• Heading towards BDF´s 20th anniversary in 2018, the report will provide a basis for discussions at the 20th BDF Summit in Tallinn on 4th June 2018 as well as the 9th Annual Forum for the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region on 4th-5th June 2018 in Tallinn, co-organized by BDF and the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in collaboration with the European Commission. (bdforum.org)
  • The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have decided to ask NATO to continue patrolling their skies until 2018, when the three alliance newcomers expect to take over the job, an official said Friday. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • The chiefs of the Baltic defence forces decided to ask NATO to continue with the current air defence solution at least until 2018, under which other NATO members patrol our skies,' Estonian military spokesman Andres Sang told AFP after a meeting of Baltic army leaders in Estonia. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • According to the company's statement to the Riga stock exchange, Valmieras Stikla Skiedra turned over EUR 114.245 mln in 2018, down 9.2% on year, and sustained a loss of EUR 114.711 miln in contrast to a profit generated in 2017. (baltic-course.com)
  • The "Baltic M&A Deal Points Study 2018" analyses M&A transactions completed in the Baltic States during 2016-2018 and covers 91 deals in the region. (sorainen.com)
  • To celebrate the 100th anniversaries of the Baltic States, Eesti Pank, Latvijas Banka and Lietuvos bankas − plan to issue a 2 euro commemorative coin with a common design on the national side, at the beginning of 2018. (lsm.lv)
  • 2018). The beneficiaries of tive women by cryotherapy, have en- vical cancer, and the hardships faced such programmes undergo a suita- abled many low-income countries to by the entire family because of the ble screening test every 3-5 years implement cervical cancer screening catastrophic health expenditure (e.g. and have access to appropriate and thus reduce inequality. (who.int)
  • The following document contains the official statement delivered by Latvia on behalf of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania at the UN General Assembly informal interactive dialogue on the Responsibility to Protect: "Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Accountability for Prevention," held on 6 September 2017. (globalr2p.org)
  • The Yearbook contains state practice reports from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, thus serving as an important source of international law that is unavailable elsewhere. (brill.com)
  • More established members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have taken turns patrolling the air space of the three Baltic states since March 2004, when Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania joined the alliance. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • The Soviet Union later brought Estonia, along with its Baltic brothers Latvia and Lithuania, under illegal occupation anew, but Estonia still considers Feb. 24 its national day. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • Estonia received congratulatory messages from Russian President Vladimir Putin ( a day early ) and U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( two days early ), and has celebrated with a national day parade in its capital, Tallinn. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • In January 2017, the United States deployed Special Forces to Estonia as part of an ongoing presence of U.S. and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) troops aimed at ensuring security in the Baltic region. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • In recent years, the United States has increased its investment and interest in Estonia, working to shield the tiny country and its 1.3 million residents from potential Russian incursions. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • While Estonia earns praise and criticism alike for its citizenship policy at home, militarization and tensions continue to wax and wane between the United States, Estonia, NATO, and Russia. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • Security chiefs in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania fear the Kremlin has increased recruitment not only of 'assets' tasked with engaging in the classic spying activity of gathering sensitive information, but also possibly to lay the groundwork for sabotage and subversion and to assist in so-called 'Russian influence activities,' according to Baltic officials. (voanews.com)
  • With the rise in the number of people playing online bingo and the growth of the internet speed in the Baltic states, the three states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) which make up the Baltic states have shown a positive and progressive interest toward online gambling. (baltictimes.com)
  • The online gambling laws in Lithuania have differed slightly from the other Baltic states as online gaming had been legalised 6 years later the Estonia and Latvia. (baltictimes.com)
  • On 8 June the Ministers of Education and Research of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania signed an agreement on automatic recognition of academic qualifications, which will allow students from the three countries going to any of the other Baltic States to have their degrees (academic, including doctoral, professional and upper secondary-school degrees) automatically recognised, without the intervention of the local ENIC-NARIC Centers. (aca-secretariat.be)
  • This thesis aims to discover how Baltic and Nordic regional identities are discussed in 448 speeches by the presidents of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during 1991 - 2021, and how regional identities in these countries may have changed over time. (lu.se)
  • After Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had joined both the EU and NATO, the need to promote a Central and Eastern European identity and cooperation is superseded by the wish to be associated with other regional identities, such as Baltic, Nordic or Western European. (lu.se)
  • The thesis thus aims to examine how Baltic and Nordic regional identities are discussed in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and if the regional identities of the three countries have changed throughout the period after regaining independence in 1991. (lu.se)
  • The Baltic States - Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - have repeatedly warned against Russia's territorial ambitions, while Moscow's expansion into Ukraine has prompted NATO to bolster its presence and conduct its own exercises on the Baltic border with Russia . (dw.com)
  • The outlook for Latvia is positive too, with predicted growth of gross fixed capital formation of 2 percent in 2016 and 4.5 percent in 2017. (wedc.org)
  • Almost 30% of Baltic M&A deals completed in 2016-2017 involved targets operating in each of the three Baltic states, which is almost double as much as in the period 2014-2015. (sorainen.com)
  • In January 2016, an outbreak of North American lineage HPAI H7N8 virus was detected in a commercial poultry flock in the United States, and subsequently North American lineage LPAI H7N8 was detected in eight additional nearby turkey flocks. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2016, two human infections with a North American lineage LPAI H7N2 virus were reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza HPAI H5N8 virus was detected in two seals stranded on the Baltic coast of Poland in 2016 and 2017 57 . (cdc.gov)
  • In late 2016 and early 2017, there were outbreaks of HPAI H5N8 virus in domestic poultry and wild birds in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • This volume is devoted to highlighting the reflections aired in Riga when the Law School was implementing the Jean Monnet Project in 2017-2019. (brill.com)
  • In fact, online gambling participation rates in Lithuania almost doubled between 2017 and 2019 according to new research. (baltictimes.com)
  • Third, and a point that people would miss if they were not aware of Baltic history, is that Germany's exercises are taking place in Lithuania . (shoebat.com)
  • In 2017, the visit of NATO troops from Germany to a bar ended by a scandal in Rukla, Lithuania. (opednews.com)
  • Fifty years later, Muscovy returned with a vengeance, coincidentally with other interested neighboring great powers such as Denmark, Sweden, and Poland-Lithuania, which were either similarly interested in the eastern Baltic littoral or feared Russia's presence there. (fpri.org)
  • and in 2017, the Czech Republic and Romania. (cdc.gov)
  • BC, Tallinn, 08.11.2017. (baltic-course.com)
  • Two to three hundred years later, once the power of the Mongol Golden Horde receded, Muscovy emerged as the leading Russian state and developed a largely economic interest in Livonia, home of Hanseatic cities such as Riga and Reval (Tallinn) which were important to Baltic commerce. (fpri.org)
  • Most were not entitled to Estonian citizenship following independence, and while the majority has acquired some form of legal residency, a number remain stateless (officially classified as having undetermined or undefined citizenship by the Estonian state and census), causing divisions within the country and with its much larger neighbor. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • Danes, Baltic Germans, Swedes, Poles, Germans during the Nazi era, and Russians in imperial and Soviet periods have all occupied and staked claim to Estonian lands. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • This paper aims to present best practises of E-Government and analyse the possibilities for the small Balkan states to make a radical change in the way Estonian government did it. (grin.com)
  • In 2015, the Estonian government launched an e-Residency scheme to help entrepreneurs set up a European Union (EU) business in the Baltic state. (computerweekly.com)
  • The number of non-Estonian people who applied for e-residency of the Baltic state exceeds the birth rate for 2017. (computerweekly.com)
  • The survey was put together by law firms Sorainen, Cobalt, Ellex, Eversheds Sutherland, and TGS Baltic in cooperation with the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Private Equity and Venture Capital Associations. (sorainen.com)
  • Estonian (2017: +2.8 percent) and especially British consumers (2017: +2.5 percent) must adjust to their money not stretching as far in 2017. (gfk.com)
  • The Baltic states are often viewed by the West and Russia as a single region. (waw.pl)
  • Earlier this year, a major NATO general advised that World War III would start in May 2017 over a conflict between the EU (Germany) and Russia over the Baltic States. (shoebat.com)
  • As I pointed out in my previous article , the Baltic states have always been a hotly contested area between Germany and Russia going back to Medieval times. (shoebat.com)
  • Neither the Baltic states nor Russia necessarily shares the historical episodes reflected in the West's preferred analogies, or if they do, they typically derive conclusions which are greatly at variance with those drawn by the West. (fpri.org)
  • The history with which Western policymakers are familiar tends to be inapt for considering either the Baltic states or Russia. (fpri.org)
  • The shared history of the Baltic states and Russia is relevant for the contemporary topic of Baltic defense. (fpri.org)
  • Given the focus of the question, Russia is necessarily the subject, and the Baltic states are the object. (fpri.org)
  • Russia has shown sustained interest in the Baltic over the course of a millennium. (fpri.org)
  • The main narrative of Putin's Russia when it comes to information influence activities is that they liberated the Baltics in WWII to save them from falling to fascist Germany and that there was never a Baltic occupation. (err.ee)
  • Following the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, separatist conflicts in eastern Ukraine, an increase in Russian military activities in the Baltic Sea region, and ongoing allegations of Russian meddling in elections in Europe and the United States, tensions between Russia and its neighbors have attracted growing international attention. (migrationpolicy.org)
  • The resilience tests of the banks, aimed at trying to ensure they are able to withstand hacking and sabotage, came as Russia concluded a massive naval exercise, dubbed Ocean Shield, in the Baltic Sea. (voanews.com)
  • Their proximity to Russia, the legacy of their Soviet pasts as well as hosting substantial ethnic Russian communities make the Baltic states especially vulnerable for Kremlin intelligence activities, say analysts. (voanews.com)
  • The baltic states responding to the threat posed by a resurgent Russia is understandable, but the nature of this threat and the means to reduce it need to be re-examined. (global-politics.co.uk)
  • Volume 18 is the second volume of the Baltic Yearbook of International Law appearing under the aegis of cooperation between the Riga Graduate School of Law and Brill/Nijhoff Publishers. (brill.com)
  • The primary objective of Baltic Ghost 2017 is to test cooperation between the three Baltic States and the United States in the event of an escalating cyber incident, the solution of which requires internationally coordinated joint action. (eucom.mil)
  • At the same time, The Baltic Times and other pan-Baltic newspapers exist, and companies such as Air Baltic hint at a common Baltic cooperation. (lu.se)
  • This seems to indicate that despite the apparent distaste for the notion of a Baltic unity, some kinds of cooperation do exist, in addition to the identification with the Nordics mentioned above. (lu.se)
  • Last month, China's state-owned Xinhua news agency said that this year's exercises aim "to consolidate and advance the Sino-Russian comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination, and deepen friendly and practical cooperation between the two militaries. (dw.com)
  • As reported, Horizon 2021, the business plan of Latvian national carrier airBaltic , provides for attraction of additional capital worth EUR 50 million, but the airline will not request further investments from the state. (baltic-course.com)
  • The 2017 Baltic States Swimming Championships was held in Riga, Latvia, from March 31 - April 1 Some events were also held separately for boys and girls (Baltic States Youth Swimming Meet). (wikipedia.org)
  • BC, Riga, 19.07.2017. (baltic-course.com)
  • The Latvian government has resolved to find a strategic investor by the end of 2017. (baltic-course.com)
  • According to an agreement signed by the Latvian government and German investor Ralf Montag Girmes , the investor made an investment worth EUR 52 million in airBaltic , while the state invested EUR 80 million, capitalizing the loan from the Treasury. (baltic-course.com)
  • Latvian Ministry of Defense named an incident "undermining the reputation of thousands of U.S. and other allied states warriors who serve in the Baltics. (opednews.com)
  • The central banks of the three Baltic states are to produce a joint €2 coin to celebrate their centenaries, the Latvian central bank (LB) said January 31. (lsm.lv)
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has recently published a survey on homelessness in its member states. (eurodiaconia.org)
  • The OECD Skills Outlook 2017 shows how countries can make the most of global value chains, socially and economically, by investing in the skills of their populations. (oecd-ilibrary.org)
  • I'm sure NATO thought long and hard about assistance to the Baltic States and concluded it was in fact feasible to defend. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • It's remarkable, that the leaders of the Baltic countries constantly talk about the "Russian threat", but NATO soldiers do not feel themselves in danger. (opednews.com)
  • As we know, NATO contingent in the Baltic States is constantly increasing. (opednews.com)
  • The two societal events that have shaped the discourses the most is the Baltic Way, that is seen as the starting point of the Baltic regional identity, and the EU and NATO accession. (lu.se)
  • The Chinese naval fleet is expected to arrive in the Baltic Sea by the end of week, according to reports from NATO insiders, after the warships were first spotted on Monday by the Dutch navy. (dw.com)
  • This problem is especially relevant to the Baltic countries. (opednews.com)
  • This means that those who live in any of the three Baltic countries and citizens of the three Baltic countries can enjoy gaming on sites that are licensed in each state. (baltictimes.com)
  • The conclusion of this thesis is that the Baltic regional identity has remained important in all three countries throughout the examined period. (lu.se)
  • GfK forecasts solid turnover growth of +1.4 percent for the EU-28 countries in 2017. (gfk.com)
  • This initiative provides a unique platform for bringing together early career professionals from Eastern Partnership countries, including Ukraine, and Baltic states. (lu.se)
  • 2017). The countries (HICs) and low- and mid- risk of approximately 2-fold in groups social differentials that influence cer- dle-income countries (LMICs) of the of low versus high social class (by vical cancer incidence and mortality world highlights the lopsided access education and income) for the devel- also exist within HICs. (who.int)
  • When received as a means of payment, this 2 euro coin has to remind the citizens of the Baltic States and elsewhere in the euro area of the determination of the Baltic nations to defend their statehood, acquired 100 years ago or re-established again. (lsm.lv)
  • The Baltic states, which regained their independence from the Soviet Union 16 years ago, lack sufficient aircraft and personnel to run the patrols themselves. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • Since 2014, the affected EU member states have applied a common reporting framework and shared outbreak data. (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2017, an outbreak of HPAI H7N9 virus was detected in two commercial chicken breeder flocks in the United States 46 . (cdc.gov)
  • Western policymakers charged with making decisions related to the security and defense of the Baltic states face intractable questions pertaining to uncertainty about Russian interests, intentions, and the future. (fpri.org)
  • Yet, Western policymakers will be more familiar with some histories over others and will likely draw upon the history of the West and Western-centric analogies, which are not necessarily the most relevant for, or compatible with, the context and requirements of Baltic defense. (fpri.org)
  • The most fundamental question to the topic of Baltic defense concerns Russian interest in the Baltic-what are Russian interests and how do they manifest in Russian policy? (fpri.org)
  • Baltic Ghost is a series of cyber defense workshops designed to build, sustain, and/or enhance cyber partnerships between EUCOM, the Baltic States, and their respective State Partners. (eucom.mil)
  • According to the Russian defense ministry, China's naval fleet will to arrive in the Baltic Sea port of Baltiysk in the Russian province of Kaliningrad. (dw.com)
  • This year's State of the Region-Report takes a closer look at developments at the sub-national level and finds that the dynamics at the subnational level are even more heterogeneous, with especially rural regions struggling. (bdforum.org)
  • This situation only changed starting in 1200 when the German crusaders began carving out their own niche, Livonia, German dominion pushed out informal Russian influence, and the Baltic was irrevocably stamped as culturally western in its physical environment and worldview. (fpri.org)
  • Rather, these decision makers should use or study Baltic strategic history. (fpri.org)
  • 20 years after the establishment of Baltic Development Forum, the Baltic Sea Region has developed into one of the most integrated regions in EU and globally. (bdforum.org)
  • The three authors Christian Ketels, Helge J. Pedersen and Mikael Olsson analyses the BSR economy and assesses the state of the region, thus helping decision makers and observers inside and outside of the Region to navigate in a challenging environment. (bdforum.org)
  • Top of Digital Europe is an independent, non-profit think tank that facilitates cross-border dialogue and public-private initiatives to strengthen the digital economy in the Baltic Sea Region. (bdforum.org)
  • Under the heading "The Top of Europe - A Competitive Baltic Sea Region Ready for the Future? (bdforum.org)
  • this year´s BDF State of the Region Report once again takes the temperature on growth, innovation and competitiveness in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). (bdforum.org)
  • Instead, it plows ahead with the operational tasks under existing collaboration structures, especially the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. (bdforum.org)
  • If the Region wants to embark on such a path, launching Baltic Sea Region 2.0, will require a clear decision that leaders across the Region are ready to go drive this process. (bdforum.org)
  • Indeed, a crisis could result if a future Russian president concludes that NATO's mere presence in the Baltic region is an intolerable intrusion into Moscow's rightful sphere of influence. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • A quick scan at Wikipedia, defines an SOI as 'an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • Baltic Ghost topics include: defining what the host nation support-related critical infrastructure within the region is, what authorities are available when it comes to defining civil and military cyber organizations supporting one another during times of a cyber crisis, building public private partnerships, and defining what information sharing methodologies are the most effective, during both steady-state and crisis operations. (eucom.mil)
  • LONDON - When it comes to tech, Europe likes to compare itself to the United States and China - a continent-sized digital giant ready to roar. (baltic-review.com)
  • Whether Iceland or new EU member states in Central Europe, my post yesterday only indicated the basic premises for the euro currency, by a quote from the Preamble of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). (blogspot.com)
  • U.S. European Command is one of the United States' two forward-deployed Geographic Combatant Commands whose area of focus cover almost one-fifth of the planet, including all of Europe, large portions of Asia, parts of the Middle East and the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. (eucom.mil)
  • Non-equivalent stringency of ethical review in the Baltic States: a sign of a systematic problem in Europe? (bmj.com)
  • The early Rus' princelings, prone to squabbling among themselves, were interested in the Baltic tribes for one thing only-tribute, not formal dominion. (fpri.org)
  • The Yearbook aims to bring to international debate issues of importance in the Baltic States, providing a forum for views on topical international law themes from both Baltic and international scholars. (brill.com)
  • Laxminarayan and I used to debate the workings of the deep states in Algeria and Egypt, as if it were a kind of experts' game. (lrb.co.uk)
  • The study evaluates purchasing power, the retail share of private consumption, inflation and sales area productivity, and also includes a turnover prognosis for 2017. (gfk.com)
  • Baltic state is reportedly in early-stage talks with the UK and Luxembourg governments about setting up a backup site in either country to protect citizens' data from risk of hackers. (computerweekly.com)
  • After that, I worked as a consultant Legal Specialist at Mercedes-Benz Sweden for several months, before I joined Baltic Cable this August where I'm working as a Legal Counsel (in-house lawyer). (lu.se)
  • In early 2017, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) reported human infections with Asian lineage H7N9 bird flu. (cdc.gov)
  • The Baltic Yearbook of International Law ‒ the first legal journal in the field and subfields of international law ‒ is published under the auspices of the Baltic Editorial Board. (brill.com)
  • The first volume appeared in 2001 with a symposium on the question of the international legal status of the Baltic States. (brill.com)
  • The editors of the Baltic Yearbook are certain that the EU-law perspective will be of interest to international lawyers throughout the world, whether as an option or as an idea as to what the international legal order might look like with ever growing globalization and migration of the world's people. (brill.com)
  • 4 The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) from 2017-19, United Nations Environmental Law Programme UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland . (scirp.org)
  • Baltic Cable is an international company in the energy sector and a part of the European electricity market. (lu.se)
  • What might be gleaned from Baltic-Russian history? (fpri.org)
  • The Baltic states are stepping up coordinated efforts to identify people among their populations who have been recruited by Russian intelligence agencies, say officials. (voanews.com)
  • According to Estonia's Foreign Intelligence Service, Russian spies and their agents have been caught in operations in greater numbers than usual since 2014 in the Baltic states. (voanews.com)
  • In July 2017, another court in Vilnius sentenced a Russian security official, Nikolai Filipchenko, to a decade in prison after finding him guilty of attempting to recruit local officials to wiretap the home of Lithuania's president. (voanews.com)
  • So that means it's also mistaken about Russian cyberattacks on the United States. (global-politics.co.uk)
  • After enduring two years of declining turnover, stationary retailers in Greece can breathe easier thanks to a slight increase of one percent anticipated for 2017. (gfk.com)
  • Fifteen years after the bogus "War on Terror" began, the United States has curtailed basic democratic rights and conducted mass illegal surveillance on the population. (countercurrents.org)
  • According to Dr. Ehrlich, more than 24 million Americans have cataracts, which are the most common cause of vision impairment in the United States other than refractive error. (medscape.com)
  • Dear friends and subscribers, on our TELEGRAM channel "THE BALTIC REVIEW" you will always find the latest information, pictures and videos. (baltic-review.com)
  • Just click on the link THE BALTIC REVIEW TELEGRAM CHANNEL ( or the globe icon below) and register. (baltic-review.com)
  • work on access to medicines and vaccines by other United Nations bodies, including the report of the United Nations Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines;3 and work carried out by partners and non-State actors in official relations with WHO. (who.int)
  • In December 2014 , the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) reported HPAI H5N2 and H5N8 viruses in US wild birds in several states. (cdc.gov)
  • From January to June 2015, HPAI H5 virus outbreaks (including H5N2 and H5N8 viruses) were reported in commercial poultry flocks in 21 US states and in Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • The European Commission forecasts a 1.8 percent inflation rate for 2017 in the EU-28. (gfk.com)
  • Nathan White of Access Now stated: "The process to enter the US is confusing, and it's likely that most visitors will fill out the card completely rather than risk additional questions from intimidating, uniformed officers-the same officers who will decide which of your jokes are funny and which ones make you a security risk. (countercurrents.org)
  • this requires more voices, not less" John Matthews, Coordinator, Alliance for Global Water Adaptation On the 30th November 2017 Urban climate adaptation was the theme of the day as participants gathered to engage with industry experts, experience best practice cases, and learn about decision making tools. (bdforum.org)
  • The ACLU and the Center for Democracy and Technology have cautioned that the practice could potentially provide the state with "gateways into an enormous amount of [users'] online expression and associations, which can reflect highly sensitive information about that person's opinions, beliefs, identity and community. (countercurrents.org)
  • This represents yet another development of a broader process of the erosion of democratic rights, as the US government assumes ever more increasingly the character of a police state. (countercurrents.org)
  • A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Historical memory stands for constructing meanings for historical events and can be talked about on the level of the individual, society and state. (err.ee)
  • Baltic Brand Conference. (bnt.eu)
  • As clearly stated in the European Commission's Communication of November 2017, it is another sign of the great importance attached to removing obstacles to the recognition of qualifications, both at the level of schools and higher education. (aca-secretariat.be)
  • The US Federal Register states that "collecting social media data will enhance the existing investigative process and provide Department of Homeland Security (DHS) greater clarity and visibility to possible nefarious activity and connections by providing an additional tool set which analysts and investigators may use to better analyze and investigate the case. (countercurrents.org)
  • 2017). The social costs of losing a cervical cancer screening (Basu ate treatment of eligible screen-posi- wife and a mother at her prime to cer- et al. (who.int)