Acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptors cholinergic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Thus it was proposed that degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the associated loss of cholinergic neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex and other areas contributed significantly to the deterioration in cognitive function seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease Further studies on the cholinergic system and AD demonstrated acetylcholine plays a role in learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
By itself, choline elicited nicotine-like actions commensurate with its promotion of cholinergic neurotransmission. (nature.com)
3-8 These immune-inflammatory alterations impact dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission, which in turn are linked to the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms noted in schizophrenia. (psychiatrist.com)
In cardiac tissue, acetylcholine neurotransmission has an inhibitory effect, which lowers heart rate. (psychonautwiki.org)

When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic receptor outside of the cell wall, it induces a conformational change that selectively opens up the channel to sodium ions. (cdc.gov)
The channel opening in the nicotinic receptor normally lasts less than a millisecond because the enzyme, cholinesterase, rapidly breaks down acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)
As a result, the chemical-gated nicotinic receptor Na+ channels are held in the open position, and a constant state of depolarization occurs. (cdc.gov)
The nicotinic receptor. (cdc.gov)
These small currents were linked to ACh release since anticholinesterases (neostigmine) increased their effects, while cholinergic receptor antagonist (tubocurarine, a nicotinic receptor blocker) blocked. (pharmacology2000.com)

Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which activates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) expressed by the human body. (helsinki.fi)
In addition, the rewarding effect of nicotine attenuates in opioid receptor knock-out rodents. (helsinki.fi)
Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
Nicotine binds to acetylcholine (receptors in your brain) and stimulates the cholinergic system in your body. (performancemedicine.net)
Nicotine regulates inflammation and stimulates other neurotransmitters like: serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and most importantly dopamine (that reward neurotransmitter that we talk about all the time). (performancemedicine.net)
Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine. (bicellscientific.com)
Nicotine , an alkaloid found in Nicotiana tabacum , acts as a direct agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (psychonautwiki.org)
Incidentally, nicotine structure resembles the structure of a neurotransmitter named acetylcholine. (wellnesskeen.com)
When nicotine stimulates the cholinergic receptors it starts interfering with functions of these organs. (wellnesskeen.com)
Nicotine distilled from smoking a cigarette travels from the mouth, to the lungs and finally to the brain, where it binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (smokingcessationtraining.com)

Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)
The CHRNB2 gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of a larger protein called a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers believe that nAChR channels play an important role in controlling the normal release and uptake of neurotransmitters. (medlineplus.gov)
CHRNB2 mutations make nAChR channels more sensitive to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, allowing the channels to open more easily than usual. (medlineplus.gov)
[ 1 , 2 ] Although the chief target of the autoimmune attack in most cases is the skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), other antigenic targets that are components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have also been implicated. (medscape.com)

Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic, as are the receptor for the merocrine sweat glands. (wikipedia.org)
The nicotinic receptors are cylindrically-shaped proteins imbedded in synaptic walls that act as chemically-controlled sodium channels (also called ligand-gated sodium channels) that penetrate through the cell walls of post-synaptic nerves and myocytes at the skeletal neuromuscular junctions. (cdc.gov)
Research into the condition is hindered by the considerable heterogeneity seen across patients but several reports have highlighted disturbances to cholinergic mechanisms in terms of central nervous system activity, neuromuscular function and autoantibodies to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (meresearch.org.uk)
However, acetylcholine also behaves as an excitatory neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle. (psychonautwiki.org)
The autoimmune attack occurs when autoantibodies form against the nicotinic acetylcholine postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)

AD is currently treated by increasing acetylcholine concentration by using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to inhibit acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
Rapid inactivation of acetylcholine is mediated by acetylcholinesterase. (pharmacology2000.com)
Unlike acetylcholine, muscarine is not degraded by acetylcholinesterase, and toxicity results from unregulated stimulation at the receptors. (msdvetmanual.com)
The cholinergic nature of this response is further verified by enhancement with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine and suppression with the muscarinic antagonist atropine. (escholarship.org)
These work by blocking acetylcholinesterase, which is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, leading to an increased build up over time. (psychonautwiki.org)
The image below illustrates the relationship between the very small molecule, acetylcholine, and its specific interaction within the very large molecule, acetylcholinesterase. (pharmacology2000.com)
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that an acute in vivo treatment with reversible or irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors modifies the activities of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in hippocampal neurons. (biosemiotics2013.org)
2002 irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) appears to be a major determinant of their acute toxicity. (biosemiotics2013.org)

The toxin in these mushrooms is muscarine, a thermostable muscarinic receptor agonist that binds to acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system. (msdvetmanual.com)

The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinomimetics or cholinergic drugs are those drugs that cause effects similar to those resulting from introduction of acetylcholine, or simulation of ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Preganglionic neurones of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems release acetylcho- line in the synapse, which acts on cholinergic nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic fibre. (pediagenosis.com)
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurones release acetylcholine, which acts on cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (pediagenosis.com)
Bradycardia in this context might be due to excessive parasympathetic (cholinergic) tone and might cause unacceptably low cardiac output or predispose to more serious arrhythmias. (pharmacology2000.com)

Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome. (meresearch.org.uk)
Interaction of these molecules with receptor (nicotinic or muscarinic cholinergic receptor) causes a physiological response -- a decrease in heartbreak for instance. (pharmacology2000.com)

nAChRs are part of the cholinergic system and its endogenous neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. (helsinki.fi)
The nAChRs are excitatory and the often regulate the release of other neurotransmitters. (helsinki.fi)
Hyperactivation of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) causes muscle mass fasciculation whereas their subsequent desensitization prospects to muscle mass weakness. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Both α7 and α4β2 nAChRs are found within the somatodendritic regions of interneurons and activation of these receptors prospects to GABA launch onto both pyramidal neurons and interneurons (Alkondon et al. (biosemiotics2013.org)
The release of various neurotransmitters following nicotinic binding to the nAChRs plays a large part in the cycle of addiction associated with smoking. (smokingcessationtraining.com)

We have many different types of receptors in our body, like mechanoreceptors that respond to pressure, chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals, and photoreceptors that respond to light. (shiken.ai)
On their surface, most cells have many different types of receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
Other drugs, like a master key, can attach to several types of receptors throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)

A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)

Within the visual system, glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter, although serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) are also involved in visual processing. (gla.ac.uk)
Acetylcholine is also one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and is the only neurotransmitter used in the motor division of the somatic nervous system (sensory neurons use glutamate and various peptides at their synapses). (psychonautwiki.org)
The scientist's investigation covers issues in Glutamate receptor, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Internal medicine and Choline acetyltransferase. (research.com)
His Glutamate receptor research includes themes of Amino acid, Glutamic acid, Neurotransmitter, Biophysics and Dopamine. (research.com)
Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. (research.com)
His scientific interests lie mostly in Biochemistry, Glutamate receptor, Internal medicine, Endocrinology and Choline acetyltransferase. (research.com)
The various areas that Frode Fonnum examines in his Glutamate receptor study include Amino acid, Glutamine, Neurotransmitter, Neuroscience and Metabolism. (research.com)
Frode Fonnum focuses on Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Reactive oxygen species and Glutamate receptor. (research.com)
His study in Reactive oxygen species is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both Phospholipase A2, Medicinal chemistry, Nitric oxide and Phospholipase C. His study with Glutamate receptor involves better knowledge in Receptor. (research.com)
His primary scientific interests are in Biochemistry, Reactive oxygen species, Glutamate receptor, Apoptosis and Cyclosporin a. (research.com)
His Glutamate receptor study is associated with Internal medicine. (research.com)
Nootropics improve the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via cholinergic (ACh) receptors and stimulate NMDA glutamate receptors that are critical to the learning and memory processes. (supplementpolice.com)

Furthermore, it has been observed that nicotine's rewarding effects can be reduced with opioid receptor antagonists. (helsinki.fi)
The deliriant drugs atropine , scopolamine (both found in Datura) and diphenhydramine all act as antagonists upon muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as does the chemical incapacitating agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, better known as BZ. (psychonautwiki.org)
Drugs that target receptors are classified as agonists or antagonists. (msdmanuals.com)

The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
Condensation products of acetaldehyde reduce activity of monamine oxidases, responsible for the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. (smokingcessationtraining.com)
In the subject of general Endocrinology, his work in Dopamine, Neurotransmitter and Glucocorticoid is often linked to Corticosterone, thereby combining diverse domains of study. (research.com)

Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
Administration of atropine, by blocking the muscarinic receptor blunts the action of acetylcholine and accordingly may reverse bradycardia. (pharmacology2000.com)

Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)
In normal circumstances, acetylcholine stimulates cholinergic receptors located at various sites such as brain, heart, muscles, adrenal gland and so on. (wellnesskeen.com)

Intramural inhibitory nerves act by releasing nitric oxide ( NO ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide, whereas the excitatory nerves release acetylcholine and substance P. (nature.com)
The α2-receptors are Gi/o- protein linked and are often inhibitory. (pediagenosis.com)
This is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter within the mammalian brain. (smokingcessationtraining.com)

To characterize the family of proteins, a panel of subtype-selective antibodies was generated against recombinant muscarinic receptor proteins and shown to bind specifically to each of the cloned receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Using immunoprecipitation, three receptor proteins (m1, m2, and m4) accounted for the vast majority of the total solubilized muscarinic binding sites in rat brain. (jneurosci.org)
These results clarify the roles of these genetically defined receptor proteins in cholinergic transmission in brain. (jneurosci.org)
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) blocks the release of acetylcholine and many other neurotransmitters from the presynaptic vesicle by deactivating soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. (jcadonline.com)
The proteins that detect these changes are also called receptors. (shiken.ai)
Receptors are specialized structures found in the cell membrane that are composed of proteins. (shiken.ai)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are receptor proteins that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (bicellscientific.com)
Noradrenaline and adrenaline ( epinephrine ), which is released by the adrenal medulla, are catecholamines, and activate adrenergic receptors, which are linked via G-proteins to cellular effector mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
Noradren- aline and adrenaline are equally potent on α1-receptors, which are linked to Gq-proteins and are commonly associated with smooth muscle contraction (e.g. blood vessels). (pediagenosis.com)

Chronic fatigue syndrome: a disorder of central cholinergic transmission. (meresearch.org.uk)
The cholinergic syndrome characteristic of OP intoxication results in part from your actions of accumulated ACh on peripheral and central cholinergic receptors. (biosemiotics2013.org)

Identify the key physiological effects that result from stimulation of nicotinic receptors by excessive amounts of acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)
Muscarine competes with acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor binding sites, leading to excessive stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic fibers and the subsequent observed clinical signs (cholinergic excess). (msdvetmanual.com)
Mild to excessive cholinergic stimulation can result in salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, dyspnea, and emesis (the acronym SLUDDE is often used as a mnemonic for these parts of the cholinergic toxidrome). (msdvetmanual.com)
M1- but not control-CNiFERs respond robustly, up to 40% signal change, to endogenous acetylcholine release evoked via electrical stimulation of Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM). (escholarship.org)
His research in the fields of Cholinergic, Acetylcholine and Stimulation overlaps with other disciplines such as Corticosterone. (research.com)

After intradermal injection, efferent cholinergic innervation of sweat glands is completely blocked, making it a viable treatment option for focal hyperhidrosis. (jcadonline.com)
A few sympathetic neurones release acetylcholine at the effector (e.g. sweat glands), and are thus known as sympathetic cholinergic neurones. (pediagenosis.com)

Direct agonists work by imitating the neurotransmitter. (psychonautwiki.org)
An acetylcholine receptor antagonist works by attaching to acetylcholine receptors to prevent agonists binding. (psychonautwiki.org)
Antagonist drugs block the access or attachment of the body's natural agonists, usually neurotransmitters, to their receptors and thereby prevent or reduce cell responses to natural agonists. (msdmanuals.com)

This is the major excitatory neurotransmitter within the mammalian brain, central to both memory and learning. (smokingcessationtraining.com)

The specific nature of the interaction defines whether the drug acts as an agonist promoting a change in cellular function or as an antagonist which blocks the receptor usually resulting in no direct biological effect. (pharmacology2000.com)
By contrast, a muscarinic antagonist such as atropine may bind even more tightly than acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor but causes no direct effect. (pharmacology2000.com)
However, following administration of antagonist a biological response may be observed as a result of receptor blockade. (pharmacology2000.com)

Acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). (psychonautwiki.org)

Nerve agents like sarin irreversibly inhibit the enzyme, allowing a potentially lethal accumulation of acetylcholine to occur. (psychonautwiki.org)
His Glutamic acid study combines topics in areas such as Free nerve ending, Calcium metabolism, Mammalian brain, Receptor and Aspartate binding. (research.com)

this enzyme breaks down acetylcholine, and therefore inhibition of it increases activation of cholinergic receptors. (psychonautwiki.org)

9 This action potential depolarizes the motor neuron terminal, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels and the subsequent release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) into the synaptic cleft. (musclerelaxant.org)
In the synaptic cleft, Ach binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, leading to an influx of sodium (Na + ) and a discharge of potassium (K) across the muscle fiber's membrane, which results in depolarization of the muscle fiber. (musclerelaxant.org)

The postganglionic neurotransmitters and receptors depend on the system and organ (see below). (pediagenosis.com)
Action potentials (APs) in incoming neurones are transmitted by the release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postganglionic neurone or effector tissue. (pediagenosis.com)

This binding results in the uptake of sodium and calcium, resulting in neurotransmitter release. (smokingcessationtraining.com)
The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles. (research.com)

These receptor subtypes had marked differences in regional and cellular localization as shown by immunocytochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
There are two main classes of adrenergic receptor, α and β, and these are further subdivided into several subtypes (e.g. α1, α2, β2, β2). (pediagenosis.com)

Damage to corticopetal cholinergic neurons originating in the basal forebrain is thought to contribute to the attention deficits. (atsbio.com)
The present experiment evaluates the effect of PKC activation on sustained attention following loss of cortical cholinergic projections induced by infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain. (atsbio.com)

The m1-protein was present in cortex and striatum and was localized to cell bodies and neurites, consistent with its role as a major postsynaptic muscarinic receptor. (jneurosci.org)
Effects of protein kinase C activation on attention deficits following loss of corticopetal cholinergic neurons. (atsbio.com)
Leong CS, Maness EB, Baraki DI, Burk JA (2016) Effects of protein kinase C activation on attention deficits following loss of corticopetal cholinergic neurons. (atsbio.com)
Recent evidence had identified G-protein decoupling at the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor as well as decreased levels of protein kinase C (PKC) in rat AD models and the human AD brain. (atsbio.com)
Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
c ) The 5.8 Å density map and superimposed 2.7 Å structure of the Torpedo receptor (PDB entry 6uwz ) obtained from detergent-solubilized protein complexed with α -bungarotoxin. (iucr.org)
All β-receptors are linked to Gs-protein and activate adenylyl cyclase to make cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (pediagenosis.com)
The three-dimensional shape of the drug is thought to interact with a complementary structural binding region of the receptor, typically a protein. (pharmacology2000.com)

This group has found clear abnormalities associated with a specific endothelium-dependent vasodilator - acetylcholine - and the review sets out to explain the biology and significance of the acetylcholine pathway as it affects endothelial cells, and what experiments are needed to unravel the mystery of the sensitivity seen in CFS/ME patients. (meresearch.org.uk)
Neurotransmitter receptor sites have been examined in both human postmortem tissue and a lesioned polysynaptic pathway in rat brain using quantitative ligand binding autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)
Rat Visual System Studies The rat visual system was employed as a model polysynaptic pathway in which to examine neurotransmitter receptor alterations under conditions of functional deficit. (gla.ac.uk)

Normal cognitive aging may affect long term and working memory, though the cholinergic system and cortical areas maintain performance through functional compensation. (wikipedia.org)
However, m2 was also present in noncholinergic cortical and subcortical structures, providing evidence that this subtype may presynaptically modulate release of other neurotransmitters and/or function postsynaptically. (jneurosci.org)

Skeletal structure of an acetylcholine molecule. (psychonautwiki.org)
Acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes, this is because of the charged ammonium group which gives the substance a highly polar molecule. (psychonautwiki.org)
A receptor is a molecule with a specific 3-dimensional structure, which allows only substances that fit precisely to attach to it-as a key fits in its lock. (msdmanuals.com)

Diagnosis is based on a history of mushroom ingestion, identification of suspected mushroom, consistent clinical signs (cholinergic toxidrome), and response to treatment. (msdvetmanual.com)
For clinical purposes, each receptor can be considered the site of action of only one specific neurotransmitter. (aafp.org)
These neurotransmitters act on their respective neuroreceptor sites to produce the clinical effects of the particular drug. (aafp.org)

Touch receptors are also important in helping humans distinguish between different sensations via the sense of touch. (shiken.ai)
Bertrand S, Weiland S, Berkovic SF, Steinlein OK, Bertrand D. Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutants from humans suffering from autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
Acetylcholine is an organic cation that acts as a neurotransmitter in many organisms, including humans. (psychonautwiki.org)

A drug's selectivity can often be explained by how selectively it attaches to receptors. (msdmanuals.com)

Psychedelic drugs stimulate serotonin release, and sedative-hypnotic drugs potentiate the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. (aafp.org)

Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. (remixeducation.in)

For example, let's consider acetylcholine or a synthetic analogue bethanechol (Urecholine). (pharmacology2000.com)

Opiates act on both opioid and adrenergic receptor sites. (aafp.org)
The goal of the current study was to evaluate the potential for the -adrenergic receptor inhibitor and anti-inflammatory drug, propranolol, to treat neuroinflammation in a novel long-term mouse model of GWI. (cdc.gov)

Since the cholinergic system is widely distributed within both the central and peripheral nervous systems, chemicals that inhibit AChE are known to produce a broad range of well characterized symptoms (for a review see Savolainen, 2001). (cdc.gov)
AChE inhibition induces an acetylcholine build-up, disrupting signals between nerves and muscles, which in high doses leads to asphyxiation. (cdc.gov)

Noradrenaline is more potent at β1-receptors and adrenaline is more potent at β2-receptors. (pediagenosis.com)

Arneric SP, Holladay M, Williams M. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: a perspective on two decades of drug discovery research. (medlineplus.gov)

Acetylcholine receptors bind to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter used in cholinergic synapses. (shiken.ai)

As well as these neurological findings, however, there has been a recent report of autoantibodies specifically to muscarinic receptors in many CFS patients, suggesting that there might well be subgroups within the CFS construct that are associated with autoimmune abnormalities of cholinergic, muscarinic receptors ( 5 ). (meresearch.org.uk)

Small random release of acetylcholine-quanta, producing miniature end-plate potentials (mepps) , are released by presynaptic terminals. (pharmacology2000.com)
Exocytotic release of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters is inhibited by toxins elaborated by Clostridium botulinum . (pharmacology2000.com)
PKC is a signaling kinase that can affect neurite outgrowth, synaptic formation, and neurotransmitter release. (atsbio.com)
Each drug of abuse causes the release of one or more neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
From moment to moment, dynamic patterns of neurotransmitter release and surface receptor activity determine the function of the central nervous system. (escholarship.org)
By binding to α2 receptors in the CNS, clonidine can modulate the release of norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in sympathetic outflow and ultimately leading to a decrease in heart rate. (proprofs.com)
The resulting increase in ion flow across the cell membrane alters the release of neurotransmitters, which changes signaling between neurons. (medlineplus.gov)

and (3) the relevance of alterations in neurotransmitter receptors to changes in local cerebral function, by combining the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose technique for the measurement of cerebral glucose use with in vitro receptor autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)

Other substances like racetams can preserve acetylcholine regulation in instances of cognitive impairment such as deliriant intoxication or cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury. (psychonautwiki.org)

Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)

The association of the kainate response in frontal cortex with the level of local neuropathology and the loss of quisqualate receptors in the cerebellum in the absence of gross neuropathological change suggests that the mechanisms of glutamatergic dysfunction in A. D. are heterogeneous with respect to anatomical locus. (gla.ac.uk)

It is shown that cholesterol segregates preferentially around the receptors in both leaflets of the lipid bilayer, interacting robustly with specific transmembrane sites and creating a network of bridging microdomains. (iucr.org)
Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
Our findings thus suggest that exposure to GWI-related agents may converge on similar targets with roles in inflammation, neurotransmitter and lipid metabolism, and detoxification which may have impacts on neurodegenerative-like disease and oxidative stress in Veterans with GWI. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy38

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs151

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Neurotransmission4

Nicotinic receptor5

Nicotine11

NAChR6

Neuromuscular6

Acetylcholinesterase8

Binds to acetylcholine1

Parasympathetic5

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor2

NAChRs5

Types of receptors3

Synapse3

Glutamate12

Antagonists3

Dopamine3

Action of acetylcholine2

Stimulates2

Inhibitory3

Proteins9

Central cholinergic2

Stimulation5

Sweat glands2

Agonists3

Excitatory neurotransmitter1

Antagonist3

Peripheral nervou1

Nerve2

Breaks down acetylcholine1

Synaptic cleft2

Postganglionic2

Uptake2

Subtypes2

Basal forebrain2

Protein8

Pathway3

Cortical2

Molecule3

Clinical3

Humans3

Attaches1

Serotonin1

Catabolism1

Bethanechol1

Adrenergic receptor2

AChE2

Noradrenaline1

Neuronal1

Synapses1

Autoimmune1

Release7

Alterations1

Cognitive1

Postsynaptic membrane1

Cerebellum1

Lipid3