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MorbidityRatioPrevalence of obesityHypertensionDegree of obesityMetabolicVisceral fatDiabetesMorbid obesityAdiposityAnthropometric indexPredictorsMethodsCentral obesityCommonlyAssessComorbiditiesSevereRisksIncreasesLogistic regressionExcess fatAdulthoodAdolescentsPolycystic Ovary SyChildhoodConclusionsAssessmentBaselineParticipantsSymptomsObeseMusclesMeasurementHealth0.53Risk factorWeightUpperExercisesIndependentCancersInsulinPercentageStudyOdds1997ExamineHigherDiseasesResultsLimitationsBlood pressureFoundAssociationVulnerableGreaterType

Morbidity2

• 35 inches for women) has been shown to be an independent predictor of risk factors for obesity and increased morbidity. (psychiatrist.com)
• It is well established that abdominal adiposity is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality independent of BMI ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Ratio14

• The percentage of adults aged 20 years or older with an unhealthy waist circumference increased from 5.6% in 1988-1994 to 7.6% in 2012, and the percentage with an unhealthy waist-to-height ratio increased from 27.2% in 1988-1994 to 33.7% in 2012. (medscape.com)
• The body mass index (BMI), body weight (kg) to squared height (m) ratio, is a well known index that is receiving increasing attention to evaluate the effects of overall obesity on ventilatory function. (ersjournals.com)
• Waist-to-hip ratio: a measurement for determining risk of distribution of body fat. (drnamitajain.com)
• Use the 2 simple methods - waist measure and waist-to-hip ratio to find out the risk of your body fat distribution. (drnamitajain.com)
• The waist-to-hip ratio offers a fast and reliable assessment of fat distribution towards risk to health. (drnamitajain.com)
• This is calculated by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement to determine the ratio. (drnamitajain.com)
• Measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meter. (ucsf.edu)
• Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and waist circumference are commonly used measures for estimating abdominal adiposity (6,7). (cdc.gov)
• PARTICIPANTS: African American and white men and women aged 45-64 y at baseline with measured waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (n = 9416). (cims-ops.cz)
• This has led to an increasing evidence for abdominal obesity indices such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of CVD [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
• This app provides BMI(Body Mass Index), WHtR(Waist-to-Height Ratio), and WHR(Waist-Hip Ratio). (slideme.org)
• WHtR(Waist-to-Height Ratio): is defined as the waist circumference divided by the height. (slideme.org)
• WHR(Waist-Hip Ratio) : is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips. (slideme.org)
• It get the appropriate Body Mass Index(BMI), Waist-to-height ratio(WHtR), and Waist-hip ratio(WHR). (slideme.org)

Prevalence of obesity1

• It also negatively affects the global prevalence of obesity [5]. (who.int)

Hypertension12

• Of the five metabolic syndrome components (abdominal obesity, hypertension, reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], elevated triglycerides, and glucose intolerance), abdominal obesity and reduced HDL-C levels were consistently associated with police stress in women. (cdc.gov)
• However, limited data are available for the association between child feeding and a specific disease diagnosed as central obesity or hypertension. (bvsalud.org)
• Hence, we aimed to examine whether the type and duration of breastfeeding are associated with obesity/central obesity or hypertension in young school-aged children. (bvsalud.org)
• Heights, weights, waist circumferences, and blood pressures of 8480 children in first grade of primary schools in Shanghai, China were measured to diagnose obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. (bvsalud.org)
• Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and risks of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension were analysed by generalised linear models. (bvsalud.org)
• CONCLUSIONS: Lack of breastfeeding is associated with higher risks of central obesity and hypertension during middle childhood. (bvsalud.org)
• Circumference With Hypertension and Diabetes in African American Women, South Carolina, 2007-2009. (cdc.gov)
• After controlling for all variables, waist circumference was independently associated with a 5-fold risk in hypertension and diabetes in African American women. (cdc.gov)
• Obesity is associated with hypertension and diabetes, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1). (cdc.gov)
• We hypothesize that the risk of hypertension and diabetes would be higher for women with larger waist circumference, independent of sociodemographic and health-related variables. (cdc.gov)
• In sub-Saharan Africa, hypertension followed by obesity was the commonly known cardiometabolic risk factors associated with the general adult population [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia are common in patients with DM, placing them at increased risk for cardiac events [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

Degree of obesity2

• Two common methods to assess the degree of obesity are measuring waist circumference, a surrogate for abdominal fat, and calculating the body mass index (BMI). (psychiatrist.com)
• In a small study on massively obese but otherwise normal, nonsmoking, young adults, the single-breath D L,CO increased with the degree of obesity 12 . (ersjournals.com)

Metabolic7

• Exercise also leads to reduced inflammation, lower blood sugar levels, and improvements in other metabolic problems associated with excess abdominal fat (35Trusted Source). (bodybuilding.com)
• The BCOPS study is an investigation of the early or subclinical health consequences of stress in police officers and examines associations between a variety of officer exposures and outcomes including stress, shift work, traumatic incidents, lifestyle factors, stress biomarkers, body measures, and subclinical metabolic and cardiovascular disease. (cdc.gov)
• These measures allowed researchers to assess the effects of shift work and extended work hours on officer stress and fatigue, and examine the effects of work-related stress and fatigue on cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. (cdc.gov)
• Police stress, particularly administrative and organizational pressure and lack of support, was associated with metabolic syndrome among female, but not male BCOPS study officers. (cdc.gov)
• Many parents know that obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes and other metabolic conditions, but there is far less awareness that obesity, even in young children, can lead to serious liver disease. (nyp.org)
• Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state with a broad impact on health and is the main risk factor for metabolic diseases such as diabetes, with an alarming increase worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The measure also does a poor job of predicting a person's metabolic health. (agemed.org)

Visceral fat3

• Dr. Butsch says the key to losing abdominal visceral fat seems to lie in a combination approach. (stomachguide.net)
• Unknown is whether CRF attenuates health risk for a given level of abdominal visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and/or waist circumference. (diabetesjournals.org)
• 0.01) for blood pressure, indicating that the increase in blood pressure per unit increase in visceral fat or waist circumference was greater in men in the low-CRF group compared with the high-CRF group. (diabetesjournals.org)

Diabetes7

• CARDIA objectively documented cardiorespiratory fitness using treadmill exercise testing to measure cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline (year 0: age 18-30 years), in early adulthood (year 7: age 25-37 years), and again at middle age (year 20: age 38-50 years), with documentation of incident prediabetes/diabetes over 25 years. (medscape.com)
• Obesity and diabetes go hand in hand, and both have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. (medscape.com)
• However, recent reports suggest that long-term trends in obesity and diabetes rates are flattening. (medscape.com)
• Additionally, more than twice as many African American women (13.1%) as white women (6.1%) have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)
• The relationship between obesity and diabetes has been well documented in the Ghanaian population [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
• In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. (medscape.com)
• Gestational diabetes For women who have diabetes before they become pregnant, the risks of complications during pregnancy depend on how long diabetes has been present and whether complications of diabetes, such. (msdmanuals.com)

Morbid obesity1

• however, this may vary significantly by age, dietary habits, gender, and even among participants with morbid obesity [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

Adiposity3

• Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and visceral adiposity index (VAI). (bvsalud.org)
• However, abdominal adiposity may be more predictive of CVD risk than BMI. (cdc.gov)
• Abdominal adiposity is a risk factor for obesity-related complications, and there is increasing evidence that abdominal adiposity may be a contributing factor to complications not related to adiposity at the waist (4,5). (cdc.gov)

Anthropometric index2

• 1 Waist circumference has been shown to be the anthropometric index that best predicts the distribution of adipose tissue in fat compartments such as the abdominal region. (psychiatrist.com)
• The application of WHtR provides an alternative anthropometric index of central obesity that avoids the limitations of WC because the inclusion of height into the index enhances the avoidance of any potential confounding of cardiometabolic risk by height [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)

Predictors3

• Of interest, measures of abdominal obesity were not independent predictors of prediabetes in adjusted models. (medscape.com)
• By applying a statistical model analogous to that applied in the above mentioned paper, the present authors have previously found that weight at baseline and change in weight were significant predictors of D L,CO longitudinal increases over an 8-yr period, both in adult males and females from the Po river delta prospective epidemiological study in Italy 9 . (ersjournals.com)
• Although both abdominal fat and low CRF are significant predictors of health risk, the independent contribution of these two factors is not firmly established. (diabetesjournals.org)

Methods1

• METHODS: We prospectively enrolled male and female patients from any Veterans Health Administration (VHA) center in the US. (cdc.gov)

Central obesity1

• Similar results were found for central obesity. (bvsalud.org)

Commonly1

• Breast cancer is also the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Malaysian women. (biomedcentral.com)

Assess3

• Waist circumference: a measurement to assess potential risk for disease based on intra-abdominal fat content. (drnamitajain.com)
• Girth measurements are used to assess the circumference of various body parts. (drnamitajain.com)
• This is one of the key measures used to assess obesity and is strongly associated with abdominal fat. (drnamitajain.com)

Comorbidities3

• The image below details the comorbidities of obesity. (medscape.com)
• Comorbidities of obesity. (medscape.com)
• In women with BMI of more than 27 kg/m 2 with comorbidities or BMI of more than 30 kg/m 2 seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). (medscape.com)

Severe2

• Ms A, a 49-year-old woman with a history of severe obesity, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and multiple medical problems, was admitted to the hospital with severe anasarca and a chronic pleural effusion. (psychiatrist.com)
• For example, in African American women the odds ratios (95% CI) associated with a one standard deviation (s.d.) increment in waist circumference (13.3 cm) for severe functional limitations and ADL and IADL impairment were 2.36 (2.00-2.79), 1.41 (1.25-1.58), and 1.49 (1.34-1.66), respectively. (cims-ops.cz)

Risks2

• It measures abdominal obesity and therefore can be used as an better indicator of health risks than BMI (Body Mass Index). (slideme.org)
• The persons who have an "apple shaped" body with more fat at the waist are more prone to health risks than people with "pear shaped" bodies or who have less fat around their waist and more around their hips. (slideme.org)

Increases1

• CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding increases in abdominal fat should be investigated for their potential to reduce the risk of functional limitations and disability in an aging population. (cims-ops.cz)

Logistic regression2

• Logistic regression models were employed to estimate the associations of obesity with outdoor AP exposure. (bvsalud.org)
• Association measures were estimated by hierarchical logistic regression. (bvsalud.org)

Excess fat1

• The most basic definition of obesity refers to having excess fat. (psychiatrist.com)

Adulthood2

• OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of abdominal fat and obesity with functional limitations and disability in late adulthood. (cims-ops.cz)
• To accelerate the efforts of WHO probability of obesity in adulthood ed consequences of obesity. (who.int)

Adolescents1

• portant indicator related to this target on obesity only in children younger is obesity in adolescents. (who.int)

Polycystic Ovary Sy4

• Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by irregular or no menstrual periods and often obesity or symptoms caused by high levels of male hormones (androgens), such as excess body hair and acne. (msdmanuals.com)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome affects about 5 to 10% of women. (msdmanuals.com)
• In many women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the body's cells resist the effects of insulin (called insulin resistance or sometimes prediabetes). (msdmanuals.com)
• If women who have polycystic ovary syndrome and are overweight or obese become pregnant, their risk of complications during pregnancy is increased. (msdmanuals.com)

Childhood4

• BACKGROUND: Previous studies examined the effects of breastfeeding on measured values of body circumferences or blood pressure during childhood. (bvsalud.org)
• With the rise in childhood obesity, we are seeing more kids with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in our pediatric weight management practice," said Jennifer Woo Baidal, MD, MPH, assistant professor of pediatrics at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and lead author of the paper. (nyp.org)
• It also and to develop a comprehensive and may have devastating conse- examined the health and economic response to childhood obesity, the quences for this very vulnerable age consequences of obesity and their WHO Director-General established group. (who.int)
• WHO Child Growth Standards at age use since the late 1970s, did not ad- younger than 5 years has been in- 5 years and with the recommended equately represent early childhood creasing steadily, from 4.8% in 1990 adult cut-off points for overweight and growth and that new growth curves to 6.2% in 2015 (Fig. 1.1), despite obesity at age 19 years [6]. (who.int)

Conclusions1

• Conclusions: This study suggested that outdoor AP exposure had a significant association with the risk of obesity in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. (bvsalud.org)

Assessment2

• If you have, then the following clinical vignette and discussion should prove to be a useful stimulus for learning more about obesity, its assessment, and its treatment. (psychiatrist.com)
• Considerable attention has been given to waist circumference as a complementary (10) and, in some cases, superior (8) assessment to BMI. (cdc.gov)

Baseline1

• [ 2 ] The study began in 1985-1986, recruiting black and white women and men aged 18-30 years at baseline. (medscape.com)

Participants1

• The sample included 1428 participants (681 men and 747 women) ages 25-43 years. (biomedcentral.com)

Symptoms3

• Associations were studied between measures of obesity (body mass index [BMI], abdominal height, and waist circumference) and depressive symptoms in officers. (cdc.gov)
• In men, depression symptoms significantly increased with increasing levels of BMI and abdominal height. (cdc.gov)
• Doctors often base the diagnosis on symptoms, but blood tests to measure hormone levels and ultrasonography may also be done. (msdmanuals.com)

Obese7

• 53% of African American women are obese. (cdc.gov)
• Of the approximately 44% of African American women who are hypertensive, more than 87% are overweight or obese. (cdc.gov)
• Fifty- three percent of African American women are obese (2). (cdc.gov)
• American women are hypertensive (2), and of these, more than 87% are overweight or obese (1). (cdc.gov)
• A randomized, double-blind, exploratory, placebo-controlled study was conducted in overweight and obese adult women ( n = 44) who ingested synthetic vitamin E (all-rac-α-tocopherol), natural source vitamin E (RRR-rac-α-tocopherol) or placebo capsules and were followed up for a period of 8 weeks. (biomedcentral.com)
• Nearly half of those classified as overweight and about a quarter of those classified as obese were metabolically healthy by these measures. (agemed.org)
• Typically, women have irregular or no periods, and often, they are overweight or obese and develop acne and characteristics caused by male hormones such as excess body hair). (msdmanuals.com)

Muscles2

• In one study, 6 weeks of training just the abdominal muscles had no measurable effect on waist circumference or the amount of fat in the abdominal cavity (31Trusted Source). (bodybuilding.com)
• Spot exercises can strengthen your abdominal muscles , but they wont actually get rid of the fat that sits on top of your abs. (stomachguide.net)

Measurement1

• a measurement of 40 inches or more in men and 35 inches or more in women. (ucsf.edu)

Health12

• Helping to reduce abdominal fat is among the amazing health benefits of exercise. (bodybuilding.com)
• In other words, an indicative measure of good health in adults is manifest in the height and weight chart, while in children it attains greater importance since it is the benchmark for the overall development of the child. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
• Upper or abdominal obesity is known to increase health risk. (drnamitajain.com)
• Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) - a measure of long-term blood glucose level - predicts heart disease risk in both diabetics and non-diabetics. (reefchirocare.com)
• Population surveys provide knowledge to rapid urbanization, the significant increase of the health status of individuals living in a in obesity, and the low investment in health given region and are of paramount importance services in the prevention and treatment of the for monitoring and surveillance of indicators. (bvsalud.org)
• Obesity is a substantial public health crisis in the United States, and internationally, with the prevalence increasing rapidly in numerous industrialized nations. (medscape.com)
• Although several classifications and definitions for degrees of obesity are accepted, the most widely accepted classifications are those from the World Health Organization (WHO), based on body mass index (BMI). (medscape.com)
• It can be a helpful health measure for large groups of people, but it won't tell you much about yourself. (agemed.org)
• May 18, 2021 (New York Times) - There are few single measures in health care that seem to carry as much weight as body mass index, or B.M.I. We encounter it not just at doctor's offices, but with online calculators and smart scales, at gyms and even when determining eligibility for the Covid vaccine . (agemed.org)
• But after talking with an epidemiologist, two obesity medicine physicians, a health psychologist and a sociologist, none claimed that B.M.I. was a very useful measure of a person's health. (agemed.org)
• And as people age, it's common to lose muscle and bone mass but gain abdominal fat, a change in body composition that would be concerning for health but might go unnoticed if it didn't change a person's B.M.I., Dr. Manson said. (agemed.org)
• Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Women With Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. (who.int)

0.532

• 0.53 in men and 0.49 in women. (medscape.com)
• The optimum cut-off range of WrC to identify individuals at increased cardiometabolic risk was 17.5 to -17.8 cm for men and 16.0 to 16.7 cm for women while that of WHtR was 0.52 to 0.61 for men and 0.53 to 0.59 for women. (hindawi.com)

Risk factor1

• Obesity is also a major risk factor cial isolation [2]. (who.int)

Weight12

• Losing abdominal fat, or belly fat, is a common weight loss goal. (bodybuilding.com)
• Another study found that exercise completely prevented people from regaining abdominal fat after weight loss, implying that exercise is particularly important during weight maintenance (34Trusted Source). (bodybuilding.com)
• 95%). Height and weight were measured, body mass index (BMI), fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), body fat mass (BFM), percentage of body fat (%BF), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), FFM of both upper limbs and lower limbs and FFM of trunk were estimated according to In-body 270. (preprints.org)
• Current weight and height were measured while weight at cancer diagnosis and 1 year before diagnosis were self-reported. (biomedcentral.com)
• Most women (63.3%) experienced weight gain rather than weight loss (36.7%) with a higher percentage (47.8%) having at least 5% weight gain (47.8%) rather than weight loss (22%), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
• Weight gain was evident in this sample of women after breast cancer diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
• It denotes that you are at risk of several diseases and have to adopt remedial measures for weight loss. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
• Approximately 35 percent of 8-year-olds with obesity had elevated ALT versus 20 percent of those with normal weight. (nyp.org)
• Some clinicians measure ALT levels in at-risk children starting at around 10 years old, but our findings underscore the importance of acting earlier in a child's life to prevent excess weight gain and subsequent liver inflammation," says Woo Baidal, who is also director of pediatric weight management and a pediatric gastroenterologist in the Center for Adolescent Bariatric Surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital. (nyp.org)
• Just swipe your finger over the measure tapes to enter your weight, height, waist, and hip. (slideme.org)
• If women wish to become pregnant, losing weight and taking clomiphene and/or metformin , may result in release of an egg (ovulation). (msdmanuals.com)
• Standard protocols were used to measure bloodpressure, weight, height, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucoseand fasting lipid profile of the subjects. (bvsalud.org)

Upper1

• While doing the normal dissection of the left upper limb on the 35 year old female cadaver, medical students saw a strangely and superficially placed ulnar artery that arose from the brachial artery way up within the upper part of the middle 3rd of the arm. (bvsalud.org)

Exercises1

• This doesn't mean doing abdominal exercises, as spot reduction - losing fat in one spot - is not possible. (bodybuilding.com)

Independent1

• Recently, Ross and Katzmarzyk ( 7 ) reported that for a given BMI, individuals with high CRF had lower abdominal skinfold thickness and waist circumference compared with individuals with lower CRF, independent of sex. (diabetesjournals.org)

Cancers1

• Although the incidence of breast cancer in Malaysia is much lower compared to European countries, it is increasing steadily as it comprised 30.4% of all female cancers [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Insulin1

• with high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and resistance to the effects of insulin ) and risk of obesity. (msdmanuals.com)

Percentage1

• Measuring body fat can be cumbersome (ie, measuring the percentage of body fat). (psychiatrist.com)

Study7

• One 5-year study reported that eating 10 grams of soluble fiber per day was linked to a 3.7% reduction in the amount of fat in the abdominal cavity (28Trusted Source). (bodybuilding.com)
• A total of 464 police officers participated in the study which involved questionnaires measuring demographic, lifestyle, and psychological factors, DEXA measurements to record bone density and body composition, ultrasounds of the brachial and carotid arteries, 18 salivary cortisol samples throughout the day and in response to a series of challenges, and blood samples. (cdc.gov)
• A unique feature of this study is the utilization of both objective sleep quality measures (obtained by an actigraph-an electronic device that measures the quantity and quality of sleep) and daily work history records which date back to 1960. (cdc.gov)
• The study found that bigger waist circumference at age 3 raises the likelihood that by age 8, children will have markers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (nyp.org)
• The researchers measured blood levels of a liver enzyme called ALT-elevated ALT is a marker for liver damage and can occur in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and other conditions that affect the liver-in 635 children from Project Viva, an ongoing prospective study of women and children in Massachusetts. (nyp.org)
• This study aimed to determine the effect of α-tocopherol on glycaemic variables and miR-9-1 and miR-9-3 promoter DNA methylation in overweight women. (biomedcentral.com)
• Abdominal fat distribution and functional limitations and disability in a biracial cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. (cims-ops.cz)

Odds2

• Results: Increased AP exposure was statistically associated with increased odds of obesity. (bvsalud.org)
• In white women, the odds ratios (95% CI) were 2.66 (2.39-2.96), 1.60 (1.47-1.74), and 1.42 (1.31-1.53), respectively. (cims-ops.cz)

19971

• However, the overall 5-year survival from breast cancer reported for Malaysian women was 58% between 1993 and 1997 [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Examine1

• OBJECTIVE: This paper utilized a person-centered approach to examine whether sleep patterns on school and free days are associated with obesity risk in preschool children aged 3-6 years. (bvsalud.org)

Higher3

• In studies with both males and females, significantly higher effects have been found in males 5 - 7 . (ersjournals.com)
• Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should be included in all obesity management approaches for body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m 2 or higher. (medscape.com)
• On average, people with a higher body mass index have more body fat, so it can be useful for tracking rates of obesity, which have nearly tripled globally over the last several decades. (agemed.org)

Diseases1

• In 2012, 15 years after the first and mortality from many noncommu- ganization (WHO), recognizing the Expert Consultation on Obesity was nicable diseases (NCDs). (who.int)

Results1

• From these results, farmers can utilize accurate measures of fat which will enhance nutritional and management practices. (preprints.org)

Limitations2

• OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported functional limitations, activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) at ages 52-75 y. (cims-ops.cz)
• The associations of waist circumference and WHR with functional limitations and ADL and IADL impairment were attenuated but, in general, remained statistically significant when BMI was added to the models. (cims-ops.cz)

Blood pressure3

• Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and children's measured values of body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were analysed by linear regression. (bvsalud.org)
• Blood pressure, anthropometrics, and biochemical indices were measured. (hindawi.com)
• CMD risk was assessed by anthropometry (body mass index, waist circumference), biochemistry (fasting blood glucose and lipids), and clinical (blood pressure) measures. (biomedcentral.com)

Found3

• No significant associations were found in women. (cdc.gov)
• Furthermore, notable multiplicative interactions were found between O3 exposure and females as well as second-hand smokers in BMI-defined obesity. (bvsalud.org)
• As Dr. Keys found, B.M.I. is also easy and inexpensive to measure, which is why it is still used in research studies and doctor's offices today. (agemed.org)

Association2

• however, there is limited epidemiological evidence available to describe the association of obesity with AP exposure. (bvsalud.org)
• however, few studies have examined the association between waist circumference and risk factors in African Americans (9,12,13). (cdc.gov)

Vulnerable1

• Elderly individuals and women may be more vulnerable to AP exposure. (bvsalud.org)

Greater1

• Children with a bigger waist circumference (a measure of abdominal obesity) at age 3 and those with greater gains in obesity measures between ages 3 and 8 were more likely to have elevated ALT. (nyp.org)

Type2

• Abdominal fat is a particularly harmful type. (bodybuilding.com)
• La présente étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact de la vie en Arabie saoudite sur les employés expatriés, ainsi que les facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaire comportementaux de leurs familles, et d'examiner l'association entre les changements en termes de facteurs de risque de ce type et le syndrome métabolique. (who.int)