• Stable isotope ratios of trace metals can be used to answer a variety of questions spanning diverse fields, including oceanography, geochemistry, biology, medicine, anthropology and astronomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molybdenum and tungsten are redox-sensitive elements, and their stable isotope ratios have attracted attention as paleoceanographic proxies. (frontiersin.org)
  • In sediments, oceans, and rivers, distinct trace metal isotope ratios exist due to biological processes such as metal ion uptake and abiotic processes such as adsorption to particulate matter that preferentially remove certain isotopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we provided the concentrations and isotope ratios of dissolved Mo and W in the oceans (the North Pacific and Indian Oceans), marginal seas (the East China Sea and Sea of Japan), and a river-estuary system in Japan (from the Uji-Yodo rivers to Osaka Bay). (frontiersin.org)
  • Among Mo isotope ratios, the 98 Mo/ 95 Mo ratio is conventionally used as a tracer. (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, in the stratosphere and mesosphere "chemical" fractionation mechanisms, that are the produc-tion of H2O due to the oxidation of methane, re-cycling of H2O via the HOxfamily, and isotope exchange reactions con-siderably enhance the isotope ratios in the water vapour im-ported from the troposphere. (123dok.net)
  • Rocks from the Earth's crust have isotope ratios varying by as much as a factor of ten, and these ratios can be used to investigate the origin of rocks and the composition of the Earth's mantle. (highpurity-gases.com)
  • Alfred Nier studied both stable and radiogenic isotopes, particularly the isotopes of lead (which led to the first precise age of the earth) and invented a simple but precise mass spectrometer in 1947 which become the machine that revolutionized geochemistry. (balzan.org)
  • The USGS sampling and analysis resulted in a diverse dataset including major and trace elements, rare earth elements (REE), stable isotopes, radiogenic isotopes, and environmental tracers. (usgs.gov)
  • Thus began the application of oxygen isotope geochemistry to studies of climatic change, which has become the fundamental methodology of the study of ancient climates. (balzan.org)
  • For a more complete description of these notations, see the isotope notation section in Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, one electron, and one neutron. (civilclick.com)
  • This session aims to bring together scientists from different fields applying single and dual oxygen and hydrogen isotope approaches on environmental-derived compounds for the reconstruction of climatic and biological processes that go beyond standard isotope analyses of water. (copernicus.org)
  • We also encourage people working with all techniques (IRMS-, NMR- or spectroscopy-based) to present advances in methods, as well as researchers focusing on improving oxygen and hydrogen isotope-based models to discuss their approaches. (copernicus.org)
  • Furthermore, as different biogeochemical processes vary the relative abundances of the isotopes of a given trace metal, different reaction pools or substances will become enriched or depleted in specific isotopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major uncertainty in our calculation arises from poorly quantified isotope exchange reaction rate coefficients and kinetic isotope fractionation factors. (123dok.net)
  • Over one hundred experiments have been performed by the n_TOF Collaboration at CERN, with applications ranging from nuclear astrophysics (synthesis of the heavy elements in stars, big bang nucleosynthesis, nuclear cosmo-chronology), to advanced nuclear technologies (nuclear data for applications, nuclear safety) to basic nuclear science (structure and decay of highly excited compound states). (infn.it)
  • It is possible to produce exotic helium isotopes, which rapidly decay into other substances. (highpurity-gases.com)
  • Most terrestrial E939 (Helium) present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements (thorium and uranium, although there are other examples), as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of E939 (Helium)-4 nuclei. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • to study the stable hydrogen (D) and stable oxygen isotope (17O,18O) composition of water vapour in stratosphere and mesosphere. (123dok.net)
  • In the troposphere, this isotope composition is determined by "physical" fractionation effects, that are phase changes (e.g. during cloud formation), diffusion processes (e.g. during evaporation from the ocean), and mixing of air masses. (123dok.net)
  • What is the real S isotope composition of Earth's mantle? (edu.au)
  • We present novel measurements of the carbon isotope composition of CFC-11 (CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), and CFC-113 (CF 2 ClCFCl 2 ), three atmospheric trace gases that are important for both stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. (copernicus.org)
  • Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution and relative abundances of trace metal isotopes in order to better understand the biological, geological, and chemical processes occurring in an environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to study trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry, it is necessary to compare the relative abundances of isotopes of trace metals in a given biological, geological, or chemical pool to a standard (discussed individually for each isotope system below) and monitor how those relative abundances change as a result of various biogeochemical processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry is still an emerging field, yet each trace metal isotope system has clear, powerful applications to diverse and important questions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urey noted that seawater should be enriched in the heavy oxygen isotope (18 O) relative to fresh water because of the preferential evaporation of the light isotope (16O) from the oceans. (balzan.org)
  • Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide or deuterium water, is a compound of heavy hydrogen (D) and oxygen (O) ( Fig. 1 ). (medsci.org)
  • A molecule of heavy water is composed of two heavy hydrogen and one oxygen atom, with the molecular and chemical formula D 2 O. Heavy water is similar to ordinary water in appearance but has a higher density of 1.1079 g/cm 3 , as well as higher freezing and boiling points of 3.82 °C and 101.42 °C, respectively. (medsci.org)
  • Water is a compound of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), while heavy water is a compound of heavy hydrogen (D) and oxygen (O). (medsci.org)
  • In summary, the session will offer an overview on oxygen and hydrogen applications across different ecosystems in order to facilitate the interpretation of compound-specific isotope patterns. (copernicus.org)
  • Additionally, at high temperatures, metals ions can evaporate (and subsequently condense upon cooling), and the relative differences in isotope masses of a given heavy metal leads to fractionation during these evaporation and condensation processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A complete understanding of all processes that fractionate trace metal isotopes is presently lacking, but in general, isotopes of trace metals are fractionated during various chemical and biological processes due to kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to these processes water vapour entering the stratosphere first shows isotope depletions in D/H relative to ocean water, which are ∼5 times of those in 18O/16O, and secondly is mass-dependently fractionated (MDF), i.e. changes in the isotope ratio17O/16O are ∼0.52 times of those of18O/16O. (123dok.net)
  • The dataset contains over 1.92 million data points in protein isotope labeling kinetics, culminating as the in vivo turnover rates of 3,228 cardiac proteins and the expression levels of 8,064 proteins. (nature.com)
  • Harold Urey's equally seminal contribution was his classic paper "The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances", also published in 1947, in which he calculated the equilibrium separation factors for isotopes of the light elements in chemical reactions and solid-liquid-vapor phase equilibria, based on quantum mechanics and spectroscopic data on isotopic molecules. (balzan.org)
  • The increasing use of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and the recalcitrant behavior of Gd during municipal wastewater treatment have led to increased concentrations of the tracer in aquatic environments. (univie.ac.at)
  • There are nine known isotopes of helium, but only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. (highpurity-gases.com)
  • The shortest-lived heavy helium isotope is helium-5 with a half-life of 7.6×10−22 s. (highpurity-gases.com)
  • E939 (Helium) is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe (hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant). (atamanchemicals.com)
  • E939 (Helium) is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • 455.7518 °F), the isotope E939 (Helium)-4 exists in a normal colorless liquid state, called E939 (Helium) I. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • A liquid mixture of the two isotopes E939 (Helium)-3 and E939 (Helium)-4 separates at temperatures below about 0.8 K (−272.4 °C, or −458.2 °F) into two layers. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Most elements of biological interest (including C, H, O, N, and S) have two or more stable isotopes, with the lightest of these present in much greater abundance than the others. (uga.edu)
  • Among stable isotopes the most useful as biological tracers are the heavy isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. (uga.edu)
  • Each has a heavy isotope ( 13 C and 15 N) with a natural abundance of ~1% or less and a light isotope ( l2 C and 14 N) that makes up all of the remainder, in the case of nitrogen, or virtually all in the case of carbon (carbon also has a radioactive isotope, 14 C. (uga.edu)
  • We can analyze any parts of plants for nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes and total content. (uga.edu)
  • We analyze all types of soils for nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes and total content. (uga.edu)
  • Atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called isotopes. (uga.edu)
  • Conventional notations used to mathematically describe isotope abundances, as exemplified here for 56Fe, include the isotope ratio (56R), fractional abundance (56F) and delta notation (δ56Fe). (wikipedia.org)
  • Protium is one of the common hydrogen isotopes, and it is plenty in nature, with an abundance of 99.98 percent. (civilclick.com)
  • With an abundance of 99.98%, the most prevalent hydrogen isotopes are protium and consist of one electron and one proton. (civilclick.com)
  • As a new type of probe, the heavy isotope of water has been widely used in the study of cell development, metabolism, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity. (medsci.org)
  • Herein, we review findings supporting the applications of and research on heavy water in monitoring of bacterial metabolism, rapid detection of drug sensitivity, identification of tumor cells, precision medicine, and evaluation of skin barrier function and promote the use of heavy water as a suitable marker for the development of detection and treatment methodologies. (medsci.org)
  • This review attempts to analyse the potential of ostracods as environmental tracers in recent freshwater ecosystems. (springer.com)
  • The isotopes are those elements that have the same atomic number but a different mass number, and there are three hydrogen isotopes such as protium 1H1, deuterium 1H2, or D and tritium 1H3. (civilclick.com)
  • With molecules consisting of deuterium instead of protium, heavy water is enriched, and as a coolant and a neutron moderator, it is used. (civilclick.com)
  • However, with fast-moving deuterium nuclei, it is incorporated in laboratories bombarding tritium, and 4.02781 ± 0.00011 is the atomic mass of this isotope. (civilclick.com)
  • Hydrogen isotopes have a difference in their reaction rates, but they all have similar chemical properties, and the electronic configuration of isotopes is the same. (civilclick.com)
  • Diffusion of isotopes through a solution or material can also result in fractionations, as the lighter mass isotopes are able to diffuse at a faster rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer . (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been proved that a small amount of heavy water does not cause adverse reactions [ 1 - 2 ]. (medsci.org)
  • In addition to population and community changes, morphological and geochemical changes can also be detected in the ostracod carapace, which serves as a tracer of the water quality. (springer.com)
  • Geochemical analysis of rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and heavy mineral concentrate samples in Alaska analyzed from 1938 through 2017. (usgs.gov)
  • Geochemical analyses of rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and heavy mineral concentrate samples in Alaska analyzed from 1962 through 2009, with best-value estimates. (usgs.gov)
  • Currently, the commonly used methods to quantify heavy water concentration include the density method, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy techniques [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • In this study, we determined the best-performing ISTDs among ten candidates (nine 13C-labeled isotopes and one unlabeled analogue) for each of 36 SMs. (cdc.gov)
  • Wang X, Liu Nm, Zhao Yf, Yang F, Zhu Zj, Song D. Research Progress in the Medical Application of Heavy Water, Especially in the Field of D 2 O-Raman Spectroscopy. (medsci.org)
  • Heavy water is an ideal contrast agent for metabolic activity and can be adapted to a wide range of biological systems owing to its non-invasiveness, universal applicability, and cost-effectiveness. (medsci.org)
  • The relative molecular mass of heavy water, 20.0275 Mr, is higher than that of water (H 2 O, 18.0153 Mr) by about 11%, hence the name "heavy" water. (medsci.org)
  • Hence, the chemical properties of heavy water and ordinary water are also very similar. (medsci.org)
  • Heavy water has been widely used as a probe in many fields. (medsci.org)
  • As a new quantitative method, heavy water-labeled single-cell Raman microspectroscopy can reduce damage to cells and human interference factors. (medsci.org)
  • water vapour isotopes. (123dok.net)
  • Additionally, isotopes can have slight variations in their solubility and other chemical and physical properties, which can also drive fractionation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogen is also the principal element of the solar atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the universe. (civilclick.com)
  • It is the least abundant of the stable halogens , being the sixty-first most abundant element. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient , iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones . (wikipedia.org)
  • The Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory of the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia , offers a wide variety of analytical services to researchers associated with any bona-fide nonprofit research organization. (uga.edu)
  • We offer pre-isotope analysis lipid and urea extraction for diet and tracer studies. (uga.edu)
  • Medical tracer studies of human physiology are most often reported in units of atom percent excess (APE). (uga.edu)