• Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous, with the embryo developing inside their body, as in the case of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Implantation of the human embryo leads to a number of changes in organization that are essential for gastrulation and future development 1 . (nature.com)
  • and (3) evidence of developmental dynamism relating to ability to progress, in a structurally organized manner, through morphologically characterized developmental milestones of the early post-implantation human embryo following initial aggregate formation 3 . (nature.com)
  • Following the resolution of this developmental problem by the removal of self-reactive clones of B and T cells in the bone marrow and thymus, the immune system in mammals faced a more serious challenge, which required the preservation of the offspring and acceptance of the semi-alien embryo by the maternal immune system. (ac.ir)
  • The implantation of embryo in the uterus and its development until delivery, despite the presence of a competent and active immune system in the mother's body, is a major issue in reproductive immunology. (ac.ir)
  • Therefore, it seems that by studying the maternal immune system during pregnancy, an effective solution can be found to prevent abortion and embryo implantation failure. (ac.ir)
  • The ability to study human post-implantation development remains limited owing to ethical and technical challenges associated with intrauterine development after implantation 1 . (nature.com)
  • Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. (nature.com)
  • These human complete SEMs demonstrated developmental growth dynamics that resemble key hallmarks of post-implantation stage embryogenesis up to 13-14 days after fertilization (Carnegie stage 6a). (nature.com)
  • This SEM platform will probably enable the experimental investigation of previously inaccessible windows of human early post implantation up to peri-gastrulation development. (nature.com)
  • In the following chapter we will look more closely at mammalian, then specifically human, embryonic and fetal development. (umn.edu)
  • During placental development, the immune system controls the proliferation of trophoblast cells to prevent them from invading other tissues, whereas cell invasion and proliferation in cancer is largely an uncontrolled process. (ac.ir)
  • Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions) 4 . (nature.com)
  • According to the above explanations, another research trend of the Reproductive Immunobiology Research Group is the discovery of novel tumor markers for targeted immunotherapy taking advantage of reproductive immunology findings. (ac.ir)
  • In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. (wikipedia.org)
  • His investigations provided insights into various mechanisms and structures of the human body. (asu.edu)
  • Although it is possible to culture structures derived from human blastocysts ex vivo, these cultures do not recapitulate the events and structural organization of the in vivo embryos 6 ( Supplementary Information ). (nature.com)
  • Advances in the molecular biology of spermatogenesis suggest that DNA probes can be used to monitor the effects of toxic agents in male germ cells of mammals. (nih.gov)
  • Female reproductive function (especially pregnancy outcome) has historically been the focus of attention, but there is increasing interest in the effects of chemical exposure on male reproductive function. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, it seems that by studying the maternal immune system during pregnancy, an effective solution can be found to prevent abortion and embryo implantation failure. (ac.ir)
  • Another vexing problem is studying how the immune system is modulated during pregnancy, a topic that has been the subject of much scientific research in the field of reproductive immunology. (ac.ir)
  • In pregnancy it can cause abortion. (lookformedical.com)
  • Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous, with the embryo developing inside their body, as in the case of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The implantation of embryo in the uterus and its development until delivery, despite the presence of a competent and active immune system in the mother's body, is a major issue in reproductive immunology. (ac.ir)
  • Following the resolution of this developmental problem by the removal of self-reactive clones of B and T cells in the bone marrow and thymus, the immune system in mammals faced a more serious challenge, which required the preservation of the offspring and acceptance of the semi-alien embryo by the maternal immune system. (ac.ir)
  • During placental development, the immune system controls the proliferation of trophoblast cells to prevent them from invading other tissues, whereas cell invasion and proliferation in cancer is largely an uncontrolled process. (ac.ir)
  • Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Some environmental pollutants are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to the reproductive system, but most have not been adequately tested for reproductive toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Biological markers of male reproductive toxicology. (nih.gov)
  • In this chapter, the currently available testicular stage-specific and/or cell type-specific DNA probes and the techniques by which they can be utilized in reproductive toxicology studies are discussed. (nih.gov)
  • gains to craft human state Effects added dominated by inst vols. (ournest.com)
  • Humans usually produce a single offspring at a time. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the above explanations, another research trend of the Reproductive Immunobiology Research Group is the discovery of novel tumor markers for targeted immunotherapy taking advantage of reproductive immunology findings. (ac.ir)
  • This means that it is born in a more advanced state than a human baby and is able to stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of an aquatic mammal) shortly after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, though in most the offspring is precocial. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patency of the ejaculatory process was determined by quantifying sperm in the female reproductive tract after sexual behavior tests. (nih.gov)