Acetaminophen during pregnancy. Medical search. Frequent questions

Acetaminophen, the active ingredient in medicines like Excedrin and Tylenol, has generally been thought to be safe, and more than 50 percent of women in the US take acetaminophen during their pregnancies. (thebump.com)
Meanwhile, acetaminophen is the active ingredient in Tylenol, as well as several other over-the-counter pain relievers.The number of mothers willing to take even the remotest possible risk that their babies will develop a potentially fatal disorder is zero. (draliabadi.com)
Can pregnant women take Tylenol (acetaminophen)? (draliabadi.com)
A 2017 study using 15 years of data found that people who took opioids, ibuprofen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had higher rates of fetal development problems than those who took acetaminophen (Tylenol) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) will help headache and minor discomforts. (massgeneral.org)
The conventional medical wisdom is that Tylenol (acetaminophen/paracetamol) - the second largest selling analgesic in the United States in dollar terms - is safe in pregnancy at all stages at the recommended doses for short-term use. (medicaldaily.com)
Is taking Tylenol during pregnancy safe? (click2houston.com)

It's not surprising that many pregnant women frequently take over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen (known as paracetamol in Europe), on a fairly regular basis during gestation. (draliabadi.com)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only minor anti-inflammatory activity. (wikipedia.org)
Most doctors recommend acetaminophen (paracetamol) for pain relief during pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Acetaminophen or paracetamol helps to reduce fever and to relieve a headache with mild to moderate pain. (medindia.net)
The most widely used over-the-counter (OTC) drug in the world is paracetamol (acetaminophen). (medindia.net)

Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used oral analgesics and antipyretics. (medscape.com)
Acetaminophen belongs to the group of medications called analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers). (medbroadcast.com)

This combination product contains three medications: acetaminophen, codeine, and caffeine. (medbroadcast.com)
During this consultation, the patient can be advised about the possible risks associated with her condition during pregnancy and about the possible teratogenic effects of her medications. (medscape.com)
For example, if antiseizure medications are stopped prematurely, seizure activity may increase during the pregnancy and eventually expose the fetus to several medications at doses higher than those originally used to control the condition. (medscape.com)
This combination product contains 2 medications , acetaminophen and an antihistamine . (webmd.com)
Also, other medications can affect the removal of oxycodone/acetaminophen from your body, which may affect how oxycodone/acetaminophen works. (webmd.com)
Acetaminophen is in many nonprescription and prescription medications (such as pain/fever drugs or cough -and-cold products). (webmd.com)
For this reason, people should not take blood-thinning medications in the later stages of pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It is difficult to advise a woman about the safety of medications in pregnancy since there might be long-term drug effects of which we are unaware. (massgeneral.org)
Treatment with antiviral medications is recommended for pregnant women or women who are up to 2 weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss) with suspected or confirmed influenza and can be taken during any trimester of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
These medications are ' Pregnancy Category C ' medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications for pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
Once you realize you are pregnant, alert your doctor right away of any medications you may be taking, or have taken, over the course of your pregnancy. (pregnancymagazine.com)
There are many common medications that are considered safe during pregnancy. (pregnancymagazine.com)
Many OTC medications have been used for years and are known to be safe throughout all trimesters of pregnancy. (medhelp.org)
In addition, the history should include any co-ingestants, such as salicylates or medications that may delay gastric emptying and acetaminophen absorption (eg, anticholinergic drugs or opioids). (medscape.com)

In the United States, acetaminophen toxicity has replaced viral hepatitis as the most common cause of acute liver failure. (medscape.com)
Most patients who overdose on acetaminophen will initially be asymptomatic, as clinical symptoms of end-organ toxicity do not manifest until 24-48 hours after an acute ingestion. (medscape.com)
The clinical course of acetaminophen toxicity generally is divided into four phases. (medscape.com)
Most patients who have taken an overdose of acetaminophen will initially be asymptomatic, as clinical evidence of end-organ toxicity often does not manifest until 24-48 hours after an acute ingestion. (medscape.com)
Guideline] Acetaminophen toxicity in children. (medscape.com)

They found that children whose mothers took acetaminophen while pregnant had a 13 to 37 percent greater risk of later being diagnosed with a hyperkinetic disorder (like ADHD), taking medication of ADHD or displaying ADHD-like behaviors at age 7. (thebump.com)
However, they have intensified the questions surrounding the risks and benefits of taking the medication during pregnancy. (thebump.com)
Our Esgic (butalbital, acetaminophen, and caffeine capsule) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
Acetaminophen/pamabrom/pyrilamine is a combination medication available over the counter (OTC), used for the temporary relief of menstrual symptoms. (medicinenet.com)
The second major flaw in the studies' protocols is the lack of any way to ascertain the dosage taken, the frequency that the dosage was taken, and for how long the medication was used during each pregnancy. (draliabadi.com)
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. (webmd.com)
Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start taking oxycodone / acetaminophen and each time you get a refill. (webmd.com)
Pregnancy Categories will be replaced on medication bottles with specific warnings and precautions by 2020 in U.S. (fpnotebook.com)
The patient received a parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, acetaminophen, and inhaled albuterol and was discharged home. (cdc.gov)
People experiencing pain during pregnancy should contact a doctor to discuss the risks and benefits of medication. (medicalnewstoday.com)
No medication is safe in all circumstances for all pregnancies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We recommend avoiding any unnecessary drug or medication during pregnancy, especially during the first 20 weeks when your baby's organ systems are forming. (massgeneral.org)
It is important, however, if you have preexisting medical problems for which you were taking medication prior to your pregnancy, that you speak with your primary care doctor or obstetrician before you stop taking it. (massgeneral.org)

ADHD and autism due to acetaminophen during pregnancy? (bioprepwatch.com)
A strong correlation between autism and the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is also observed, which may be partially explained via an increased sensitivity to acetaminophen administered to control fever. (blogspot.com)
The ads claim children born with some learning disorders, ADHD and autism, may have gotten the disorder through exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy. (click2houston.com)
Answering whether or not Acetaminophen can cause autism, health experts find themselves on opposite sides of the aisle. (click2houston.com)
However, Dr. Lindsay Sillas stands firm in the belief that women can safely take Acetaminophen for any duration, she points to other factors that may contribute to learning disorders, ADHD or autism. (click2houston.com)

Many of my colleagues and I generally consider OTC medicines containing the active ingredient acetaminophen safe for short-term pain relief throughout pregnancy, including the first trimester. (medhelp.org)

Do not take concurrently with any other drug containing acetaminophen. (medicinenet.com)
Do not use with any other drug containing acetaminophen without asking your doctor or pharmacist first. (webmd.com)

Do not use aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve) during pregnancy, as they can potentially cause harm in the unborn child or during delivery. (medhelp.org)

Oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets expose patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. (nih.gov)
Accidental ingestion of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets, especially by children, can result in fatal overdose of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets [see WARNINGS ]. (nih.gov)
Oxycodone / acetaminophen has a risk for abuse and addiction, which can lead to overdose and death. (webmd.com)
Get medical help right away if you take too much acetaminophen (overdose), even if you feel well. (webmd.com)

Is ibuprofen safe in pregnancy? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ibuprofen (Advil) may not be the best choice of pain relief during pregnancy, as some evidence suggests it may affect fetal development. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Additionally, some research suggests a link between taking ibuprofen in pregnancy and problems with fetal development (commonly known as birth defects) even when taken before 20 weeks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For this reason, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) discourages people from taking ibuprofen during pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Read more to learn about the risks of taking ibuprofen during pregnancy, alternative pain relief options, and when to contact a doctor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Research has established that ibuprofen can be risky after the midpoint of pregnancy, which is about 20 weeks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The FDA advises against using ibuprofen after this point in pregnancy because doing so may damage the fetus's kidneys, causing low amniotic fluid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
During the early stages of pregnancy, the risks of using ibuprofen are at their lowest. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, there is no evidence that ibuprofen is safe at any stage of pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Some research has shown a connection between ibuprofen use and problems with fetal development, and most fetal development problems happen because of exposure to harmful substances during the first 3 months of pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Pain killers and fever reducers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can reduce any body aches and control fever. (americanpregnancy.org)
For pregnant women, acetaminophen can be taken to reduce fever and treat body aches - avoid ibuprofen. (americanpregnancy.org)

See also Seizure Disorders in Pregnancy , Women's Health and Epilepsy , Antiepileptic Drugs , and Neural Tube Defects . (medscape.com)
Women planning to become pregnant should avoid all alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of illegal drugs (eg, cocaine) before and during the pregnancy, because these activities may have serious deleterious effects on the fetus. (medscape.com)
Be sure you know how to take oxycodone/acetaminophen and what other drugs you should avoid taking with it. (webmd.com)
These drugs may make your birth control pills less effective in preventing pregnancy. (healthline.com)

So, the use of NSAIDs for pain relief and mild fever during pregnancy was immediately and permanently ruled out. (draliabadi.com)
But the FDA and the CDC have been reluctant to change the position they share, that acetaminophen is the best option left after the near banning of NSAIDs. (draliabadi.com)
Reasons to take Acetaminophen continuously during pregnancy include chronic pain, sleep problems, kidney stones, and it's used as a way to avoid narcotics or NSAIDs. (click2houston.com)

Beginning in the 1990s, scientists have increasingly examined the relationship between acetaminophen and fetal development problems. (draliabadi.com)

You may also be experiencing the physical symptoms of pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Be aware that the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) increases throughout pregnancy, so if your symptoms are not simply from the pregnancy and you suspect an infection, speak with a healthcare provider about treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Those who are most susceptible to having these symptoms are those with compromised or low-functioning immune systems (persons with HIV/AIDS, some pregnant women, teenagers, and maybe even more so someone with teen pregnancy . (americanpregnancy.org)
Backaches, indigestion and nausea are just a few of the symptoms women may experience during pregnancy. (medhelp.org)
If you have signs and symptoms of pregnancy, or if a pregnancy test is positive, but you don't want to be pregnant, you may decide to end the pregnancy. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
A pregnancy test is done if the woman has symptoms that suggest pregnancy, such as a missed menstrual period and early-morning nausea. (msdmanuals.com)

According to the latest study, researchers are now suggesting that taking acetaminophen during pregnancy could increase baby's risk of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) . (thebump.com)

The Rumack-Matthew nomogram interprets the acetaminophen concentration (in micrograms per mL), in relation to time (in hours) after ingestion, and is predictive of possible hepatotoxicity after single, acute ingestions of acetaminophen. (medscape.com)

Taking more than 12 tablets (or a maximum of 4,000 mg of acetaminophen) in a 24-hour period may cause severe liver damage, and could be fatal. (medbroadcast.com)
Oxycodone/ acetaminophen may also cause severe, possibly fatal, breathing problems . (webmd.com)
Vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy is a safe and effective way to prevent severe Illness. (massgeneral.org)
Abortion pills successfully ends pregnancy more than 95 percent of the time and the risk of severe, life-threatening complication is less than 1 percent. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
No evidence exists to suggest that pregnant women are more susceptible to Zika virus infection or experience more severe disease during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)

Adults should not take more than 4000 milligrams (4 grams) of acetaminophen a day. (webmd.com)

Assess each patient's risk prior to prescribing oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see WARNINGS ]. (nih.gov)
Reserve concomitant prescribing of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. (nih.gov)
Do not use in patients with known hypersensitivity to acetaminophen, pamabrom, pyrilamine, or any of the components in the formulation. (medicinenet.com)
Use acetaminophen/pamabrom/pyrilamine with caution in patients with G6PD enzyme deficiency, a genetic disorder . (medicinenet.com)
I get asked a lot " is Advil safe during pregnancy " and I tell my patients "it is not recommended. (draliabadi.com)
Almost all of my patients complain of indigestion at some point during their pregnancies. (medhelp.org)
Caution should be exercised in patients with history of alcohol dependency, kidney or liver impairment, G6PD deficiency, elderly, children, during pregnancy and breastfeeding. (medindia.net)
What were some of the other things going on with those patients for them to even need Acetaminophen? (click2houston.com)
The investigators calculated the effective dose in 50% of patients (ED 50 ) for analgesic efficacy (defined as achieving a pain score ≤ 3 on a scale of 0 to 10) for acetaminophen only, morphine only, and the combination of acetaminophen and morphine. (medscape.com)

Esgic (butalbital, acetaminophen , and caffeine capsule) is a combination of a barbiturate, a non-salicylate analgesic and antipyretic , and a central nervous system stimulant indicated for the relief of the symptom complex of tension (or muscle contraction) headache. (rxlist.com)
Butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine are supplied in capsule form for oral administration. (rxlist.com)
Esgic ® Capsules (butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine capsules USP 50 mg/325 mg/40 mg) are indicated for the relief of the symptom complex of tension (or muscle contraction) headache. (rxlist.com)
It consists of a fixed combination of butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine. (nih.gov)
For brands that may still be available, search under acetaminophen - codeine - caffeine. (medbroadcast.com)

However, it seems wise to avoid any unnecessary exposure during pregnancy. (medhelp.org)

Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets or following a dose increase [see WARNINGS ]. (nih.gov)

ACETAMINOPHEN HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CASES OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE , AT TIMES RESULTING IN LIVER TRANSPLANT AND DEATH. (rxlist.com)
Elimination of acetaminophen is principally by liver metabolism (conjugation) and subsequent renal excretion of metabolites. (nih.gov)
Acetaminophen can damage the liver , especially with prolonged use with high doses. (medicinenet.com)
Acetaminophen metabolism occurs primarily in the liver and is illustrated in the image below. (medscape.com)
Taking too much acetaminophen may cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease . (webmd.com)
People with liver problems and children should take less acetaminophen. (webmd.com)
Daily alcohol use, especially when combined with acetaminophen, may damage your liver . (webmd.com)

Brooks M. FDA Asks Docs to Limit Acetaminophen in Prescription Meds. (medscape.com)

The products include in the recall are bottles of Medline acetaminophen tablets labeled 325mg, 100 pills per bottle. (fox9.com)
According to Medline, 500mg acetaminophen tablets were found mislabeled as 325mg tablets. (fox9.com)

Acetaminophen helps to reduce fever and/or mild to moderate pain (such as headache , backache, aches/pains due to muscle strain , cold, or flu ). (webmd.com)

Liew told The Huffington Post , "It is important we follow up [on] the potential health risks that acetaminophen may cause. (thebump.com)
Educate pregnant people on how to avoid travel-associated risks, manage minor pregnancy discomforts, and recognize more serious complications. (cdc.gov)
The benefits of receiving a COVID-19 vaccine outweigh any potential risks of vaccination during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)

Changes in the immune, respiratory and cardiovascular systems that occur during pregnancy result in pregnant women being more severely affected by certain pathogens, including influenza. (cdc.gov)
For treatment of pregnant women or women who are up to 2 weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss) with suspected or confirmed influenza, oseltamivir is currently preferred because of its systemic absorption. (cdc.gov)
In pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection, serial ultrasound examination should be considered to monitor fetal growth and anatomy and referral to a maternal-fetal medicine or infectious disease specialist with expertise in pregnancy management is recommended. (cdc.gov)

The concomitant use of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. (nih.gov)

The maximum daily dose of acetaminophen for adults should not exceed 4 grams per day. (medindia.net)
3 grams daily) who cannot stop acetaminophen 24 hours prior to and following the meal tests will be excluded from the study. (who.int)

can usually be relieved by taking acetaminophen or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (msdmanuals.com)

[ 1 ] beginning with a summary of key general considerations, proceeding to a review of the main neurologic complications that may arise in pregnant people who were previously free of neurologic disease, and concluding with a discussion of individual neurologic disorders in the context of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Educate pregnant travelers that the risk of obstetric complications is greatest in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Advise all pregnant travelers (but especially those in their third trimester or otherwise at high risk) to identify, in advance, international medical facilities at their destination(s) capable of managing complications of pregnancy, delivery (including by caesarean section), and neonatal problems. (cdc.gov)
Include women up to 2 weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss) as at higher risk for complications from 2009 H1N1 influenza. (cdc.gov)
Postpartum women, who are in transition to normal immune, cardiac, and respiratory function, should be considered to be at increased risk of influenza-related complications up to 2 weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss). (cdc.gov)
Additionally, if you have COVID-19 during pregnancy, you are at increased risk of complications that can affect your pregnancy and developing baby. (cdc.gov)
At increased risk of complications that can affect your pregnancy and developing baby. (cdc.gov)

Cardiff University researchers, who published an editorial running parallel to the study, noted that the study has gaps in its information, especially when it comes to how many tablets women took each time they took acetaminophen. (thebump.com)
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets. (nih.gov)
Prolonged use of oxycodone and acetaminophen tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. (nih.gov)
Medline Industries issued a nationwide recall of acetaminophen tablets because they could be labeled with the incorrect strength. (fox9.com)

What does acetaminophen/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/phenylephrine look like? (drugs.com)

Acetaminophen relieves menstrual cramps , backache, headache , and other minor pains and aches by blocking pain impulse generation and inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin in the central nervous system (CNS). (medicinenet.com)
The earliest and most reliable sign of pregnancy is a missed menstrual period. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
Levels of these hormones increase just before or during a menstrual period and during pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)

Acetaminophen is a pain reliever (analgesic), pamabrom is a weak diuretic, and pyrilamine is an antihistamine . (medicinenet.com)
It's an unfortunate fact of pregnancy that moms-to-be are guaranteed a plethora of pain and discomfort during their pregnancies. (draliabadi.com)
Pregnant people were therefore grateful that acetaminophen, the other primary source of over-the-counter relief for moderate fever and pain, was considered relatively harmless during pregnancy with minimum side effects. (draliabadi.com)
Acetaminophen should not be taken to relieve pain for more than 5 days or to relieve a fever for more than 3 days, unless directed by a doctor. (medbroadcast.com)
It contains an opioid pain reliever ( oxycodone ) and a non-opioid pain reliever ( acetaminophen ). (webmd.com)
These non-drug methods can help you better manage your pain during and after your pregnancy. (uniprix.com)
Whether it's to ease back pain from your growing belly or to treat a throbbing headache, many women will talk to their provider about using pain relievers during their pregnancies. (medhelp.org)
Combining Morphine With Acetaminophen for Postsurgical Pain - Medscape - Jan 14, 2014. (medscape.com)
FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of rare but serious skin reactions with the pain reliever/fever reducer acetaminophen. (medscape.com)

The acetaminophen/morphine combination group received initial intravenous doses of 1.5 g acetaminophen and 3 mg morphine, with dose- adjustment increments of 0.25 g for acetaminophen and 0.5 mg for morphine. (medscape.com)
Zeidan and colleagues concluded that the median ED 50 is 2.1 g for acetaminophen alone and 5 mg for morphine alone. (medscape.com)
The median ED 50 of the combination was lower than that of each drug given alone: 1.3 g for acetaminophen and 2.7 mg for morphine. (medscape.com)

Liew and his team also found that the link was stronger for women who took acetaminophen during more than one trimester - and for those who used it more frequently. (thebump.com)
The Tdap vaccine is recommended in the third trimester of each pregnancy to protect the newborn from pertussis (whooping cough). (massgeneral.org)

The CDC's reassuring message might need to change when they (or the FDA) get around to reviewing a recently issued consensus statement concerning the adverse effects of acetaminophen. (draliabadi.com)
The pretravel consultation and evaluation of pregnant travelers ( Box 7-01 ) should begin with a careful medical and obstetric history, specifically assessing gestational age and the presence of factors and conditions that increase risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. (cdc.gov)

Alongside making sure that you avoid toxins, such as those found in alcohol and tobacco, and establish a nutrient-dense, balanced diet, it can also help to attend prenatal classes to give your child the best possible foundation on its introduction to the world and preserve your physical, emotional, and mental health during pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Therefore, to identify a patient who may be at risk of hepatoxicity, the clinician should determine the time(s) of ingestion, the quantity, and the formulation of acetaminophen ingested. (medscape.com)
However, because antidotal therapy is most effective when initiated within 8 hours after an ingestion, it is important to obtain an accurate history of the time(s) of ingestion, the quantity, and the formulation of acetaminophen ingested. (medscape.com)

Acetaminophen metabolism. (medscape.com)
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acetaminophen_metabolism.jpg). (medscape.com)

Check the labels on all your medicines to see if they contain acetaminophen, and ask your pharmacist if you are unsure. (webmd.com)

Penicillins and Ampicillin are permitted anytime during your pregnancy if you were not previously allergic. (massgeneral.org)

Alcohol can harm your baby at any stage during a pregnancy. (nih.gov)

Anatomy7

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Named Groups2

Health Care10

Tylenol7

Paracetamol5

Analgesics2

Medications14

Toxicity5

Medication13

Autism5

Active ingredient1

Drug containing ac2

Aspirin1

Overdose4

Ibuprofen12

Drugs4

NSAIDs3

Fetal development problems1

Symptoms6

ADHD1

HEPATOTOXICITY1

Severe5

40001

Patients9

Caffeine5

Exposure1

WARNINGS1

Liver7

Meds1

325mg2

Helps to reduce fever1

Risks3

Pregnant women3

Concomitant1

Grams2

Nonsteroidal1

Complications7

Tablets4

Phenylephrine1

Menstrual3

Pain9

Morphine3

Trimester2

Adverse2

Prenatal1

Ingestion2

Metabolism2

Medicines1

Ampicillin1

Alcohol1