• 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, has been chronically infused (10 micrograms/24 h for 7 days) via osmotic minipumps into the left median forebrain bundle of the rat in order to determine whether it can induce permanent damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In vivo, using bilateral monitoring of striatal dopamine in MPP+-infused animals at 2 and 4 months by push-pull perfusion, both basal and methamphetamine- (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) stimulated release of dopamine was undetectable in the ipsilateral striatum, indicating a complete loss of dopamine terminals. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In contrast, in the contralateral striatum of these animals and in striata of saline-infused animals, there were 4-5-fold increases in dopamine release in response to methamphetamine. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Although the interindividual variation of binding potential of [ 11 C]raclopride would be due to both the interindividual difference in the receptor density and that in the concentration of endogenous dopamine in the synaptic cleft, the negative correlation between parameters for both presynaptic and postsynaptic functions might indicate a compensative relation between the two functions. (jneurosci.org)
  • After two months of feeding, the fish-containing diet resulted in significant observable effects as compared to the control and MeHg-containing diets, encompassing altered behavioral performances as monitored in a Y-shaped maze and an open field, and an increased dopamine metabolic turnover in hippocampus, despite the fact that the fish-containing diet was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and selenium compared to the fish-devoid diets. (hindawi.com)
  • Our findings show that neurons exposed to low MeHg concentrations exhibit less mortality if co-exposed to 10 μM dopamine (DA). (uchile.cl)
  • Effect of theanine on brain amino acids and monoamines, and the striatal release of dopamine (DA) was investigated. (moodfoods.com)
  • A system for measuring electrophysiological multiple unit activity and extracellular dopamine concentration at single electrodes. (omeka.net)
  • A technique is described for measuring electrophysiological multiple-unit activity and extracellular dopamine concentration with in vivo voltammetry at an array of 8 electrodes. (omeka.net)
  • A large increase in extracellular dopamine concentration was detected in response to 2.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. (omeka.net)
  • In contrast, neither MDMA nor MDA caused any widespread or long-term changes in the content of the catecholaminergic markers (i.e., norepinephrine, dopamine, 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid) or in the number of [3H]mazindol-labeled norepinephrine or dopamine uptake sites in the brain regions examined. (erowid.org)
  • One clinical trial measured plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels in 81 infants at risk. (medscape.com)
  • In the first experiment, both ICSS and yoked stimulation of the VTA evoked significant increases in extracellular concentrations of DA, its metabolites, and 5-HIAA. (nih.gov)
  • This study examines the effects of repeated systemic administration (20 mg/kg s.c., twice daily for 4 days) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on levels of brain monoamines, their metabolites and on the density of monoamine uptake sites in various regions of rat brain. (erowid.org)
  • however, the levels of noradrenaline, serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were not significantly different from control values. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 5-HIAA concentrations also increased during ICSS but these changes were not correlated with either ICSS rate or current intensity, suggesting that changes in serotonin metabolism were unlikely to subserve brain stimulation reward in the VTA. (nih.gov)
  • Theanine administration caused significant increases in serotonin and/or DA concentrations in the brain, especially in striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. (moodfoods.com)
  • The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in animals and possibly in humans. (mdma.net)
  • These studies revealed lasting reductions in regional brain serotonin, serotonin's major metabolite (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, or 5-HIAA), and the serotonin transporter (SERT). (mdma.net)
  • Neither desferal nor 6-OHDA affected striatal serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, or noradrenaline. (thestemcellfoundation.com)
  • Although MDMA-treated monkeys tended to have lower 5-HT concentrations in the frontal cortex, chronic MDMA treatment had no significant effects on 5-HT concentrations in any brain area sampled. (erowid.org)
  • All three pretreatment (30 min) doses of desferal prevented the fall in striatal and frontal cortex DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovalinic acid, as well as the left and right striatum TH activity and DA turnover resulting from 6-OHDA lesion of dopaminergic neurons. (thestemcellfoundation.com)
  • L-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It varies depending on an estimate method, however the ideal proportion of these two amino acids is considered to be 60:40 (phenylalanine:tyrosine) as a human body has such composition. (wikipedia.org)
  • T heanine, r-glutamylethylamide, is one of the major components of amino acids in Japanese green tea. (moodfoods.com)
  • Determination of amino acids in the brain after the intragastric administration of theanine showed that theanine was incorporated into brain through blood-brain barrier via leucine-preferring transport system. (moodfoods.com)
  • We investigated excitatory amino acids and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of acute ischemic stroke patients and their relation to stroke characteristics. (uantwerpen.be)
  • Results Neurotransmitter systems display relevant interrelations, however, no significant associations between neurotransmitter concentrations in CSF and stroke characteristics were found, with the exception of higher 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in CSF of patients with progressing stroke and poor long-term outcome. (uantwerpen.be)
  • We found that resveratrol (10 μM) and ascorbic acid (200 μM) protected MeHg-induced cell death in primary cultures of cortical neurons. (uchile.cl)
  • The strains demonstrated their biodegradation capacity of oleuropein, associated with the accumulation of hydroxytyrosol and other phenolic compounds, resulting in antioxidant activity values significantly higher than that of ascorbic acid. (springeropen.com)
  • Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) can adjust the concentration of DA intracellular and extracellular in the brain neurons through packaging newly synthesized or recaptured DA into the synaptic vesicles, and releasing DA into cytoplasm when receiving stimulus. (atlasofscience.org)
  • Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either DA neuron neurotoxic lesion by bilateral intra-cannula injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (2-4 μg/side) or vehicle treatment at the area surrounding the SCN at 20 min post protriptyline ip injection (20 mg/kg) to protect against damage to noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons reduces DA content in the SN and striatum and triggers the onset of PD clinical symptoms such as tremor, postural instability, bradykinesia and muscle rigidity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel therapeutic agents that can protect the dopaminergic neurons, stop or reverse the progression, as well as alleviate motor symptoms are in urgent need for PD patients [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oxidative stress, induced by enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmfully affects lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that leads to initiation of death of neurons, serving as a major contributor in PD progression [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Organic Acids Test (OAT) offers a comprehensive metabolic snapshot of a patient's overall health with 76 markers. (functional-labs.com)
  • Many people with chronic illnesses and neurological disorders often excrete several abnormal organic acids in their urine. (functional-labs.com)
  • Our Organic Acids Test also includes markers for vitamin and mineral levels, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels, and is the only OAT to include markers for oxalates, which are highly correlated with many chronic illnesses. (functional-labs.com)
  • Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A concentration bell-shaped neuroprotective effect of desferal was observed in the striatum, with 13 µg being the most effective. (thestemcellfoundation.com)
  • No significant effects on DA concentrations were noted in any other brain area sampled. (erowid.org)
  • After two months of feeding with such diets, we analyzed the mercury accumulation in tissues, the mice body growth kinetics, the possible behavioral impairments, and the concentration of neurotransmitters in various brain structures. (hindawi.com)
  • Intracerebroventricular copper histidine injection in a rat model of Menkes disease restored the brain copper concentration, suggesting the possibility of this method as a novel treatment approach in Menkes disease infants with severe mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, L -DOPA is decarboxylated to DA by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After 3-5 weeks, MPP+-infused animals showed dose-related ipsilateral and contralateral circling in response to methamphetamine (1-5 mg/kg i.p.) and apomorphine (0.05-0.25 mg/kg s.c.) respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Effects of tyrosine and tryptophan ingestion on plasma catecholamine and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. (infinitelabs.com)
  • The final oxidation existing values have been plotted on a typical curve of recognized concentrations from 10-6 M to 10-9 M, adjusted to respective tissue weights and expressed as pg of monoamine or metabolite per mg tissue.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript three. (pdgfr.com)
  • In the present study, we wanted to address the question whether a diet containing MeHg associated to fish could result in observable adverse effects in mice as compared to a diet containing the same concentration of MeHg added pure to the diet and whether beneficial nutriments from fish were able to counterbalance the deleterious effects of fish-associated mercury, if any. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, the chemical form of methylmercury in fish has been identified as methylmercury-cysteine (MeHg-cysteine), probably as part of larger peptides [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It has well been established that MeHg-cysteine was not hydrolyzed by gastric acidic juice and remained intact [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Fatty acids are integral components of lipids, and consist of carboxylic acids with long aliphatic chains. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Scope: (-)-Epicatechin (EC) and main colonic phenolic acids derived from flavonoid intake, such as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPAA), 3- hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPPA), and vanillic acid (VA), have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in diabetes, although the mechanism for their actions remains unknown. (faksignaling.com)
  • The amino acid tyrosine is a noradrenaline precursor and it may enhance noradrenaline synthesis and release in sympathetic nervous system. (infinitelabs.com)
  • It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid.Tyrosine is also the precursor to the pigment melanin. (wikipedia.org)
  • While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid, tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), which is derived from food. (wikipedia.org)
  • The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine. (explained.today)
  • Tyrosine tended to increase 4-h respiratory quotient by 1% compared to placebo. (infinitelabs.com)
  • Ad libitum energy intake was not significantly different between treatments, but was reduced by 8%, 8%, and 3% compared to placebo after intake of tyrosine, green tea extract and caffeine, respectively. (infinitelabs.com)
  • First, the amino acid tyrosine is converted to L -DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We monitored dialysate concentrations of ethanol, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol to assess tissue blood flow and metabolism before and after levodopa/benserazide intake. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
  • Additionally, defects at the insulin signalling are thought to affect the renal glucose homeostasis and, therefore, to contribute to the hyperglycaemia [4]. (faksignaling.com)
  • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may improve microbial status in the intestines and increase the metabolic activity towards polyphenolic degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various disease areas such as cancer, myeloid leukemia, heart disease, liver disease, and lifestyle diseases (obesity and diabetes) were found to be related to certain metabolic pathways and changes in the concentrations of the compounds involved in those pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids are involved in various metabolic pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The acute thermogenic response was measured in a ventilated hood system for 4 hours following ingestion. (infinitelabs.com)
  • However, the ingested 50 mg caffeine is of rather low dosage compared to previous studies where the acute dose has generally been between 100 and 400 mg caffeine, inducing a thermogenic response between 3 and 16 % compared to the control. (infinitelabs.com)
  • Hence, highly sensitive and selective methods for the determination of biologically important carboxylic acids are required for biological investigations, and, thus far, numerous analytical methods have been developed. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Hippocampal 5-HIAA concentration, 5-HT uptake sites, and turnover of 5-HT of MDMA-treated monkeys were significantly lower than control values. (erowid.org)
  • DA concentrations in the CN of MDMA-treated monkeys were significantly greater than control values. (erowid.org)
  • The absence of significant decreases in 5-HT and the general increase in DA concentrations are dissimilar to neurochemical effects reported after a short course of MDMA treatment at relatively high doses. (erowid.org)
  • In the 1980s, MDMA was generally used on college campuses, with most individuals taking no more than one or two 75- to 150-mg doses, about 1.6 to 2.4 mg per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg), twice monthly ( 3 ). (mdma.net)
  • More recently, MDMA is increasingly used in the context of large, all-night dance parties where partygoers regard the drug as safe and consume multiple doses during the night ( 4 , 5 ). (mdma.net)
  • Squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) were given MDMA at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, three times, at 3-hour intervals, for a total dose of 6 mg/kg ( 13 ). (mdma.net)
  • F ) radioisotope [ 3 H]RTI-55-labeled SERT in coronal section of a control monkey (CON) and a monkey treated with MDMA 2 weeks previously. (mdma.net)
  • Inasmuch as the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are the seat of the circadian pacemaker system of the vertebrate body that function via the neuroendocrine axis to synchronize temporal biology (e.g., daily metabolism) with the cyclic environment, it was postulated that such L-DOPA effects were acting at least in part by modulating SCN output function [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DA is unstable and can undergo oxidation and metabolism to produce multiple reactive and toxic by-products, including reactive oxygen species, DA quinones, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluated the relation between CSF concentrations and (a) stroke severity (NIHSS score at admission, lesion volume), (b) stroke evolution in the subacute phase, (c) long-term stroke outcome, (d) lesion location, and (e) stroke etiology. (uantwerpen.be)
  • The choice of detection method is important for trace amounts of carboxylic acids in biological samples. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Higher concentrations of anthocyanins were found in the colon than in the caecum content of mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Key findings: Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole caused significant increase in systemic exposure of riluzole (area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration and mean residence time were found to increase). (researchgate.net)
  • Results shown represent the mean ± SEM ( n = 3 animals per group). (mdma.net)
  • Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and subjective appetite sensations were assessed hourly and ad libitum energy intake 4-hour post-dose. (infinitelabs.com)
  • The increase of NaCl concentration, from 0 to 10% (w/v), inhibited the production of β-glucosidase for both strains. (springeropen.com)
  • However, the β-glucosidase was activated with an increase of NaCl concentration, with a maximum activity obtained at 8% NaCl (w/v). The enzyme activity was optimal at pH 5 for both strains, while the optimum temperature was 45 °C for L. plantarum FSO1 and 35 °C for C. pelliculosa L18. (springeropen.com)
  • In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)
  • In this article, the authors propose that a common mechanism of action in which lithium, carbamazepine, and valproic acid "inhibit the collapse of sensory neuron growth cones and increase growth cone area. (madinamerica.com)
  • Thus, α-synuclein has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for disease modification in PD [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phenolic acids formed by microbial degradation of the dietary polyphenols in the gut could be detected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon treatment, patients and practitioners have reported significant improvement such as decreased fatigue, regular bowel function, increased energy and alertness, increased concentration, improved verbal skills, less hyperactivity, and decreased abdominal pain. (functional-labs.com)
  • For example, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which is the principal energy-producing process in cells, involves nine carboxylic acid compounds. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In this context, a higher faecal excretion and lower tissue accumulation, as well as metallothionein induction in rats following exposure to methylmercury naturally incorporated in fish compared to methylmercury chloride added to the same matrix, have been reported [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)