Absorbed dose relative biological effectiveness. Medical search. Frequent questions

The ICRP recommends limiting artificial irradiation of the public to an average of 100 mrem (1 mSv) of effective dose per year, not including medical and occupational exposures. (wikipedia.org)
The rationale of this study was to determine the myelotoxicity in nude mice of the α-emitter 211 At conjugated to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to compare the effect with an electron emitter, 99m Tc, and external irradiation from a 60 Co source, for estimation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). (snmjournals.org)
External-beam irradiation from a 60 Co source was also performed at 3 different dose levels. (snmjournals.org)
This study investigates the myelotoxicity and determines a value of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the α-emitter 211 At in nude mice in comparison with an electron emitter, 99m Tc, and external irradiation. (snmjournals.org)
On the contrary, tangential RT to the left breast without regional lymph node irradiation yielded coronary artery max doses of approximately 50 Gray to distal LAD, probably not safe concerning late radiation vascular effects.To conclude, we found cardiovascular side effects in women irradiated for BC, resulting in stroke and coronary artery disease, and showed an association between the targets for RT and the anatomical location of these vascular events. (kb.se)

In many occupational scenarios, the hourly dose rate might fluctuate to levels thousands of times higher for a brief period of time, without infringing on the annual total exposure limits. (wikipedia.org)
Emphasized are studies done at small absorbed doses or using larger absorbed doses delivered at low rates to ensure relevance to the dose and time pattern of exposure pertinent to radiation protection. (aapm.org)
NOTE 2 The absorbed dose is the basic physical quantity that measures radiation exposure. (ecss.nl)
The answer to the first question is simple: radiation always acts the same way and the result depends on the type of radiation, its dose and time of exposure. (nupex.eu)
The association between non-malignant respiratory disease and radiation dose observed in previous studies was not apparent, possibly due to improved exposure assessment, different outcome groupings, and extended follow-up. (cdc.gov)
The efficiency sential y uniform after whole-body izing (i.e. removing electrons from) in causing damage and subsequent exposure to being highly heteroge- atoms or molecules of the medium biological effects is related not only neous in the case of non-uniform to the amount of energy transferred being traversed. (who.int)
i.e. to place biological effect from exposure to a different type of radiation on a common scale. (physicswave.com)
It provides the equivalent dose to the whole body that gives the same as the localized exposure. (physicswave.com)
A single accidental exposure to a high dose of radiation during a short period of time is referred to as acute exposure and may produce biological effects within a short period after exposure. (physicswave.com)
During exposure, this radiation can be absorbed by the body or it can pass completely through. (globalguideline.com)
Gamma or photon radiation exposure from a terrorist nuclear event or radiation dispersal device would make the victim at risk for Acute Radiation Syndrome, depending on the dose received. (globalguideline.com)
The points in the figures showing noobserved-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest- observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. (cdc.gov)
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is an illness in humans involving multiple organ systems caused by total- or partial-body exposure to radiation of greater than 2 Gy at a high dose rate. (biomedcentral.com)
In case of such supralethal doses of radiation exposure leading to NV-ARS, death occurs within 24 to 48 h after exposure [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Researchers have also documented that PFAS exposure reduces the effectiveness of vaccines , which is particularly concerning amid the COVID-19 pandemic. (mightynatural.com)
This chapter and the two other "auxiliary chapters" (Chapters 20 and 21 ) provide the support for certain points used in the proof that no safe dose of low-LET ionizing radiation exists -- either for acute exposure or for slow exposure -- with respect to human carcinogenesis. (ratical.org)
As we examine what is going on at the cellular level when tissue is exposed to low-LET exposure, it will become evident that the biologically important question for settling the threshold issue is not "What human studies exist at the lowest conceivable doses? (ratical.org)

Absorbed Fraction-- A term used in internal dosimetry. (cdc.gov)
The absorbed fractions, φ, for α-particles and electrons in the bone marrow were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations based on a bone marrow dosimetry model. (snmjournals.org)
The second principle behind dosimetry is biological in nature, and reflects the fact that in almost all cases, whatever deleterious effects of radiation experienced by an organism are caused by interactions with its DNA. (hackaday.com)
Radiation dosimetry is a process of measurement of absorbed doses of ionizing radiation . (physicswave.com)

The roentgen equivalent man (rem) is a CGS unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose, which are dose measures used to estimate potential health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body. (wikipedia.org)
A model of deterministic risk would require different weighting factors (not yet established) than are used in the calculation of equivalent and effective dose. (wikipedia.org)
The consensus of the nuclear industry, nuclear regulators, and governments, is that the incidence of cancers caused by ionizing radiation can be modeled as increasing linearly with effective dose at a rate of 0.055% per rem (5.5%/Sv). (wikipedia.org)
It is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rem or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rem to any organ or tissue. (docslib.org)
Effective dose takes the type of radiation and the biological sensitivity of various organs into account. (hackaday.com)
Similarly, the effective dose is also expressed in sieverts, and is the effective dose multiplied by another dimensionless factor based on the target tissue's sensitivity to radiation. (hackaday.com)
To add to the complexity, non-SI units (rads for absorbed dose, rems for equivalent and effective dose) are still in wide use, and many dosimeters are still calibrated in these units. (hackaday.com)
Various physical quantities associated with measurement of radiation doses are Absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, and KERMA. (physicswave.com)
What is effective dose? (globalguideline.com)
Effective dose is a calculated quantity developed by the ICRP (1991) for purposes of radiation protection. (globalguideline.com)
The effective dose is assumed to be related to the risk of a radiation-induced cancer or a severe hereditary effect. (globalguideline.com)

The equivalent dose , which takes into account the RBE of the radiation, is measured in sieverts (Sv), which is just the absorbed dose in joules per kilogram multiplied by the dimensionless weighting factor. (hackaday.com)
Eight Absorbed Sieverts per Hour and you are probably a dead duck. (veteranstoday.com)
The association between cumulative equivalent dose measured in sieverts (Sv) and solid cancer subtypes were modelled as the excess relative rate per Sv (ERR Sv-1) using Cox regression. (cdc.gov)

The Report also points out that in a wide variety of systems, the RBE value of fast (fission) neutrons at low doses and dose rates appears to be of the order of 20 or more, similar to that for alpha particles. (aapm.org)
1-8 Furthermore, microdosimetric techniques are indispensable for evaluating dose equivalent outside the treatment field, including neutrons. (ijcto.org)
X-rays and -rays are both gy X-rays, -rays, and neutrons are transfer (the dose rate) but also to the electro magnetic radiations. (who.int)

The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert. (brainkart.com)

It is important to determine the absorbed doses of free 211 At and 211 At-MABG to determine the organs that may be at risk when using TRTs. (springeropen.com)
The absorbed doses of 211 At-MABG in organs expressing the norepinephrine transporter were higher than those of free 211 At. (springeropen.com)
The absorbed dose of free 211 At may help predict the organs potentially at risk during TRTs using 211 At-MABG due to deastatination. (springeropen.com)
The effects of radiation are radiation have concentrated on low- -particle with an energy of 2 MeV directly related to the dose received has an LET of about 180 keV/m. dose exposures, typical y of 0.1 Gy by individual cel s or organs, and All types of ionizing radiation in- (= 0.1 J/kg) and below. (who.int)
The source of radiation is natural or artificial when it is absorbed by organs. (physicswave.com)
Thus, the coronary arteries should be regarded as organs at risk in RT of BC.In a study of 15 BC patients treated with 3D conformal RT, a marked difference in dose distribution in mid and distal LAD between left- and right-sided BC was demonstrated. (kb.se)

9-11 The microdosimetric approach is also applicable to modelling the biological effects of sparsely ionizing radiations. (ijcto.org)
To evaluate relationships between DNA-DSB, chromosome aberrations and the clinically most relevant effect of cell reproductive death, for ionizing radiations of different LET, dose-effect relationships were determined for the induction of these effects in cultured SW-1573 cells irradiated with gamma-rays from a Cs-137 source or with α-particles from an Am-241 source. (nih.gov)
Gray can be used for any type of radiation (e.g., alpha, beta, neutron, gamma), but it does not describe the biological effects of different radiations. (globalguideline.com)

Quantities measured in rem are designed to represent the stochastic biological risk of ionizing radiation, which is primarily radiation-induced cancer. (wikipedia.org)

To avoid confusion, deterministic effects are normally compared to absorbed dose in units of rad, not rem. (wikipedia.org)
Deterministic effect an effect that can be related directly to the radiation dose received. (globalguideline.com)
High radiation dose gives rise to Deterministic effects which reliably occur above a threshold, and their severity increases with dose. (brainkart.com)

should be used at the relatively high dose levels typical for radiotherapy has been subject to debate. (ijcto.org)
Historically, external beam radiotherapy (RT) had a very limited role in the treatment of HCC, due to the uncertain treatment planning, beam delivery, and a consequence of deterioration of hepatic function even after limited doses, RT had been used in some patients with extrahepatic lesions for symptom palliation [ 6 ]. (e-cmh.org)
It is also used to describe the localized effect such as Dose absorbed by the cancerous cells in radiotherapy. (physicswave.com)
This suggests that assays of these aberrations might yield relevant information on the biological effectiveness in high-LET radiotherapy. (nih.gov)

The mean absorbed fractions of the photons from 99m Tc were 0.033 and 0.52 for 140 and 18.3 keV, respectively. (snmjournals.org)
Gamma ( γ ) radiation, consistingg of energetic photons, is eventually absorbed as it penetrates a dense material. (brainkart.com)

A dose of 400 cGy (400 rads) is equivalent in heat to only 4.184 x 10^-3 joules per gram of tissue -- enough to provoke a mini-fever of 0.001 degree Centigrade -- yet 400 cGy of ionizing radiation to the whole body, acutely delivered, will kill about half the humans exposed to it. (ratical.org)

Nuclear radiation at high doses is used in cancer treatment. (nupex.eu)
The radiation dose necessary to exert the same tumor cell killing effect is lower for high-LET than for low-LET radiation. (kl.ac.at)
there have been many major national only at high doses. (who.int)
According to the recent publications, stereotactic body RT, which refers to the delivery of high doses of radiation to the tumor in few fractions, offers potentially curative local therapy for patients with small HCC who are not candidates for hepatic resection or thermal ablation [ 7 , 8 ]. (e-cmh.org)
An additional type of information is required for the increasing application of high-LET radiation in cancer therapy: the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) for effects in tumours and normal tissues. (nih.gov)
Our results show that, although both investigated radiation types induce similar numbers of IRIF per absorbed dose, only a small fraction of the DSB induced by the low-LET gamma-rays result in chromosome rearrangements and cell reproductive death, while this fraction is considerably enhanced for the high-LET alpha-radiation. (nih.gov)
In a biological system, these particles with high linear energy transfer (LET), 7 Li (175 keV/μm), and α particles (150 keV/μm), deposit their energy along their path (5-8 μm), which is shorter than the average cell diameter [ 5 , 6 ]. (thno.org)
This is due to the high relative biological effectiveness of alpha radiation to cause biological damage after alpha-emitting radioisotopes enter living cells. (brainkart.com)
Consuming a moderate or high-fat meal will slow down the absorption of sildenafil as well as reduce its effectiveness. (invigormedical.com)
One need only consider the common fever in order to ponder the very high probability that the biological potency of ionizing radiation is related to its spatial concentration along tracks, rather than to its meager addition of energy to cells ( Go81 , pp.52-53). (ratical.org)
The radiation targets IMC and SCL, showed a statistically significant trend for an increased risk of stroke with daily fraction dose.A study of 199 patients with BC, examined by coronary angiography, detected a four- to seven-fold increase of high grade coronary artery stenosis in mid and distal left anterior descending artery (LAD), including distal diagonal branch, when comparing women with irradiated left-sided BC to those with right-sided. (kb.se)
Researches utilizing high doses of curcumin have actually reported some mild adverse impacts, consisting of nausea, looseness of the bowels, frustration, skin breakout, and also yellow feces. (curcuminow.com)

The relative importance of preload reduction, afterload reduction, and coronary dilatation remains undefined. (nih.gov)
Irradiated right-sided BC mainly received low doses of scattered and transmitted radiation to the coronary arteries. (kb.se)

The calculations of the absorbed dose to the bone marrow were based on the BBLR, BMBLR, the cumulated activities, and the absorbed fractions. (snmjournals.org)
The absorbed fractions for α-particles and electrons in the bone marrow were 0.88 and 0.75, respectively. (snmjournals.org)
When different amounts of 211 At- and 99m Tc-mAbs (0.09-1.3 and 250-1,300 MBq, respectively) were administered intraperitoneally or intravenously, corresponding to absorbed doses to the bone marrow of 0.01-0.60 and 0.39-1.92 Gy, respectively, the WBC counts was suppressed by 1%-90% and 23%-89%, respectively. (snmjournals.org)
This study is restricted to myelotoxicity, as the bone marrow usually is the dose-limiting organ in radioimmunotherapy. (snmjournals.org)
Differential pathway activation was also identified across PBI and TBI, pointing towards altered molecular response for different degrees of bone marrow sparing and radiation doses. (biomedcentral.com)

The unit name is misleading, since 1 roentgen actually deposits about 0.96 rem in soft biological tissue, when all weighting factors equal unity. (wikipedia.org)
The short range of α-particles also limits the absorbed dose to normal tissue adjacent to tumors compared with many electron emitters. (snmjournals.org)
Different types of radiation have different impacts on tissue, and those differences need to be taken into account when calculating dose, through weighting factors that reflect the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation. (hackaday.com)
Absorbed dose (Animation) the amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass of tissue. (globalguideline.com)
The new international system (SI) unit of radiation dose, expressed as absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue. (globalguideline.com)
With respect to ionizing radiation, "dose" is a macroscopic concept describing the total energy deposited in tissue, and tissue-doses are expressed in energy-units per gram of irradiated tissue. (ratical.org)
At very low doses, when a gram of tissue is irradiated, not every nucleus is "hit" by a track. (ratical.org)
The nuclei which receive no track at all actually receive no dose at all, even though the tissue as a whole is called "exposed" at the macroscopic level. (ratical.org)

the conversion depends on relative biological effectiveness (RBE). (wikipedia.org)
However, successful treatment with heavy ions depends largely on knowledge of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation produced by primary and secondary charged particles. (edu.au)
The absorbed fraction depends on the source distribution, the photon energy, and the size, shape and composition of the volume. (cdc.gov)

An international commission of radiological protection (ICRP) and the International Commission on radiation units and Measurement (ICRU) have published recommendations and data to evaluate and calculate the effect of various radiation doses to the human risk and health assessment purposes. (physicswave.com)

Absorption of isosorbide dinitrate after oral dosing is nearly complete, but bioavailability is highly variable (10% to 90%), with extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. (nih.gov)
Once absorbed, the volume of distribution of isosorbide dinitrate is 2 to 4 L/kg, and this volume is cleared at the rate of 2 to 4 L/min, so ISDN's half-life in serum is about an hour. (nih.gov)
Daily dose-free intervals that have succeeded in avoiding tolerance during trials of moderate doses ( e.g. , 30 mg) of immediate-release isosorbide dinitrate have generally been somewhat longer (at least 14 hours), but this is consistent with the longer half-lives of isosorbide dinitrate and its active metabolites. (nih.gov)

Regulatory limits and chronic doses are often given in units of mrem/yr or rem/yr, where they are understood to represent the total amount of radiation allowed (or received) over the entire year. (wikipedia.org)
2 - 5 These studies suggest increased risk of chronic non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) in relation to internal, and possibly external, radiation dose, and present equivocal results with respect to the relations between radiation dose and mortality from cancers of the lung, kidney, bladder and digestive tract. (cdc.gov)
Chronic hepatitis c virus infection in adults and with down by aged relatives who were prescribed ity of the in vitro with ache and buche. (themauimiracle.org)

A rad was defined as depositing 100 ergs of energy for every gram of the material absorbing the radiation. (ntanet.net)

This unique characteristics can be able to provide a more precise dose delivery to the tumor, while minimizing radiation effect to the surrounding normal tissues effectively. (e-cmh.org)
In the field of radiation therapy, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) stands out because it harnesses biological mechanisms to precisely target tumor cells while preserving the neighboring healthy tissues. (thno.org)
It utilizes biological mechanisms to selectively target tumor cells while sparing the neighboring healthy tissues. (thno.org)

The daily dose-free interval sufficient to avoid tolerance to organic nitrates has not been well defined. (nih.gov)
In one such trial, however, subjects receiving nitroglycerin had less exercise tolerance at the end of the daily dose-free interval than the parallel group receiving placebo. (nih.gov)

Ionizing radia- distribution of internal radionuclides per unit mass (the absorbed dose, tions are usual y classified as either that emit short-range -particles or expressed in units of gray, where electro magnetic or particulate. (who.int)

Although ad hoc methods of recording the dose received by occupationally exposed radiation workers go back well into the early years of radiochemistry, the first attempt to create a systematic method of monitoring radiation workers is credited to E.O. Wollan, a physicist who worked with the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory. (hackaday.com)
The development of advanced molecular biodosimetry methods, those that measure biological response, such as transcriptomics, to screen large populations of radiation-exposed victims is key to improving survival outcomes during radiological mass casualty scenarios. (biomedcentral.com)

The severity increases as the dose increases. (globalguideline.com)

The human absorbed doses of free 211 At and 211 At-MABG were calculated using the Organ Level INternal Dose Assessment/EXponential Modeling (OLINDA/EXM) version 2.0 and IDAC-Dose 2.1. (springeropen.com)

Absorbed Dose, Radiation-- The mean energy imparted to the irradiated medium, per unit mass, by ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)

It is that fraction of the photon energy (emitted within a specified volume of material) which is absorbed by the volume. (cdc.gov)
Absorption Coefficient, Linear-- A factor expressing the fraction of a beam of x- or gamma radiation absorbed in a unit thickness of material. (cdc.gov)
Absorption Coefficient, Linear-A factor expressing the fraction of a beam of x- or gamma radiation -μx absorbed in a unit thickness of material. (docslib.org)

Absorbed Dose, Chemical-- The amount of a substance that is either absorbed into the body or placed in contact with the skin. (cdc.gov)
For example, comment on the shape of the dose- traversing, producing chemical and cobalt-60 -rays have an LET of response curve and the associated biological damage. (who.int)
Sterilization records (mechanical, chemical, and biological) should be retained for a time period in compliance with standards (e.g. (duralinesystems.com)

Several studies have applied it to calculating the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of therapeutic proton and carbon beams. (ijcto.org)

The goal is to keep radiation doses and risks as low as reasonably possible, taking into account factors such as technology, economics, and social factors. (proprofs.com)

There is much less data, and much more controversy, regarding the possibility of cardiac and teratogenic effects, and the modelling of internal dose. (wikipedia.org)
Sparsely ionising radiation such as x-rays, electrons and gamma rays produce approximately equivalent biological effects for the same absorbed dose. (edu.au)
However, heavy ions produce different biological effects for the same absorbed dose. (edu.au)
This is important to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals, as exceeding the maximum allowed dose could have harmful effects. (proprofs.com)
With the new threat of nuclear tragedy here in Japan, sparked from damage inflicted by the significant earthquake and subsequent tsunami, many people have no doubt been recently caught not knowing as much as they would have liked about indivisible radiation effects, types of the radiation, and what a "safe" the radiation dose amounts to. (popthatrocks.com)
The nature of ionizing these effects can vary significant- fects, including DNA damage, chro- radiation ly, depending on the resulting dose mosomal aberrations, mutations, cell distribution or distribution of radionu- transformation, and cell killing (NRC, Ionizing radiation is a term used for clides throughout the body. (who.int)
It is the biological effects of absorbed dose i.e. the average dose absorbed effectively by organ multiplied by weighing factor. (physicswave.com)
There will be certain biological effects. (physicswave.com)
The biological effects start with the consequences of the interaction of radiation with the atoms forming the cell. (physicswave.com)
They should also help to determine whether or not the effects vary with dose and/or duration, and place into perspective the possible significance of these effects to human health. (cdc.gov)
Concerning possible adverse effects, doses of up to 8 grams of curcuminoids have not been related to serious negative effects in human beings. (curcuminow.com)

To examine mortality patterns and dose-response relations between ionising radiation and mortality outcomes of a priori interest in 6409 uranium workers employed for at least 30 days (1951-1985), and followed through 2004. (cdc.gov)
Linear excess relative risk (ERR) regression models examined associations between cause-specific mortality and exposures to internal ionising radiation from uranium deposition, external gamma and x-ray radiation, and radon decay products, while adjusting for non-radiologic covariates. (cdc.gov)
A positive dose-response relation was observed for intestinal cancer, with a significant elevation in the highest internal organ dose category and a significant dose-response with organ dose from internal uranium deposition (ERR=1.5 per 100 µGy, 95% CI 0.12 to 4.1). (cdc.gov)
Canu et al 1 , in an extensive literature review, found limited evidence of increased mortality from respiratory, lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to uranium at a variety of facilities, including FMPC, and cited inadequate assessment of internal dose from uranium as a limitation of these studies. (cdc.gov)

We can also appreciate from the table that alpha-particles are quite massive relative to the other types of radiation and also to the electrons of atoms of the material through which they are passing. (wikibooks.org)

Children are even more vulnerable than adults because they can ingest more PFAS relative to their body weight from food and water and through the air. (mightynatural.com)
Lycopene has most often been used by adults in doses of 15-45 mg by mouth daily for up to 6 months. (medlineplus.gov)

The main physical characteristics of particle therapy is the absorbed dose curve shows a slow initial increase with the penetration through matter, than a steep rise to the maximum, known as the Bragg peak, followed by a sharp fall in energy absorption toward the end of the beam range [ 13 ]. (e-cmh.org)

An ineffective and impotent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (harmful biological agent) that exposes a human's immune system to a virus or part of a virus (the spike protein), but then does not stimulate the neutralizing antibodies required to protect against future viral infections actually increases the risk for severe respiratory disease due to the well-known, harmful biological response known as vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). (patrick.net)
This increased danger seems to begin early in the course of the disease, as T2D increases the probability of low-energy fracture for both middle-aged men and women (relative dangers 1. (dnahelix.com)

These agents stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors and cause a sympathomimetic response at toxic doses. (medscape.com)

If PDE5 weren't doing its job of shutting down the biological pathways that enable an erection , men would be incredibly uncomfortable whenever they were stressed, excited, or scared. (invigormedical.com)

A substance or combination of substances used in conjunction with a vaccine antigen to enhance (for example, increase, accelerate, prolong and/or possibly target) or modulate a specific immune response to the vaccine antigen in order to enhance the clinical effectiveness of the vaccine. (who.int)

Studies of nitroglycerin (an organic nitrate with a very short half-life) have shown that daily dose-free intervals of 10 to 12 hours are usually sufficient to minimize tolerance. (nih.gov)

Curcumin and also the curcuminoids located in turmeric can be removed to generate supplements that have a much higher effectiveness than turmeric. (curcuminow.com)
When taken in supplements, doses of 15-45 mg daily have been safely used for up to 6 months. (medlineplus.gov)

Categorize Biological Membranes And Various Mechanisms Of Transport Of Molecules Through Membranes. (uaeu.ac.ae)

The first is the specific energy-volume histogram (zVH), which is a microscopic analogue of the dose-volume histogram. (ijcto.org)
The carcinogenic risk associated their energy to biological material in tion risk estimates. (who.int)
A radiation weighing factor is an estimate of the effectiveness per unit dose of the given radiation relative to low - linear energy transfer (LET) standard. (physicswave.com)

This variation in biological effect is quantified using the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). (edu.au)

Doses greater than 100 rem received over a short time period are likely to cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS), possibly leading to death within weeks if left untreated. (wikipedia.org)

Individuals exposed to supralethal doses of radiation developing NV-ARS, on the other hand, are considered incurable with MCMs. (biomedcentral.com)
For individuals with sort 2 diabetes (T2D) the relative threat of fracture is larger in contrast with the overall inhabitants with a 10% elevated risk of any fracture and a twofold elevated danger of hip fracture in T2D. (dnahelix.com)

The conventional units for dose rate is mrem/h. (wikipedia.org)
The Report emphasizes that, for essentially all endpoints examined in eukaryotic systems, RBE values appear to increase as the dose decreases and as the dose rate decreases. (aapm.org)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. (medlineplus.gov)

Individual dose levels should remain? (proprofs.com)
This means that the individual dose levels should be kept at a level that is lower than the maximum allowed dose. (proprofs.com)

In typical X-ray examinations the radiation dose is too low to pose any risk, however we should be more cautious when pregnant women are concerned because the potential risk to the fetus is still being debated. (nupex.eu)

Attempts to overcome nitrate tolerance by dose escalation, even to doses far in excess of those used acutely, have consistently failed. (nih.gov)

Measuring this ionization - the amount of electrical charge created in the air by a source of radiation - was the first way that scientists used to measure radiation dose, resulting in a unit called the Roentgen. (ntanet.net)

The microdosimetric approach to modelling the response of biological systems to radiation has been particularly useful in hadron therapy. (ijcto.org)
Hourly workers had excess cancer mortality compared with the US population, although there was little evidence of a dose-response trend for any cancer evaluated except intestinal cancer. (cdc.gov)

In the SI system, the basic unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), which is one joule per kilogram of matter. (hackaday.com)

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes15

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care8

Irradiation5

Exposure17

Dosimetry4

Effective dose11

Sieverts3

Neutrons3

Linearly with effective1

Organs6

Radiations3

Stochastic1

Deterministic3

Radiotherapy4

Photons2

Rads1

High12

Coronary2

Bone marrow5

Tissue8

Depends3

ICRP1

Isosorbide dinitrate3

Chronic3

Gram1

Tumor3

Daily dose-free interval2

Radionuclides1

Methods2

Severity increases1

Modeling1

Unit mass1

Fraction3

Chemical3

Therapeutic1

Risks1

Effects11

Uranium4

Electrons1

Adults2

Curve1

Increases2

Toxic1

Pathways1

Vaccine1

Intervals1

Supplements2

Molecules1

Energy3

Variation1

Radiation syndrome1

Individuals2

Rate3

Levels2

Risk1

Tolerance1

Scientists1

Response2

Gray1