2001 cyclooxygenase 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) are a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that directly target cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. (wikipedia.org)
After several COX-2-inhibiting drugs were approved for marketing, data from clinical trials revealed that COX-2 inhibitors caused a significant increase in heart attacks and strokes, with some drugs in the class having worse risks than others. (wikipedia.org)
Many COX-2-specific inhibitors have been removed from the US market. (wikipedia.org)
Some COX-2 inhibitors are used in a single dose to treat pain after surgery. (wikipedia.org)
COX-2 inhibitors appear to work as well as nonselective NSAIDs, such as aspirin. (wikipedia.org)
COX inhibitors have been shown to reduce the occurrence of cancers and precancerous growths. (wikipedia.org)
COX-2 inhibitors are currently being studied in breast cancer and appear to be beneficial. (wikipedia.org)
COX-2 inhibitors have been found to be effective in suppressing inflammatory neurodegenerative pathways, with beneficial results in animal studies for major depressive disorder, as well as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (wikipedia.org)
Current studies support an association of disorders such as these with chronic inflammation, which appears to decrease with the use of COX-2 inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
This assertion is borne out by recent clinical studies showing that the COX-2 inhibitors rofecoxib and celecoxib procedure qualitative changes in urinary prostaglandin excretion, glomerular filtration rate, sodium retention, and their consequences similar to nonselective NSAIDs. (nih.gov)
It, therefore, seems unlikely that these COX-2 inhibitors (and perhaps their successors) will offer renal safety benefits over nonselective NSAID therapies, and, at this juncture, it is reasonable to assume that all NSAIDs, including COX-2-selective inhibitors, share a similar risk for adverse renal effects. (nih.gov)
Which drugs are COX-2 inhibitors? (healthy.net)
These findings have important implications for the therapeutic potential of using COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
2001) Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. (scirp.org)
Wild Oregano Concentrate-contains 31 known anti-inflammatories, 28 antioxidants and 4 known potent COX-2 inhibitors. (crohns-disease-probiotics.com)

In this study, we show that depletion of TDP-43 in microglia, but not in astrocytes, strikingly upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production through the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling and initiates neurotoxicity. (nature.com)
NSAIDs act by reducing prostaglandin biosynthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) which exists as two isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). (nih.gov)
The results of the present study revealed that ketamine treatment induced NF‑κB p65 translocation to nuclei and activated COX‑2 expression and prostaglandin (PGE)2 production in bladder tissue, whereas COX‑2 inhibitor suppressed the inflammatory effect. (spandidos-publications.com)
Objective -To evaluate the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged and -unchallenged equine synovial membrane in terms of production of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and hyaluronan, viability, and histomorphologic characteristics. (avma.org)

COX-2 can act as an anti-tumor enzyme, but only in specific cases. (wikipedia.org)
Very interestingly, a vital insight of neuroinflammation research in ALS was generated by the evidence that both the mRNA and protein levels of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are upregulated in both transgenic mouse models and in human postmortem brain and spinal cord. (nature.com)
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which is the inducible form of this enzyme, plays an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. (ecancer.org)
They act by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which promotes the release of prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes, and activates phagocytes, which, in turn, promote the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to tissue trauma. (bvsalud.org)

Overexpression of COX-2 produces excess prostaglandins, which have been shown to increase the possibility of colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) is an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenases that catalyzes conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
It is also known that 2-AG can be metabolised via the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway leading to the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which may counteract the effects of 2-AG. (biomedcentral.com)
Like other NSAIDs, fenoprofen is a cyclo-oxygenase (Cox-1 and -2) inhibitor that blocks the formation of prostaglandins that are important in pain and inflammatory pathways. (nih.gov)
COX-2 responds to tissue trauma and produces prostaglandins involved in the inflammatory response and pain mediation 5 . (bvsalud.org)

Moreover, a recent study with various malignant tumor cells showed that celecoxib could inhibit the growth of these cells, even though some of these cancer cells didn't even contain COX-2. (wikipedia.org)
However, when the ability of all these compounds to kill tumor cells in cell culture was investigated, it turned out that the antitumor potency did not at all depend on whether or not the respective compound could inhibit COX-2, showing that inhibition of COX-2 was not required for the anticancer effects. (wikipedia.org)
One of these compounds, 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib, which entirely lacks the ability to inhibit COX-2, actually turned out to display stronger anticancer activity than celecoxib itself and this anticancer effect could also be verified in highly drug-resistant tumor cells and in various animal tumor models. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs that selectively inhibit COX-2 might, therefore, be expected to produce effects on renal function similar to nonselective NSAIDs which inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. (nih.gov)
We also studied the ability of HCV Core and Cox-2 siRNA either alone or in combination to inhibit viral replication and cell proliferation in HCV serum infected Huh-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Ginger Extract-Ginger has multiple constituents that inhibit COX-2 inflammation. (crohns-disease-probiotics.com)

To achieve this, we assessed proinflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and expression of effector enzymes such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) after intracerebral and intraperitoneal LPS challenges. (jneurosci.org)
Over expression of Core gene of HCV 3a genotype showed stronger effect in regulating RNA and protein levels of Cox-2, iNOS, VEGF, p-Akt as compared to HCV-1a Core in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7 accompanied by enhanced PGE2 release and cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, the Core and Cox-2-specific siRNAs down regulated the Core 3a-enhanced expression of Cox-2, iNOS, VEGF, p-Akt. (biomedcentral.com)
iNOS and Cox-2 have carcinogenic effects achieved either directly or by producing mediator that regulate cellular growth [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, protein expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were investigated using Western blot analysis. (ac.ir)
Saturated sesquiterpene lactones-rich species (Artemisia kopetdaghensis, Artemisia santolina, Artemisia sieberi) showed the highest suppressive activity on NO and PGE2 production via suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. (ac.ir)

NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is generally believed to occur through blockade of COX-1 activity, whereas the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs are thought to occur primarily through inhibition of the inducible isoform, COX-2. (nih.gov)

2001). Since oxidative stress and inflammation appear to be involved in brain aging and in neurodegenerative diseases (Casadesus et al. (lww.com)
Consequently, the recruitment of immune cells during chronic inflammation increases oxidative stress (OS) in the microenvironment [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thus, dual inhibition of MAGL and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways could be a useful approach to alleviate joint inflammation and pain in OA joints. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, chronic diagnostic test for follow-up of patients cy and for biochemical determination inflammation associated with the infec- with H. pylori gastritis and were able of tissue COX-2 activity using COX tion leads to damage in proteins, the to predict the risk of development of Activity Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical production of reactive oxygen species stomach cancer. (who.int)

11. Emami SA, Taghizadeh Rabe SZ, Iranshahi M, Ahi A, Mahmoudi M. Sesquiterpene lactone fraction from Artemisia khorassanica inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inactivation of NF-κB. (ac.ir)

able human subject research requirements of 52,113 singleton births in 2001-2002, and data included residential address, gestational age, sex, the authors' institutions. (cdc.gov)
Data for 2001 are based on records of deaths that occurred during 2001 and were received as of October 24, 2002. (cdc.gov)

This report describes research on the audiometric data set of Alcoa which the principal investigator has carried out with funding from a KOI SERCA between 1998 and 2001. (cdc.gov)

The inhibition of COX-2 is paramount for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic function of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. (wikipedia.org)
Meloxicam appeared to have more selective suppression of COX-2 activity. (avma.org)
The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pain control after open flap debridement. (bvsalud.org)

Commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress induced synovial membrane PGE 2 production without detrimental effects on synovial membrane viability and function. (avma.org)

In the 1990's, NSAIDs that specifically inhibited COX-2 were introduced in the market to minimize gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with common NSAIDs. (bvsalud.org)

January 5, 2010 - Meloxicam ( Mobic ), a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor drug used for arthritis, has shown promise as a treatment for extraabdominal desmoid tumors, according to the results of a small pilot study. (medscape.com)

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) inhibits COX-2 almost exclusively within the brain and only minimally in the rest of the body, although it is not considered an NSAID, since it has only minor anti-inflammatory activity. (wikipedia.org)

Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)

However, with regard to this drug's promise for the therapy of advanced cancers, it is unclear whether the inhibition of COX-2 plays a dominant role, and this has become a controversial and intensely researched issue. (wikipedia.org)
Overexpression of COX-2 is important in tumour growth, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis, all important steps in the development of cancer. (ecancer.org)

GBM cells with COX-2 overexpression show increased growth of colonies in soft agar. (oncotarget.com)
COX-2 overexpression induces Id1 expression in two GBM cell lines suggesting a role for Id1 in glioma transformation/tumorigenesis. (oncotarget.com)
Finally, GBM cells with COX-2 or Id1 overexpression show greater migration/invasive potential and tumors that arise from these cells also display increased microvessel density, results in line with the increased malignant potential seen in these cells. (oncotarget.com)

Targeting selectivity for COX-2 reduces the risk of peptic ulceration and is the main feature of celecoxib, rofecoxib, and other members of this drug class. (wikipedia.org)

Those at greatest risk for colon cancer are carriers of 1 of 2 familial genetic disorders, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Taken together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized non-cell-autonomous mechanism in TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration, identifying COX-2-PGE2 as the molecular events of microglia- but not astrocyte-initiated neurotoxicity and identifying celecoxib as a novel potential therapy for TDP-43-linked ALS and possibly other types of ALS. (nature.com)
Fractions bearing unusual (Artemisia fragrans and Artemisia absinthium) and unsaturated sesquiterpene lactones (Artemisia ciniformis) possess less modulatory effect on PGE2 production and COX-2 expression. (ac.ir)

Nimesulide (N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with potent effects. (biomedcentral.com)

At least two COX isoforms have been identified: COX-1 is predominantly constitutive and expressed in different tissues, such as the stomach, intestine, kidneys and platelets. (bvsalud.org)

Aim: Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) plays a prominent role in carcinogenesis. (iiarjournals.org)

In recent years, several additional intracellular components (besides COX-2) were discovered that appear to be important for mediating the anticancer effects of celecoxib in the absence of COX-2. (wikipedia.org)
Additional support for the idea that other targets besides COX-2 are important for celecoxib's anticancer effects has come from studies with chemically modified versions of celecoxib. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, we find that administration of celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, greatly diminishes the neurotoxicity triggered by TDP-43-depleted microglia. (nature.com)

Moreover, DNA hypomethylation of the COX‑2 promoter region located from ‑1,522 to ‑829 bp might contribute to transcriptional regulation of COX‑2 expression and induce a pro‑inflammatory response in KIC. (spandidos-publications.com)

During inflammatory flares, leukocytes accumulate in the joint where they release various chemical mediators that contribute to joint damage and pain [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

[ 8 ] In the studies in which HO was induced experimentally, 2 factors were found to be prerequisites for ectopic ossification: (1) traumatic ischemic degeneration of involved muscle and (2) tissue expression of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). (medscape.com)

With respect to the expression of the bcl-2 protein, 76% (26/34) of the samples were positive in OLR, while 97% (30/31) were positive in the group with OLP. (ecancer.org)

Elevated COX-2 is associated with increased angiogenesis, tumor invasion and promotion of tumor cell resistance to apoptosis [ 5 - 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)

1,2 The currently available synthetic anti-ulcer drugs are expensive, show side effects, and cannot prevent ulcer recurrence. (rsc.org)

Thus, COX-2 enhances the malignancy of GBM cells through induction of Id1. (oncotarget.com)

It shows a high affinity and selectivity for COX-2 with a COX-2/COX-1 IC 50 selectivity ratio of 0.06 (whole blood assay) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The present study investigated the methylation of CpG sites in the cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 promoter via nuclear factor (NF)‑κB transcriptional regulation and elucidated its effect on the COX‑2 transcriptional expression in a ketamine‑induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC) animal model. (spandidos-publications.com)
A retrospective study was done, and bcl-2 and COX-2 expression was semiquantitatively analysed. (ecancer.org)
The study included 16 morbidly obese (mean BMI= 43 ± 2.2 kg/m 2 ) non-diabetic woman awaiting bariatric surgery. (karger.com)
Methods: The study included 142 young male veterans (mean age of 49years) with Type 2 diabetes, with HbA1C of 7.7 ± 1.1. (scirp.org)
Prevalence of asthma by industry in the US population: a study of 2001 NHIS data. (cdc.gov)

Proceedings of the 36th UK Group Conference on Human Response to Vibration, September 12-14, 2001, Farnborough, England. (cdc.gov)

Since no biochemical differences between these subtypes have been identified and their clinical findings overlap, MPS I is now divided into 2 subtypes: severe MPS I and attenuated MPS I. Patients with severe MPS I typically have an earlier onset of symptoms, a decline in intellectual function, and a shorter lifespan. (medscape.com)

COX-2 is also regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling which is important in the pathogenesis of GBMs. (oncotarget.com)
Taken together, these results demonstrated a differential response by HCV 3a genotype in HCV-induced pathogenesis, which may be due to Core and host factor Cox-2 individually or in combination. (biomedcentral.com)

These data show that nimesulide protects against permanent focal cerebral ischemia, even with a 2 h post-treatment delay. (biomedcentral.com)
Regorafenib order This inverse relationship is consistent with data from other population-based studies, including the American Migraine Studies 1 and 2,[7, 8] and the AMPP studies. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
In 2001 all the States and the District of Columbia participated in this program and submitted part or all of the mortality data for 2001 in electronic data files to NCHS. (cdc.gov)
For 2001 all States submitted precoded demographic data for all deaths. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, we find direct evidence of a role for Id1 with significant suppression of in vitro transformation and in vivo tumorigenesis in COX-2-overexpressing GBM cells where Id1 has been knocked down. (oncotarget.com)
Experimental in vitro and in vivo research demonstrated decreased cell proliferation in desmoid cell cultures and small tumors when COX-2 was blockaded with pharmacologic agents. (medscape.com)

2001) demonstrated that 2-AG was a full agonist, with similar potency, at both CBR1 and CBR2 and that AEA is a potent agonist solely at the CBR1 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, elevated COX-2 levels correlate with earlier recurrence and shorter survival in glioma patients [ 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)

To compare the expression of bcl-2 and COX-2 in OLP and OLR. (ecancer.org)
The Fisher's exact test for the expression of COX-2 revealed that there are significant differences between the two groups, P = 0.035. (ecancer.org)
The expression of bcl-2 and COX-2 was more commonly expressed in OLP when compared with OLR. (ecancer.org)
The increased expression of COX-2 has been reported in pre-cancerous lesions, in several forms of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma and in OLP [ 7 ]. (ecancer.org)
Increased COX-2 expression directly correlates with glioma grade and is associated with shorter survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. (oncotarget.com)
However, COX-2 expression has not been previously shown to directly alter malignancy of GBMs. (oncotarget.com)
Previous studies revealed that COX-2 is overexpressed in many gliomas and expression level, in particular, is positively correlated with tumor grade [ 9 , 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)

2012. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001-2010. (cdc.gov)

Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate improvements in CML survival associated with the introduction of first-line imatinib therapy. (ajmc.com)

The National Cancer Institute has done some studies on COX-2 and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Previous studies suggest that the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide has a remarkable protective effect against different types of brain injury including ischemia. (biomedcentral.com)
This factor has been shown to be regulated by COX-2 in breast carcinoma cells and recent studies suggest that Id1 may also be involved in the genesis/progression of gliomas. (oncotarget.com)
The authors hypothesized, on the basis of previous studies, that COX-2 might be a potential therapeutic target. (medscape.com)

2 Overall risk of colon cancer is approximately 5% in the general population without family history, with 92% of colorectal cancers diagnosed after age 50. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
These genetic disorders account for 1-2% and 3-5% of all colorectal cancers, respectively. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
While IBD-related colorectal cancers account for only 1-2% of all CRC cases, CRC accounts for 10-15% of deaths in patients with IBD. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Histomorphologic scores suggest detrimental effects of METH, DMSO, and the experimental COX-2 inhibitor. (avma.org)
2007) Reticulated platelets and uninhibited COX-1 and COX-2 decrease the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. (scirp.org)

Only MEL suppressed PGE 2 production from LPS-challenged explants, compared with unchallenged explants. (avma.org)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -PBZ, FNX, KTP, CRP, MEL, and low-concentration METH suppressed PGE 2 production in LPS-challenged explants. (avma.org)

2] or Kaplan-Meier [3] methods. (who.int)

COX-2 appears to be related to cancers and abnormal growths in the intestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
COX-2 is overexpressed in many cancers and contributes to tumor development and progression [ 2 - 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Population-based series comprising 13 371 cases of top ranking cancers from Chennai, with loss to follow-up ranging from 7-24%, revealed negligible bias, ranging from 0-2% in 5-year survival by the loss- adjusted approach for different cancers. (who.int)

Insulin resistance is a major metabolic feature of obesity and is a key factor in the etiology of a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)

2-4 It has, however, also been argued that some new cancer therapies only marginally extend life, and at a high cost. (ajmc.com)

Of the 2 patients who discontinued treatment, 1 did so because of mild gastritis, and the other was elderly with had a history of cerebral infarction and suffered from intermittent pneumonia and diarrhea . (medscape.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs166

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Inhibitors15

Prostaglandin4

Enzyme4

Prostaglandins5

Inhibit6

INOS6

Inducible isoform1

Inflammation4

Nitric1

20022

19981

Selective3

Nonsteroidal1

NSAIDs1

Meloxicam1

NSAID1

Eicosanoids1

Inhibition2

Overexpression3

Rofecoxib1

Familial adenomato1

PGE22

Anti-inflammatory1

Isoforms1

Carcinogenesis1

Celecoxib3

Induce1

Mediators1

Tissue1

Samples1

Angiogenesis1

Drugs1

Induction1

Selectivity1

Study5

Vibration1

Subtypes1

Pathogenesis2

Data4

Vitro2

Potent1

Correlate1

Expression7

Surveillance1

Introduction1

Studies4

Colorectal3

Effects2

Production2

Methods1

Cancers3

Type 2 diabet1

Cancer1

Cerebral1