• CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. (rndsystems.com)
  • Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. (rndsystems.com)
  • In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
  • The 397 amino acid recombinant protein has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 44.7 kD. (biolegend.com)
  • BioLegend carrier-free recombinant proteins provided in liquid format are shipped on blue-ice. (biolegend.com)
  • Glycoconjugate synthesis, in particular expression of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, strongly inhibited growth of E. coli cells after induction, making it necessary to separate biomass growth and recombinant protein expression phases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presented data demonstrate that glycosylated proteins can be produced in recombinant E. coli at a larger scale. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Western blot of GST recombinant human full-length prion protein that was untreated (lanes 1 and 3) or phosphorylated with Cdk5/p25 (lanes 2 & 4). (ecmbio.com)
  • The antibody detects a human recombinant Prion protein after phosphorylation by Cdk5/p25 complex. (ecmbio.com)
  • Secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles and then progress through the Golgi complex before delivery to their final destination. (biologists.com)
  • The BMB2 protein associates with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, accumulates at plasmodesmata-associated membrane bodies and directs the BMB1 helicase to these structures. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In higher plants, the microsomal oleate Δ12 -desaturase (fatty acid desaturase 2, FAD2) is a hydrophobic endoplasmic reticulum protein, catalyzing the reaction from monounsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) to polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) by introducing a double bond between the 12th and 13th carbon atoms of C18:1 [1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
  • To enhance the osteogenic potential of stem cell sheet, we fabricated bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( BMP-2 ) gene-engineered cell sheet using a complex of polyethylenimine-alginate (PEI-al) nanocomposites plus human BMP-2 complementary(c)DNA plasmid, and studied its osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. (dovepress.com)
  • Soleus muscles from mice bearing a cachexia-inducing tumor (MAC16) showed an increased protein degradation in vitro , as measured by tyrosine release, when compared with muscles from nontumor-bearing animals. (aacrjournals.org)
  • 12. Charvalos E, Tsatsakis A, Tzatzarakis M, Dolapsakis G, Stiakakis I. New nystatin polymeric complexes and their in vitro antifungal evaluation in a model study with Fusarium oxysporum. (aristsatsakis.com)
  • A second group of methods, which includes DNA microarrays and proteomics, have advantages that overcome the limitations implicit in signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, namely, the ability to directly measure expression (gene or protein) levels on a true genome-wide scale, but their application to analysis of bacterial pathogens during real infections is still in its infancy. (cdc.gov)
  • It is caused by a point mutation (G→T) at nucleotide position 559 of the gene, bovine solute carrier family 35 member 3 (SLC35A3). (researchgate.net)
  • Gene sequences from normal and carrier animals were compared using the software, codon code Aligner 4.0.4. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition the complex is one of the most useful carrier material for new drug and gene delivery systems as well as for gene therapy. (scialert.net)
  • This result indicates that by choosing weight and type of DNA, containing various gene vectors, can be controlled the shape of the complex. (scialert.net)
  • These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
  • 14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
  • The cell-to-cell transport of many plant viruses through plasmodesmata requires viral movement proteins (MPs) encoded by a 'triple gene block' (TGB) and termed TGB1, TGB2 and TGB3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • [ 2 ] The gene encodes a phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate 5 phosphatase, localized to the trans-Golgi complex involved in actin polymerization. (medscape.com)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the precise coding sequence for a protein. (probe.org)
  • For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
  • In this Commentary, I review evidence in favor of the idea that partitioning of TMDs into bilayer domains that are endowed with distinct physico-chemical properties plays a pivotal role in the transport of membrane proteins within the early secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • The combination of such self-organizational phenomena with canonical intermolecular interactions is most likely to control the release of membrane proteins from the ER into the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • This process depends on the general physico-chemical features of the cargo membrane protein and on the interactions of these features with the collective properties of the bilayer, instead of the one-to-one intermolecular interactions that exist between discrete signals and their receptors. (biologists.com)
  • As a test-case, the membrane protein FepA is investigated in its full environment, yielding a more precise description of the protein surface. (nature.com)
  • Membrane proteins, such as those operating transport through the membrane in a controlled way, are prone to show interesting topological properties related to their function. (nature.com)
  • Our study uses classical algorithms such as space partitions and Dijkstra paths search 9 , applied in an original and novel way by taking into account the full representation of a membrane protein including the solvent and the lipid bilayer (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • The FepA membrane protein is surrounded by a lipid bilayer separating the extracellular medium and the periplasm. (nature.com)
  • Fas-activated DCs increase the expression of MHC II, B7 co-stimulatory molecules, and DC-lysosome-associated membrane proteins (DC-LAMP), and secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. (biolegend.com)
  • Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TGB3 is a small integral membrane protein that contains subcellular targeting signals and directs both TGB2 and the helicase domain-containing TGB1 protein to plasmodesmata-associated structures. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Domains of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein essential for its membrane association. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Small angle neutron scattering for the study of solubilised membrane proteins. (ibs.fr)
  • Change of dynamics of raft-model membrane induced by amyloid-beta protein binding. (ibs.fr)
  • The TIM23 and the TIM22 complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane are essential transport systems for proper insertion of inner membrane and matrix proteins in mitochondria. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The TIM22 complex is required for the import of polytopic inner membrane proteins which lack a presequence but have internal targeting signals. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
  • These diseases involve conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrPc) into a form that is insoluble and resistant to proteases (PrPSc). (ecmbio.com)
  • Prion Protein (Ser-43) antibody was generated from a phospho-peptide that included amino acids surrounding Serine 43 in human prion protein. (ecmbio.com)
  • This sequence has high homology to the conserved site in rat, mouse, and bovine prion protein. (ecmbio.com)
  • This antibody was affinity purified using phospho-Prion Protein (Ser-43) peptide (without carrier). (ecmbio.com)
  • Wnts bind to the cell surface Frizzled family receptors in conjunction with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family receptors (LRP5 or 6) resulting in the stabilization of intracellular beta -catenin levels (2). (novusbio.com)
  • By increasing the number of viral peptides per enzyme monomer, the average IC50 of hybrid proteins in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) have decreased to values close to that presented by natural virions. (uab.cat)
  • F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase is a large enzyme complex made up of over 22 subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The preferred route for protons in the intermembrane space to re-enter the matrix, in an attempt to flow down the gradient and re-establish equilibrium, is to enter through the ATP synthase enzyme complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Characterization of a pre-export enzyme-chaperone complex on the twin-arginine transport pathway. (ibs.fr)
  • The reduced enzyme activity results in increased enzyme substrate and abnormal actin-binding proteins important in neuronal morphogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • one was SDHB in complex II and a mitochondrial carrier protein SLC25A12. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese. (nature.com)
  • The difficulty in understanding and treating human pathologies caused by mitochondrial dysfunction arises from the complex relationships between mitochondria and other cellular processes, as well as the genetic background of such diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Together, these results expand our knowledge about the molecular interactions between mitochondrial translocase components during active protein import, as well as increase our repertoire of the TIM22 complex substrates. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Transport by partitioning is distinct from both bulk flow and receptor-mediated transport, because differently from bulk flow, cargo can be concentrated in transport carriers, yet the concentrating process does not depend on specific cargo receptors ( Fig. 1 and Box 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • Interferon‑alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFN‑ alpha / beta R1), also known as IFNAR1, is a 100‑130 kDa member of the class II cytokine receptor family of proteins. (rndsystems.com)
  • These proteins form heterodimeric receptor complexes that mediate class II cytokine signals. (rndsystems.com)
  • Subunits of the different receptor complexes are shared and serve multiple functions (1). (rndsystems.com)
  • The citric type, pin-pointed a available interface( complex), describes an Second subcellular transcription within a receptor path-finding. (evakoch.com)
  • FAS is a type I transmembrane protein and belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily. (biolegend.com)
  • Assessing the conformational changes of pb5, the receptor-binding protein of phage T5, upon binding to its Escherichia coli receptor FhuA. (ibs.fr)
  • Typically, heterodimerization with ErbB2 forms the high affinity receptor complex. (bio-techne.com)
  • This study was aimed to design stable and functional fusion proteins consisting of new protease-resistant GLP-1 mutants (mGLP1) genetically fused to DARPin as a critical step toward developing long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. (bvsalud.org)
  • The relative binding affinity of the engineered fusion proteins' complex with human serum albumin and the GLP-1 receptor individually was assessed using molecular docking analyses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Given the tight relation between protein structure and function, we present a set of methods to analyze protein topology, implemented in the VLDP program, relying on Laguerre space partitions built from series of molecular dynamics snapshots. (nature.com)
  • The form of this complex can be controlled by variations of DNA`s molecular weight and types. (scialert.net)
  • In this paper is demonstrated that one example of the biologically important and molecular self-assembling complex system is a collagen-DNA ordered aggregates spontaneously formed in aqueous solutions. (scialert.net)
  • According to molecular biology data, the assembly of the complex between collagen and DNA determines the stability of DNA against the nucleases and indicates a development of autoimmune reaction (Poverenny, 1968). (scialert.net)
  • Accordingly it is very important study the principles of organization of the molecular complex between collagen and DNA. (scialert.net)
  • Mrevlishvili and Svintradze (2005a, b) is demonstrated that one example of biological important and molecular self-assembly complex system is the collagen-DNA ordered aggregate which is spontaneously formed in aqueous solution. (scialert.net)
  • According to the molecular model (Mrevlishvili and Svintradze, 2005b) DNA containing well-arranged phosphate groups helps to make this complex and these groups and water layers play key roles during collagen-DNA ordered aggregation in aqueous solution. (scialert.net)
  • Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
  • The number of different molecular species in protein hydrolysates (observed with MS) can be high due to (1) the production of hydrolysates by chemical hydrolysis and/or enzymes with broad specificity, (2) the presence of partial modification sites, (3) the (original) presence of non-linear structure elements, and (4) the formation of multiple charge states and/or adduct types during analysis. (springer.com)
  • Molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the predicted structures of engineered fusion proteins remained stable throughout the simulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alignment of the amino acid sequence of aprotinin with the Kunitz domains of human proteins allowed the identification and design of a family of peptides, named Angiopeps. (aspetjournals.org)
  • a: oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, b: carrier protein with signal sequence for secretion to the periplasm, c: undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-linked polysaccharides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Trying to locate a sequence of say 1,000 letters, the code for a large protein, is a one in a million task. (probe.org)
  • Filopodia are finger-like projections supported by a cytoskeleton of bundled actin filaments ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused actin-binding domains of Arabidopsis fimbrin (ABD2-GFP) and mouse talin (TAL-GFP) inhibited the subcellular targeting of TGB3 and BMB2 to plasmodesmata-associated bodies, which resulted in TGB3 and BMB2 accumulation in the cytoplasm in association with aberrant ER structures. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Cancer cachexia is characterized by selective depletion of skeletal muscle protein reserves. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Compared with intact protein, the ingestion of protein hydrolysate accelerates protein digestion and absorption in the gut, increases amino acid availability after passage through the stomach, and tends to increase the incorporation rate of dietary amino acids into skeletal muscle protein [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • In addition, a multidimensional antigenic analysis have grouped together the multiple-inserted proteins with the native virus, suggesting that increasing the number of insertions could be a good strategy to reproduce the antigenic properties of an immunoreactive peptide in a natural multimeric disposition. (uab.cat)
  • Feliu, JX, Carbonell, X & Villaverde, A 2000, ' Successful mimicry of a complex viral antigen by multiple peptide insertions in a carrier protein ', FEBS Letters , vol. 474, pp. 87-92. (uab.cat)
  • It is also rec- important target organ in the safety assessment of drugs and ognized that different types of immune-mediated responses can be triggered by different classes of compounds and that some immune chemicals, as well as protein- or peptide-based products. (cdc.gov)
  • Collagen extraction from tissues such as bone or skin is usually performed under acidic or alkaline conditions and/or heating, which will result in protein denaturation and in non-specific cleavage of peptide bonds. (springer.com)
  • The present study suggests that engineered fusion proteins can be used as a potential molecule in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and this study provides insight into further experimental use of mimetic complexes as alternative molecules to be evaluated as new bio-breaks in the engineering of biological circuits in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cobalamin-intrinsic factor complexes are absorbed through specific receptors in the ileum. (vin.com)
  • Additionally, both complexes recognise different targeting signals on a precursor protein. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Through our cross-linking analysis, we mapped the interaction between subunits of the TIM23 complex in its unoccupied state and its translocation intermediate TOM-TIM23 supercomplex state. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Together, these suggest the dynamic nature of interactions within the subunits of the PAM complex, as well as between TOM and TIM23 subunits, during the process of translocation of a protein into mitochondria. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The host-pathogen interactions that define a disease are clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal model. (cdc.gov)
  • Exploration of the supramolecular interactions involving tris-dipicolinate lanthanide complexes in protein crystals by a combined biostructural, computational and NMR study. (ibs.fr)
  • The platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex mediates platelet-to-platelet interactions (platelet aggregation). (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere. (rndsystems.com)
  • Alzheimer's possesses complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. (benthamscience.com)
  • RNA enzymes may observe from also translocated proteins, they may phosphorylate suggested in proteins with delayed strategies, or they may outline known in membranes of factor factors. (evakoch.com)
  • The mature protein is a glycosylated protein that associates with cell membranes. (ecmbio.com)
  • The complexed form has more constricted and more centered openings in the upper part whereas, in the lower part, constriction is released: two main channels between the plug and barrel lead directly to the periplasm. (nature.com)
  • DNA binds to collagen directly to form DNA-collagen complex. (scialert.net)
  • It is a complex and dynamic process to form a continuous construct via the cells' adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition on a scaffold. (dovepress.com)
  • Two different periplasmic carrier proteins, AcrA from C. jejuni and a toxoid form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin were glycosylated with Shigella O antigens in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • For subjects suffering from reduced absorptive capacity, it can be an option to consume protein in hydrolyzed form to facilitate the uptake of essential amino acids [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Combining small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering for studying protein denaturation. (ibs.fr)
  • The aim of this study was to detect carriers of CVM in Holstein population using Polymerase Chain Reaction- Primer-introduced restriction analysis and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-PIRA and RFLP) methods. (researchgate.net)
  • Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein functions as a structural microtubule-associated protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Combining NMR and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering in the structural analysis of a ternary protein-RNA complex. (ibs.fr)
  • However, the lack of structural information of the TIM23 complex prevents us from completely deciphering the exact mechanism for the import of a presequence-containing substrate. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • In complexes, the other enzymes affect cleaved CBF1( or RBPJkappa), while in channels they are required Lag-1, immediately that the m ' CSL ' demonstrates separated been to this produced feature experience breast. (evakoch.com)
  • However, cobalamin immediately binds to R-protein. (vin.com)
  • Such extraordinary complex induces distraction hydration shell of collagen triple helix, stabilization hydration shell of ds-DNA, stability of DNA against the nucleases and this complex between collagen and DNA determines unusual properties of collagen fibers. (scialert.net)
  • Our comparison testing data indicates that when handled and stored as recommended, the liquid format has equal or better stability and shelf-life compared to commercially available lyophilized proteins after reconstitution. (biolegend.com)
  • The stability and solubility of the engineered fusion proteins were analyzed, and their secondary and tertiary structures were predicted and satisfactorily validated. (bvsalud.org)
  • and the assembly and metabolite-dependent regulation of respiratory complexes. (nature.com)
  • These results suggest that EPA induces an attenuation of the up-regulation of proteasome expression in cachectic mice, and this was correlated with an increase in myosin expression, confirming retention of contractile proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Thus EPA antagonizes loss of skeletal muscle proteins in cancer cachexia by down-regulation of proteasome expression, and this may also be the mechanism for inhibition of tumor growth. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Ligands preferentially associate with IFN‑ alpha / beta R2, and this complex subsequently forms a stable ternary assembly with IFN‑ alpha / beta R1 (5‑7). (rndsystems.com)
  • This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases. (biologists.com)
  • Treatment of mice bearing the MAC16 tumor with the polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), attenuated loss of body weight and significantly suppressed protein catabolism in soleus muscles through an inhibition of an ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The CusB protein is part of the CusCBA periplasmic Cu(I) efflux system in Gram-negative bacteria, and it was recently reported to play a key role in the functioning of the whole CusCBA system, in which conformational changes as well as the assembly/disassembly process control the opening of the transporter. (biorxiv.org)
  • To further test the osteogenic potential of the cell sheet in vivo, enhanced green fluorescent protein or BMP-2-producing cell sheets were treated on the cranial bone defects. (dovepress.com)
  • The living cell exists as a result of processes that generate complex, multi-component, functional structures by self-assembly. (scialert.net)
  • Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies. (benthamscience.com)
  • Dietary cobalamin is bound to dietary protein. (vin.com)
  • The coat on the budding vesicle comprises two layers, an inner layer of adaptor proteins (gray ovals) and an outer layer that forms a polyhedral cage. (biologists.com)
  • The end product of protein digestion is a complex mixture of primarily dipeptides and tripeptides, along with individual amino acids [ 14 ]. (springer.com)
  • Usually DNA remains as a giant molecule packed in the cells nucleus and is composed of proteins in the chromatin fibers. (scialert.net)
  • Growth cone behaviors change in a region-specific manner as axons extend to their targets ( Mason and Erskine, 2000 ), suggesting that guidance cues regulate growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
  • HSPs, which ameliorate oxidative stress, calpains, which help in regulating synaptic plasticity, and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) with its neuroprotective role are few promising future targets for developing anti-AD therapies. (benthamscience.com)
  • The last few decades were concentrated over identifying and studying protein targets of AD. (benthamscience.com)
  • Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. (benthamscience.com)
  • The partial replacement of semolina with high-protein raw materials leads to the improvement of the biological value of pasta proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • Cancer patients with cachexia show a specific depletion of their skeletal muscle mass, whereas the visceral protein compartment remains unchanged (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • The cell recognizes the shape of DNA-collagen complex, and effectively takes up complexes of certain shapes. (scialert.net)
  • Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) take many shapes, have many effects and are necessary for cellular homeostasis. (biologists.com)
  • The model suggests that DNA, containing well-arranged phosphate groups, helps the collagen to make ordered aggregates-extraordinary twisted fiber complex. (scialert.net)
  • It was found that the composition of the collagen hydrolysates prior to and after ingestion was highly complex and dynamic, which made it challenging to predefine a strategy for a targeted analysis. (springer.com)
  • After having defined and performed a limited targeted analysis, it was found that, in our experimental setup, Hyp-Gly and especially Pro-Hyp contributed significantly as carrier to the total Hyp increase in blood after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate. (springer.com)
  • Collagen is another frequently used protein source for hydrolysates. (springer.com)
  • In this study, we designed and generated new proteins for formation of the TOM-TIM23 supercomplex in organello and in vivo. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Both Anna and Malin will mainly concentrate on the study of the physical chemistry of proteins. (lu.se)