis seeds are viable for germination. (hightimes.com)
  • Reports from various authors, including Chauhan and Johnson 18 and Schmidt 19 suggested that when conditions that favor germination of a seed are not met, a viable seed may not necessarily germinate and may, therefore, become dormant 20 , 21 . (scialert.net)
Involves1
  • Perhaps the most well-known theory on turning seeds "on" and "off" for germination involves the flowering signal that triggers hormones in plants to fruit or flower. (hightimes.com)
Effect4
  • Effect of Temperature, Light and Sowing Depth on Seed Germination of Celosia argentea L. (scialert.net)
  • In an effort to improve and encourage the domestication of this neglected nutraceutical plant, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of temperature, light and sowing depth on seed germination of Celosia argentea in order to put forth the best environmental condition necessary for its germination and domestication in South Africa. (scialert.net)
  • HCRI/SAN/HOR/FRU/2017/002 Studies on effect of micronutrients on yield and quality of acid lime ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). (tnau.ac.in)
  • In addition, to evaluate the effect of eCO 2 on induced resistance (IR), these parameters were assessed after treatments with IR elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). (portlandpress.com)
Suitable1
Soak1
  • To improve germination, put seeds in boiling water for 60-90 seconds or soak them in acid (20-30 percent sulphuric acid) for 4-5 minutes. (nzdl.org)
Species2
  • It is evident from this study that the seed germination of the species is solely dependent on appropriate temperature (25°C), alternating light and dark and a sowing depth of 1 cm. (scialert.net)
  • Each factor has a specific influence on the germination process, either acting alone or in combination with other factors, as a result, the sensitivity of each species must be considered 15 . (scialert.net)
Rate1
Acetic3
  • Germination results suggest that acetic acid likely scarred var. (unito.it)
  • Root length measurements provided explicit and speedy information on varietal tolerance to acetic acid and, consequently to cover crop fermentation and suggested that direct observation of root damage in paddy fields is valuable for prompt water management decisions, such as flooding interruption. (unito.it)
  • Kenneth V. Thimann isolated this phytohormone and determined its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid. (phys.org)
Early1
  • The cotyledons eventually form the first green leaves and contain stored food that supplies energy for germination and early development. (ufl.edu)
Optimum1
Results3
  • The results showed that salt stress inhibited all of the germination characteristics measured. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • The results of the study demonstrated that the germination process for a period of 6 days at 26°C increased the bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which would render health-promoting soybean flours. (usda.gov)
  • The results suggest that OsLTPL36, a lipid transporter, is critical for seed quality in seed development and germination in rice. (isaaa.org)
Plant2
  • Some advanced growers even use mild soap solutions, razor blades and plant hormones to increase germination rates on old or heirloom seeds . (hightimes.com)
  • All of that being said, there are some more technical theories on plant seed germination that have been tested. (hightimes.com)
Water2
  • The first stage of germination consists of ingesting water and an awakening or activation of the germ plasma. (stfc.org.au)
  • The patient was unaware that low-acid foods (e.g., vegetables) must be canned in a pressure canner rather than a boiling water canner to eliminate C. botulinum spores ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Increases1
  • H2O2 increases germination rates by breaking down the seed coat, thus allowing the seed to take in oxygen more quickly. (researchgate.net)
Days1
  • cultivars Munchkin, Lemon Lime, Tardiflora, Pearl Lake, Zounds, Gold Drop, Halcyon, and Honeybells) were treated with 20 ml of oxalic acid (50 mM) on a cotton swab, then incubated at 100% relative humidity and 27°C. After 4 days, incidence of leaves with lesions was evaluated. (apsnet.org)
Varieties1
  • CR H - 12, X-639, Sonarians, NRCC - 3, NRCC - 6, C. macrophylla (Alemow) and C. volkamariana ) and four Acid lime varieties viz . (tnau.ac.in)
Rates3