Acetylcholine cholinergic antagonists. Medical search. Frequent questions

Although nicotine is an agonist of ionotropic acetylcholine receptors, we found that nicotine-induced polyspermy was neither mimicked by acetylcholine and carbachol nor inhibited by specific antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (mdpi.com)
Muscarinic antagonist effects and muscarinic agonist effects counterbalance each other for homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
Coniine has direct effects on nicotinic (cholinergic) receptors, both agonist and antagonist. (medscape.com)
Using saccharin as a taste stimulus in a taste preference paradigm, we examined the effects of injecting the GABA A receptor agonist muscimol or the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline into the IC or NBM during learning or retrieval of an appetitive taste memory on taste preference in male Sprague Dawley rats. (jneurosci.org)
Agonist and antagonist drugs can be used together in people with asthma. (msdmanuals.com)
We investigated the effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and various agonists and antagonists on neuronal activity in rat neocortical slices using intracellular (sharp microelectrode) and field potential recordings. (biomedcentral.com)
The improvement of therapeutic approaches using specific mAChR modulators is further impeded by a lack of established and validated protocol to screen efficacy of different mAChR agonist/antagonist at native receptors in neocortical slices. (biomedcentral.com)
Q. Is atropine an agonist or antagonist? (kauverymeds.com)

We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in in vitro rat brain slices to investigate the effect of adenosine on identified cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata. (nih.gov)
These results demonstrate that, in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata region of the basal forebrain, adenosine inhibits both cholinergic neurons and a subset of noncholinergic neurons. (nih.gov)
Considerable evidence suggests that central cholinergic neurons participate in either acquisition, storage or retrieval of information. (tmc.edu)
Neurons that synthesize and release ACh are termed cholinergic neurons. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
9. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on hippocampal neurons: cell compartment specific expression and modulatory control of channel activity. (elsevier.com)
The 5-HT 1A receptors can influence the activity of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus to affect the declarative and non-declarative memory. (frontiersin.org)
2006 is normally attenuated due to lack of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons additional revealing the influence HCl salt of striatal dopaminergic deafferentation. (technuc.com)

Acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter whose receptors are proteins found in synapses and other cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
These results indicate that the pattern of cortical cholinergic and GABAergic neuroactivity during novel taste exposure is the opposite of that which occurs during familiar taste recognition and these differing neurotransmitter system states may enable different behavioral consequences. (jneurosci.org)
High levels of beta amyloid are associated with reduced levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (adam.com)
The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. (bvsalud.org)

We also investigated longitudinal changes in basal forebrain (cholinergic function) and Aß in elderly individuals. (bvsalud.org)
25. Immunolesion by 192IgG-saporin of rat basal forebrain cholinergic system: a useful tool to produce cortical cholinergic dysfunction. (elsevier.com)

Using selective receptor antagonists, we identified that CRF receptor 2 was involved in mediating this effect. (mcmaster.ca)
However, the similarity in ligand-binding sites between mAChR subtypes, the paucity of selective agonists/antagonists as well as the expression of different subtypes of mAChRs in a given area constitute major obstacles to delineate cellular effects of a given subtype [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of brain histamine in digitalis toxicity will be explored by making intra-cerebroventricular injections of selective histamine receptor agonists, antagonists, and drugs that alter brain histamine levels, and observing the resultant effects upon the arrhythmogenic and lethal doses of ouabain. (grantome.com)
Benztropine is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. (aksci.com)
Trihexyphenidyl is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. (aksci.com)
Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine. (aksci.com)
Five days after the catheterization, the rats were injected with atropine (non-selective muscarinic antagonist, 30 μg), mecamylamine (non-selective nicotinic antagonist, 50 μg), pirenzepine (M 1 muscarinic antagonist, 10 μg), methoctramine (M 2 antagonist, 10 μg) or 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) (M 3 antagonist, 10 μg). (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we investigated whether spinal nicotinic or muscarinic receptors play a role in the relieving effects of EA on cold and warm allodynia in the rat tail model of neuropathic pain [ 40 ], using intrathecal (i.t.) administration of selective antagonists. (biomedcentral.com)

In parkinsonism, there is imbalance between levels of acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain, involving both increased levels of acetylcholine and degeneration of dopaminergic pathways (nigrostriatal pathway). (wikipedia.org)
The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
Carlson, Brian Bernard, "Neurochemical interactions in the basal ganglia: Studies of GABA, serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine and the utility of a conditionally immortalized GABA releasing cell line in an animal model of Parkinsonian tremor" (2001). (uconn.edu)
Cholinergic cell loss reveals the full effect of striatal dopamine loss on motor overall performance reflecting lack of compensatory attentional guidance of motion. (technuc.com)
Keywords: Falls Acetylcholine Dopamine Striatum Basal forebrain Launch Falls will be the 6th leading reason behind death in older people and in sufferers with PD. (technuc.com)

Unlike acetylcholine and carbachol, nicotine uniquely induced drastic rearrangement of egg cortical microfilaments in a dose-dependent way. (mdpi.com)

Adenosine (0.5-100 microM) reduced the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata cholinergic neuronal firing rate by activating an inwardly rectifying potassium current that reversed at -82 mV and was blocked by barium (100 microM). (nih.gov)
Questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger activation or suppression of cortical cholinergic activity. (jneurosci.org)
However, questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger and/or accompany the activation and suppression of cortical cholinergic activity during novel and familiar stimulus recognition, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
The increase of neuronal firing was antagonized by pirenzepine (M 1 /M 4 mAChRs antagonist) but not by AF-DX 116 (M 2 /M 4 mAChRs antagonist). (biomedcentral.com)
10. Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (elsevier.com)
The anti-fibrillatory action of carbamylcholine was prevented by the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and can be mimicked by the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside. (ox.ac.uk)

Atropine, a skillet muscarinic antagonist [4,5], and pirenzepine, an antagonist even more particular for M1 [6], have already been discovered effective in scientific trials with kids in stopping myopia development. (phytid.org)

3-8 These immune-inflammatory alterations impact dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission, which in turn are linked to the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms noted in schizophrenia. (psychiatrist.com)

Quite simply dual cholinergic-dopaminergic reduction attenuates the (compensatory) attentional guidance of striatal circuitry and thus 'unmasks' the results of striatal dopaminergic denervation on gait stability and complex actions.1 In the current presence of an intact cholinergic program performance mistakes activate the neuromodulatory element of cortical cholinergic activity to improve the recognition of cues and mistakes to stabilize and recover functionality (St Peters et al. (technuc.com)

15. The role of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in the regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (elsevier.com)
Binding of the potent muscarinic antagonist [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ( 3 H-QNB) showed that the cochlea has sites with the pharmacological specificity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (northwestern.edu)

The cholinergic receptor antagonists, atropine and methylatropine were used to reversibly inhibit cholinergic transmission. (tmc.edu)
As muscarinic antagonists inhibit scleral development in kids, the focus continues to be on muscarinic receptors. (phytid.org)
These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that H2-antagonists act through a cholinergic mechanism to inhibit indirect, sympathetically mediated components of digitalis toxicity. (grantome.com)

EGF-R, PKC, Pyk-2, B-Raf, Ras, JNK1/2, and ERK1/2 had been triggered after treatment by agonists and antagonists, indicated by RO4927350 adjustments in phosphorylation of the protein. (phytid.org)

The enhanced flux was inhibited by the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist atropine and the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium. (mcmaster.ca)

Solifenacin prevents acetylcholine from binding to cholinergic receptors, thus calming the bladder muscle and reducing symptoms of overactive bladder. (simplefill.com)

Furthermore, all ACh-induced cellular and network changes were blocked by muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptor antagonists. (springer.com)

ECA and EACA appear to act by irreversible inhibition of high affinity choline uptake (proposed rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis). (tmc.edu)
Western blots and immunohistochemistry of colonic tissues demonstrated increased expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in MS pups, indicating greater synthesis of acetylcholine. (mcmaster.ca)
Our study provides evidence that MS stimulates synthesis of acetylcholine, which, together with released CRF, creates a condition conducive to the development of epithelial barrier defects. (mcmaster.ca)
11. 3-Heteroarylquinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists: synthesis, structure-activity relationships and molecular modelling. (elsevier.com)

Conversely, drugs that augment cholinergic transmission (e.g. donepezil or galatamine) have been shown to improve certain cognitive functions [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability of cimetidine and ranitidine to augment cholinergic function is suggested in a number of literature reports and will be systematically explored in this project. (grantome.com)

Water hemlock contains cicutoxin, a potent, noncompetitive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist. (medscape.com)
Using a rat model, Uwai et al showed that cicutoxin is an antagonist of GABA-mediated chloride channels. (medscape.com)
Here, we evaluate how GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and its involvement during taste novelty processing and familiar taste memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)
GABA A receptors must be inactive during novel tasting to enable new memory formation, but must be active and inhibiting acetylcholine release in the cortex to allow memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)
These findings indicate that GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and that cholinergic-GABAergic system interactions are important during the transition from novel to familiar memory. (jneurosci.org)

These findings suggest that CRF, via CRF receptor 2, acts on cholinergic nerves to induce epithelial barrier dysfunction. (mcmaster.ca)
In both preparations, 5-HT induces contractile effects via activation of muscular receptors and neural 5-HT 3 receptors on cholinergic nerves to induce acetylcholine release. (unipa.it)
Experiments will be conducted to evaluate the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on vagal activity, on responses to electrical stimulation of parasympathetic nerves, and on the direct actions of acetylcholine and related cholinergic stimulants. (grantome.com)
Intramural inhibitory nerves act by releasing nitric oxide ( NO ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide, whereas the excitatory nerves release acetylcholine and substance P. (nature.com)

Drugs that target receptors are classified as agonists or antagonists. (msdmanuals.com)

The clinical effects are secondary to acetlycholine (ACh) excess at cholinergic junctions (muscarinic effects), in the CNS, at skeletal nerve-muscle junctions, and at autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses. (nih.gov)

Another result of this strategy is the advancement of particular blockers overcoming a number of the side effect problems connected with atropine, a skillet muscarinic antagonist. (phytid.org)

In Chapter 1, the effect of systemic treatment with the 5HT 2A/C antagonist mianserin was assessed, alone and in combination with the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. (uconn.edu)

Acetylcholine (ACh) is thought to facilitate cortical plasticity during memory formation and its release is regulated by the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). (jneurosci.org)
M1- but not control-CNiFERs respond robustly, up to 40% signal change, to endogenous acetylcholine release evoked via electrical stimulation of Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM). (escholarship.org)

When AchE is inhibited ACh accumulates at the synapses, and cholinergic 'overdrive' occurs with resulting signs and symptoms characteritistics of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. (bvsalud.org)

Muscarinic antagonists counter this parasympathetic "rest-and-digest" response, and also work elsewhere in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wikipedia.org)
Total 3 H-QNB binding was reduced 70% in the presence of saturating doses of acetylcholine, oxotremorine and atropine, and half-maximal competition occurred at doses comparable to those at other muscarinic sites in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (northwestern.edu)

Acetylcholine is synthesized from the immediate precursors acetyl coenzyme A and choline in a reaction catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (choline acetylase). (pharmacology2000.com)

1. Molecular properties and cellular distribution of cholinergic synaptic proteins. (elsevier.com)
7. Interactions of protons with the acetylcholine transporter of synaptic vesicles. (elsevier.com)

Notably, muscarinic antagonists reduce the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

When acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors, especially M 3 receptors, it causes contractions of the smooth muscle of the bladder. (simplefill.com)

Specifically we HCl salt suggest that lack of cortical cholinergic inputs impairs the HCl salt attentional digesting of gait position and movement-related cues. (technuc.com)

Mice treated with either ECA or EACA showed behavioral deficits associated with cholinergic dysfunction. (tmc.edu)

Cholinergic Dysfunction: 1. (elsevier.com)
Cholinergic Dysfunction: 2. (elsevier.com)
Section X. Cholinergic Dysfunction: 3. (elsevier.com)

abstract = "Because of the possibility that olivocochlear bundles may use acetylcholine as an inhibitory transmitter, we examined the cochlea of the guinea pig for cholinergic receptor binding sites. (northwestern.edu)

The cholinergic nature of this response is further verified by enhancement with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine and suppression with the muscarinic antagonist atropine. (escholarship.org)

A number of other drugs, such as antipsychotics and the tricyclic family of antidepressants, have incidental muscarinic antagonist activity which can cause unwanted side effects such as difficulty urinating, dry mouth and skin, and constipation. (wikipedia.org)
Application of the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclo-pentyl-theophylline (200 nM) blocked the effects of adenosine. (nih.gov)
These small currents were linked to ACh release since anticholinesterases (neostigmine) increased their effects, while cholinergic receptor antagonist (tubocurarine, a nicotinic receptor blocker) blocked. (pharmacology2000.com)
Using patch-clamp recording of human α6*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α6*-nAChR) function when heterologously expressed in SH-EP1 human epithelial cells, we found that 0.1-5 mM EtOH significantly enhances α6*-nAChR-mediated currents with effects that are dependent on both EtOH and nicotine concentrations. (arizona.edu)
In addition, 5 mM EtOH also increased the frequency and amplitude of dopaminergic neuron transients in mouse brain nucleus accumbens slices, that were blocked by the α6*-nAChR antagonist, α-conotoxin MII, suggesting a role for native α6*-nAChRs in low-dose EtOH effects. (arizona.edu)
The relative effects of cholinotoxin and receptor antagonist treatment on short-term (working) memory and long-term (reference) memory in radial arm maze behavior were examined. (tmc.edu)
The website of actions from the muscarinic cholinergic antagonists in individual myopia isn't popular, although effects for the retina [16] as well as the sclera [17] have already been regarded. (phytid.org)
However, the cellular effects induced by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) activation are poorly understood in the neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
L-NAME per se potentiated the 5-HT cholinergic contractile effects in adult preparations. (unipa.it)
peptides injection into the cholinergic nuclei: morphological, neurochemical and behavioral effects. (elsevier.com)
This study was performed to determine whether spinal cholinergic systems mediate the relieving effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on cold and warm allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. (biomedcentral.com)

Whether biological sex causally modulates the relationship between cholinergic signaling and amyloid pathology remains unknown. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: We quantified amyloid beta (Aß) in male and female App-mutant mice with either decreased or increased cholinergic tone and examined the impact of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement in this relationship. (bvsalud.org)
RESULTS: We show a causal relationship between cholinergic tone and amyloid pathology in males and ovariectomized female mice, which is decoupled in ovary-intact and ovariectomized females receiving estradiol. (bvsalud.org)
HIGHLIGHTS: Cholinergic tone regulates amyloid beta (Aß) pathology in males and ovariectomized female mice. (bvsalud.org)
The aggregation of both amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides extracellularly and Tau proteins intracellularly plays key roles in the pathological consequences of AD, which lead to cholinergic neurodegeneration and eventually death. (inra.fr)

The effect of CCh on VFT was abolished by a muscarinic (atropine, 0.1 μmol l(-1) , n = 6) or a nicotinic receptor antagonist (mecamylamine, 10 μmol l(-1) , n = 6). (ox.ac.uk)

21. Modulation of acetylcholine release by nitric oxide. (elsevier.com)
Protection against ventricular fibrillation via cholinergic receptor stimulation and the generation of nitric oxide. (ox.ac.uk)

We investigated whether a stable analogue of acetylcholine could raise ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), and whether this was dependent on NO generation and/or muscarinic/nicotinic receptor stimulation. (ox.ac.uk)

the antagonists indirectly activate a D-1 receptor-mediated facilitatory mechanism regulating cholinergic function, and directly block a D-2 receptor-mediated inhibitory one. (unica.it)
However, the spinal cholinergic mechanism of EA-induced antiallodynia remains to be elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

This work demonstrates interactions between cortical cholinergic and GABAergic systems during taste learning and memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)

Experiments were designed to evaluate information processing in mice following either reversible or irreversible impairment in central cholinergic activity. (tmc.edu)
Irreversible impairment in central cholinergic function was achieved by central administration of the cholinergic-specific neurotoxins, N-ethyl-choline aziridinium (ECA) and N-ethyl-acetylcholine aziridinium (EACA). (tmc.edu)
The centrally active cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine also caused significant impairment in radial arm maze behavior, while equivalent doses of methylatropine were without effect. (tmc.edu)

16. Activation, cellular redistribution and enhanced degradation of the G proteins Gq and G11 by endogenously expressed and transfected phospholipase C-coupled muscarinic m1 acetylcholine receptors. (elsevier.com)

Drugs with muscarinic antagonist activity are widely used in medicine, in the treatment of low heart rate, overactive bladder, respiratory problems such as asthma and COPD, and neurological problems such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic antagonists such as ipratropium bromide can also be effective in treating asthma, since acetylcholine is known to cause smooth muscle contraction, especially in the bronchi. (wikipedia.org)

5. The VAChT/ChAT "cholinergic gene locus": new aspects of genetic and vesicular regulation of cholinergic function. (elsevier.com)
6. Expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in mammalian cells. (elsevier.com)

24. Activity-related modulation of cholinergic transmission. (elsevier.com)

Atropine acts on the M2 receptors of the heart and antagonizes the activity of acetylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
Yes, atropine acts by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholine on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. (kauverymeds.com)

Because cholinergic neuromodulatory activity affects cortical circuitry mainly via arousal of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and because agonists at these receptors are recognized to advantage attentional procedures in pets and humans dealing with PD fallers with such agonists as an adjunct to dopaminergic treatment is certainly predicted to lessen falls. (technuc.com)
2012 with analysis from a fresh animal model which has started HCl salt to DLL1 reveal the type of cholinergic-dopaminergic connections leading to falls (Kucinski et al. (technuc.com)

A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. (wikipedia.org)
One method of balancing the neurotransmitters is through blocking central cholinergic activity using muscarinic receptor antagonists. (wikipedia.org)
The cholinergic component was greater in tissues from MS versus NS pups, suggesting that increased cholinergic activity was responsible for the MS elevated permeability. (mcmaster.ca)
Benztropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the CNS, which is responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (aksci.com)
It works by blocking the activity of a chemical messenger (acetylcholine). (kauverymeds.com)
Q. Does atropine block activity of acetylcholine /nicotinic receptor? (kauverymeds.com)

The muscarinic receptor is a protein involved in the transmission of signals through certain parts of the nervous system, and muscarinic receptor antagonists work to prevent this transmission from occurring. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic transmission has been implicated in learning, memory and cognition. (biomedcentral.com)
Considerable evidence indicates a crucial role of acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated transmission in learning and memory. (biomedcentral.com)
This volume offers a comprehensive update and overview of the field of cholinergic transmission as presented by some thirty distinguished investigators who were recruited for their task from Germany, Great Britain, Canada, USA, Sweden, Israel, France and Italy. (elsevier.com)

Anticholinergic drugs antagonize acetylcholine receptors. (aafp.org)
Antagonist drugs block the access or attachment of the body's natural agonists, usually neurotransmitters, to their receptors and thereby prevent or reduce cell responses to natural agonists. (msdmanuals.com)
Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors ( RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC ) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. (nih.gov)

Since mAChRs are recognized to transactivate development aspect receptors Rabbit Polyclonal to WIPF1 [18], the actions of muscarinic antagonists can also be mediated indirectly through receptor tyrosine kinases, that could after that end RO4927350 up being distributed throughout signaling pathways inside the sclera fibroblast. (phytid.org)

Activation of the M1 receptor by acetylcholine leads to an increase in HEK293 cytosolic Ca²⁺ then reported by TN-XXL. (escholarship.org)
Serotoninergic response was mediated by activation of muscular 5-HT receptors, antagonized by methysergide, nontarget 5-HT receptor antagonist, and of neural 5-HT 3 receptors, antagonized by ondasetron. (unipa.it)
It has been shown that cholinergic receptors are present in the superficial and deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and activation of spinal nicotinic or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors produces analgesia [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs152

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Agonist8

Neurons7

Neurotransmitter4

Basal forebrain cholinergic2

Selective8

Dopamine5

Carbachol1

Neuronal6

Pirenzepine1

Neurotransmission1

Cortical cholinergic activity1

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors2

Inhibit3

Agonists and antagonists1

Nicotinic antagonist1

Prevents acetylcholine1

Blocked by muscarinic1

Synthesis4

Augment cholinergic2

GABA5

Nerves4

Receptors are classified1

Autonomic Ganglia2

Connected with atropine1

Scopolamine1

Nucleus basalis magnocellularis2

Synapses2

Central and peripheral nervous systems2

Choline acetyltransferase1

Synaptic2

Parasympathetic1

Binds1

Inputs1

Deficits1

Dysfunction3

Abstract1

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor1

Effects11

Amyloid5

Mecamylamine1

Nitric oxide2

Stimulation1

Mechanism2

GABAergic1

Impairment3

Endogenously1

Asthma2

Vesicular2

Modulation1

Atropine acts2

Dopaminergic2

Activity6

Transmission4

Drugs3

Receptor tyrosin1

Activation3