2-HB is an organic acid produced from α-ketobutyrate via the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). (healthmatters.io)
Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and lactate in rumen fluid, and also concentrations of lactate, beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), urea and insulin in plasma were not affected by treatment. (bioone.org)
Dose dependent diclofenac-induced effects on exometabolome, such as on the production of lactate and 3-hydroxybutyric acid as well as glucose and galactose metabolism, were observed upon nine repeated doses. (uni.lu)
Insulin5
Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids in humans. (biorxiv.org)
To address this question, we used mathematical modeling to identify the selective regulatory mechanisms of insulin on blood amino acids and lipids. (biorxiv.org)
Numerous studies have investigated how insulin regulates amino acids and lipids in the bloodstream 4 , 18 , 19 . (biorxiv.org)
Insulin reduces blood amino acid concentrations by limiting the release of amino acids into the bloodstream from skeletal muscle 18 , 20 and promoting protein synthesis in the liver and other tissues 3 . (biorxiv.org)
With regards to free fatty acids (FFA), insulin reduces their concentration in the blood by inhibiting their efflux from adipose tissue into the blood and by promoting their accumulation as triglycerides (TAG) in adipose tissue 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
Forty-two Rhizobium strains obtained from different culture collections were evaluated quantitatively for poly(3-hydroxy-butyric acid) [PHB] production in shake flask culture. (caluniv.ac.in)
Production of poly (3-hydroxbutyric acid) [P(3HB)] by Azotobacter beijerinckii WDN-01 were conducted in batch culture using oil cake extract as substrate. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
CAS # 80181-31-3, Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate): more information. (chemblink.com)
Methods PIL-loaded NPs were prepared using poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as a matrix/carrier and carbopol (CRB) as a mucoadhesi. (researchgate.net)
Organic5
Capillary Gas Chromatographic Separation of Urinary Organic Acids. (nist.gov)
Gas-chromatographic method of analysis for urinary organic acids. (nist.gov)
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as a-hydroxybutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives. (ymdb.ca)
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. (ymdb.ca)
These protons can come from organic acids which have accumulated in the blood, but they can also come from increased production in our body. (msdmanuals.com)
Free fatty1
Blood lipids consist of free fatty acids and ketone bodies, such as 3-hydroxybutyrate. (biorxiv.org)
Metabolism2
These studies suggest that acute alterations in arterial pH may affect the regulation of protein metabolism in vivo and must be considered in the interpretation of results from experiments in which alterations of acid-base homeostasis may have occurred. (nih.gov)
In individuals with the disorder, deficient activity of the SSADH enzyme disrupts the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (rarediseases.org)
These differences in metabolic regulatory mechanisms of amino acids are reflected in their temporal patterns after glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
Acid-Base Regulation Metabolic processes in the human body continually produce acid and, to a lesser degree, base. (msdmanuals.com)
So, basically, metabolic acidosis arises either from the buildup of acid in our blood, which could be because it's produced or ingested in increased amounts, or because the body can't get rid of it, or from excessive bicarbonate HCO3− loss from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)
Fatty3
They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart , muscle and brain . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
High-fibre diets are beneficial for many health outcomes via a wide range of mechanisms including gut microbiota fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production. (imperial.ac.uk)
Across the 3 wk after calving, cows on the SHORT treatment had higher blood non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose, and at 1 wk after calving, these cows had a higher liver TAG than cows on the CONV treatment. (bioone.org)
Excretion2
Clinical conditions associated with urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. (healthmatters.io)
This is due to the obligate renal H+ ion excretion, due to the normal daily average endogenous acid production of 1 mEq/kg required to maintain acid-base balance in the body. (medscape.com)
Concentrations1
During acidosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations increased (P less than .05), whereas during alkalosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations decreased (P less than .05). (nih.gov)
Humans1
2-Hydroxybutyric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (ymdb.ca)
Causes include accumulation of ketones and lactic acid, renal failure, and drug or toxin ingestion (high anion gap) and gastrointestinal or renal HCO 3 − loss (normal anion gap). (msdmanuals.com)
Acetic acid1
Radioligand binding studies using the specific GHB radioligand (3)H](E,RS)-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-5H-benzocyclohept-6-ylidene)acetic acid showed a 39% reduction (P = 0.0056) in the number of binding sites in α4 KO brain tissue compared with WT controls, corroborating the direct involvement of the α4-subunit in high-affinity GHB binding. (erowid.org)
Deficiency2
PGC1α coordinately upregulates the enzymes that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1α deficiency or AKI attenuates the de novo pathway. (nih.gov)
SSADH deficiency leads to abnormal accumulation of the compound succinic semialdehyde, which is reduced or converted to 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid). (rarediseases.org)
Glucose5
One of insulin's primary functions is to regulate blood glucose levels, but it also has a role in regulating other blood metabolites such as amino acids and lipids 3 - 6 . (biorxiv.org)
While there has been extensive research on the mathematical modeling of insulin's regulation of blood glucose 8 - 13 , there has been limited investigation of its selective regulation of blood amino acids and lipids 14 - 17 . (biorxiv.org)
To address this gap, we utilized mathematical model selection to explore insulin's selective regulatory mechanisms on blood amino acids and lipids, considering their temporal patterns after oral glucose ingestion. (biorxiv.org)
These findings have been demonstrated through the use of various methods, including oral glucose ingestion studies 3 , 4 , 7 , 18 , 19 , 21 . (biorxiv.org)
Results suggest that the SHORT treatment resulted in more lipolysis, TAG accumulation in the liver and glucose sparing in early lactation compared with the CONV treatment, and that this effect was greater in PAR 3 cows than in PAR 2 cows. (bioone.org)
Urine3
Towards extending the detection window of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-An untargeted metabolomics study in serum and urine following controlled administration in healthy men. (uzh.ch)
The urine specimen is analyzed in 3 main parts. (medscape.com)
Conversely, uric acid and cystine calculi are associated with acidic urine (although pH is more important for treatment than formation of cystine stones). (medscape.com)
Gamma8
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid) is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. (wikipedia.org)
Co-administration with other CNS depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines can result in an additive effect (potentiation), as they all bind to gamma-aminobutyric acid (or "GABA") receptor sites. (wikipedia.org)
This paper describes the role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. (erowid.org)
Li J , Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid overdose. (bmj.com)
Rewarding properties of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an evaluation throu. (erowid.org)
7. Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid, and its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers contained in a drug product for which an application has been approved under Section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (scstatehouse.gov)
Lab tests confirmed the liquid was 1,4-butanediol, which becomes Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) when ingested. (theplainsman.com)
COMPOUND1
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potentially toxic compound. (ymdb.ca)
Urinary1
[ 1 ] Therefore, any abnormalities in the acid-base balance in the body has a direct effect on urinary pH levels. (medscape.com)
Carbon3
Acid-Base Disorders Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values. (msdmanuals.com)
Normally, blood pH depends on the balance or ratio between the concentration of bases, mainly bicarbonate HCO3−, which increases the pH, and acids, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which decrease the pH. (msdmanuals.com)
In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
Metabolites3
The effects of dry period management on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and liver triacylglyceride (TAG) were determined in 11 second-parity (PAR 2) and 15 third-parity and older (PAR 3 ) cows. (bioone.org)
H. Khazanehei , S. Li , E. Khafipour , and J. C. Plaizier "Effects of dry period management and parity on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and liver triacylglyceride in dairy cows," Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95(3), 445-453, (13 May 2015). (bioone.org)
3 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. (nih.gov)
There are no known clinical associations with low levels of α-hydroxybutyric acid. (healthmatters.io)
Biodiesel production1
2016 "Kinetic studies on biodiesel production using a trace acid catalyst", Catalyst Today. (esf.edu)
Serum2
Also, during this time, PAR 3 cows had higher serum NEFA compared with PAR 2 cows. (bioone.org)
In this study, we maintained primary human hepatocytes in a serum-free cultivation medium for more than 3 weeks and analyzed physiology, viability and drug metabolizing capacities of the hepatocytes. (uni.lu)
Proteins1
tRNAs) help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into chains that form proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Acute3
Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. (nih.gov)
Acute overdose with γ-hyroxybutyric acid is suspected. (bmj.com)
Abstract1
Abstract γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) binding to brain-specific high-affinity sites is well-established and proposed to explain both physiological and pharmacological actions. (erowid.org)
It's mostly employed as a co-monomer in traditional diol-condensation processes with terephthalic acid to make polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with diisocyanatos to make polyurethanes, and with diacids to make biodegradable polyesters. (alliedmarketresearch.com)