2000 phases of the cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
Cytophotometry was us:ed to find mitotic index - at 1, 6 and l0 hr and.cycle and.phase durations. (erowid.org)
Cohesion between sister chromatids is essential for proper chromosome disjunction and homologous recombination in the mitotic cycle and in meiosis ( Nasmyth, 2001 ). (rupress.org)
In the mitotic cycle of yeast, cohesins bind to chromatin before S phase, whereas cohesion is established during S phase ( Uhlmann and Nasmyth, 1998 ). (rupress.org)
Moreover, TSPAN12 accelerated mitotic progression by controlling cell cycle. (molcells.org)
Fisher, D. L. & Nurse, P. A single fission yeast mitotic cyclin B p34 cdc2 kinase promotes both S-phase and mitosis in the absence of G1 cyclins. (nature.com)
Donaldson, A. D. The yeast mitotic cyclin Clb2 cannot substitute for S phase cyclins in replication origin firing. (nature.com)

Since cyclotherapy was first introduced like a encouraging concept in the year 2000 numerous publications have offered evidence assisting its potential (Table TSC2 1). (immune-source.com)

While several studies addressed how cell motility parameters change throughout the cell cycle, the relationship between invadopodia and cell cycle progression has not been elucidated. (biorxiv.org)
Cell cycle progression is faster in cells in which invadopodia are abolished (by Tks5 knockdown), evidenced by earlier induction of cyclins A and B. A close look at the regulators of G1 revealed that the overexpression of p27 kip1 , but not p21 cip1 , causes faster turnover of invadopodia and increased ECM degradation. (biorxiv.org)
Taken together, these findings suggest that invadopodia function is tightly linked to cell cycle progression and is controlled by specific cell cycle regulators. (biorxiv.org)
Cell cycle progression is governed by a complex network of cyclin-dependent kinases that define not only the phase of the cell cycle, but also the timing of transitions between phases 13 . (biorxiv.org)
Interestingly, a large fraction of the genome, more than six thousand genes, exhibits changes in expression that correlates with the progression of the hair growth cycle, thus underscoring the complexity of this process [ 4 , 5 ]. (aging-us.com)
PD-1 blocks cell cycle progression in the G 1 phase. (shu.edu)
Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
Accumulation of p27 in the nucleus, therefore, blocks cell cycle progression of T-lymphocytes that are being induced to act against cancer antigens. (shu.edu)
Orderly progression through the cell cycle involves passage through sequential checkpoints. (shu.edu)
It was found that the C . crescentus genome encodes for more two-component signal transduction proteins that assist in cell cycle progression than any other bacterial genome sequenced so far. (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter also uses DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism in cell cycle progression. (kenyon.edu)
Several two-component signal transduction proteins are involved in the cell cycle progression by accumulating at one or both poles "in a spatial and temporal pattern that is reproduced during each cycle" (Jacobs-Wagner 2003). (kenyon.edu)

S-phase: During cell replication when DNA is replicated, and is initiated by the S-phase-promoting factor(SPF) cyclin complexes. (wikipedia.org)
The DNA replication takes place, due to the increase in SPF during the switching from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
SPF is also used to inhibit double replication of chromosomes in the cell cycle, which is important for not allowing a duplication of our genome to occur. (wikipedia.org)
The presence of cyclin-CDK is crucial for the replication of DNA to occur in the S-phase. (wikipedia.org)
Having high concentration of cyclin A within the cell cycle causes mitosis to occur, which directly affects DNA replication by being inhibited. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the type of cyclins and their concentrations have a direct effect on the activity of SPF when in S-phase, which has an effect on DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
The table conveys different eukaryotes, and Cyclin-CDK complexes needed for the species to initiate DNA replication, which occurs in the S-phases. (wikipedia.org)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
We found that ATP potentiated the ability of FGF2 to stimulate expression of cyclin D1, a regulator of cell cycle entry, as well as cyclin A, a regulator of DNA replication. (sagepub.com)
These findings suggest that signaling by P2Y receptors, most likely of the purine/pyrimidine subtype, enhance the ability of FGF2 to stimulate entry into a new cell cycle, as well as DNA replication, by an ERK-dependent mechanism, whereas signaling by P2X receptors, possibly the P2X7 subtype, inhibits FGF2-induced mitogenesis in astrocytes. (sagepub.com)
however, chromosome replication begins immediately in the daughter cell with the stalk and when the swarmer loses its tail (Stanford). (kenyon.edu)
Throughout the cell cycle, the chromosome progressively goes from being fully methylated to hemimethylated during DNA replication - this results in differential binding of regulatory proteins to activate or repress transcription. (kenyon.edu)
We found that Dusp4 loss alone is insufficient in mediating tumorigenesis, but alternatively converges with loss in Trp53 and MYC amplification to induce tumorigenesis primarily through chromosome 5 amplification, which specifically upregulates Dbf4 , a cell cycle gene that promotes cellular replication by mediating cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
This study identifies a novel mechanism for breast tumorigenesis implicating Dusp4 loss and p53 mutations in cellular acquisition of Dbf4 upregulation as a driver of cellular replication and cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, replication stress in Brca2-null cells activates p53 and the expression of its target genes, including senescence-inducing Ink4/Arf. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the previously reported role of DUSP4 as a p53 target, a potential cell cycle checkpoint, and in mediating senescence downstream of replication stress, we hypothesized that DUSP4 may be a critical oncogenic driver in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
This agent disrupts folate-dependent metabolic processes essential for cell replication. (medscape.com)

Without Hes genes such as Hes1 , however, progenitor cells prematurely differentiate into certain types of neurons only, and are depleted before they have proliferated sufficiently and generated all neuronal and glial cell types. (biologists.com)
2000). We of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in models of have recently reported that this vector directs transgene expression to Parkinson's disease (Georgievska et al. (lu.se)

Embryogenesis involves orchestrated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. (biologists.com)
Embryogenesis depends on the timely proliferation of progenitor cells and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types. (biologists.com)
Regulation of the timing of cell differentiation and cell fate choice are key issues for making organs of the right size, shape and cell composition. (biologists.com)
In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
For example, in the developing nervous system of mouse embryos,progenitor cells proliferate and sequentially give rise to different types of cells by changing their differentiation competency. (biologists.com)
In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)
This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. (cancerindex.org)
This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
Conclusions: This study showed that an osteoblastic cell lineage may be obtained from human bone marrow derived from adherent cells, and that the presence of the rhBMP-4 seems to have an effect during the first stages of differentiation only. (bvsalud.org)

Therefore, everything that happens during mitosis is irreversible, which is why there are many steps within the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Stern, B. & Nurse, P. A quantitative model for the cdc2 control of S phase and mitosis in fission yeast. (nature.com)
regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)

To determine whether the potentiating effect of extracellular ATP involves cell cycle control mechanisms, we have measured the expression of cyclins that are induced in different phases of the cell cycle in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. (sagepub.com)
Emodin's anticancer effects are mediated through several mechanisms, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. (bvsalud.org)
Caulobacter crescentus is a single-celled, small bacterium that divides asymmetrically producing cells that differ in structure and function - it is an ideal model system for the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and has been studied thoroughly. (kenyon.edu)
In order to analyze the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms and other mechanisms of Caulobacter , many mutant strains have been made and studied. (kenyon.edu)
Germ cells - from which egg cells and sperm cells develop - are particularly vulnerable as they contain sensitive quality control mechanisms that kill any cell that contain damaged DNA. (elifesciences.org)
Multi-drug delivery using a combination of drugs that have different mechanisms of action has shown synergistic effects and NF?B inhibition on cancer cells, though simultaneous delivery of more than one drug formulation for cancer treatment has not been studied deeply. (japsonline.com)
With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)

Beginning after completion of hair morphogenesis (postnatal day 14 in the mouse), hair growth cycles commence with catagen, an involution process of the hair follicle during which the majority of its epithelial compartments undergo apoptosis [ 1 ]. (aging-us.com)
After treatment with β-iminophosphonate (E,Z)(3-Methyl-2-(pyridin2-ylimino)butyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (4e) proliferation/viability of cancer cells was strongly inhibited and in 65.61% of the cells signs of early apoptosis were observed. (japsonline.com)
We found that the expressed TRα1 inhibited ATC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
Numerous harmful factors that affect the human body from birth to old age cause many disturbances, e.g., in the structure of the genome, inducing cell apoptosis and their degeneration, which leads to the development of many diseases, including cancer. (mdpi.com)
Ranpirnase therapy results in protein synthesis inhibition, cell cycle proliferation cessation, and apoptosis induction. (medscape.com)

This controls the rate of production of cyclin, and regulates cyclin levels and controls the S-phase-promoting factor. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we investigated how TSPAN12 regulates OC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and found that it contributed to tumor proliferation and poor prognosis in this disease through cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathways. (molcells.org)

Invadopodia are cancer cell protrusions rich in structural proteins (e.g. (biorxiv.org)
However, this activation was kept in check both by specific proteins that were called "negative regulators" and by a series fo cells in teh immune system called 'regulatory cells' (including regulatory T cells or Tregs, myeloid derived suppressor cells or MDSCs, and possibly regulatory dendritic cells). (modianolab.org)
We pursued the concept of intrinsic negative regulation and showed that proteins such as NFATc2, Tob-1, and TGF-beta are important intrinsic negative regulators of T cell activation. (modianolab.org)
HLA- em DRB1 /em genotypes, high disease activity, high disability scores, and high levels of acute phase proteins [2]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The Clb5-specific targets include several proteins (Sld2, Cdc6, Orc6, Mcm3 and Cdh1) involved in early S-phase events. (nature.com)
These vectors have a number of appealing features including the expression by using the machinery of the host cell instead of depending abilities to ef®ciently transduce cells in the central nervous system, on recombinant regulatory proteins. (lu.se)
However, the proteins needed for transcriptional control have been reported to be immunogenic and there is often a substantial leakage in the systems (Clackson, 2000). (lu.se)
Objective: This study evaluated the osteogenic induction of human bone marrow cells by human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-4 (rhBMP-4) and proteins released by Saos-2 (human osteosarcoma cell line). (bvsalud.org)
Cells derived from bone marrow can undergo osteoinduction in vitro in the absence of osteoinductive factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. (bvsalud.org)

In the zebrafish, rprma mRNA is expressed in the olfactory placodes (OP) and olfactory epithelium (OE), rprmb is observed in the tectum opticum (TeO) and trigeminal ganglion (Tg), whereas rprml is found primarily in the telencephalon (Tel). At protein level, RPRM is present in a subset of cells in the OP, and neurons in the OE, TeO, hindbrain and sensory peripheral structures. (frontiersin.org)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
Cells have a protein on their surface called PD-1 (in orange above). (shu.edu)
Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
In the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a Wnt ligand binds to a cell surface receptor complex consisting of the members of Frizzled family and the transmembrane protein LRP 5 and 6 to prevent phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin by the GSK3β/APC/Axin destruction complex. (oncotarget.com)
This was studied by using the CtrA gene, which encodes for an important cell cycle regulatory protein. (kenyon.edu)
The protein then switches to an active form when DNA damage is detected to trigger the process of cell self-destruction. (elifesciences.org)
Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
In animals receiving excitotoxic lesions of the striatum we detected an eightfold increase of green ¯uorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells. (lu.se)
Efforts have therefore, designed a study to compare the expression of green ¯uor- been made to develop systems based on different drugs or hormones escent protein (GFP) and GDNF under the control of the hGFAP including tetracycline, rapamycine and progestrone (Clackson, 2000). (lu.se)

J Cell Biol (2003) 160 (5): 657-670. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (2003) 163 (4): 729-741. (silverchair.com)
Nature Cell Biol. (nature.com)
Mol Cell Biol. (proteopedia.org)

Control of S-phase-promoting factor: The S-phase-promoting factor is controlled by regulating cyclins levels, and by inhibitors seen in the other phases, such as G1. (wikipedia.org)
In recent years, cell cycle regulators have been shown to exhibit roles in both tumor suppression and tumor promotion, particularly cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) p27 kip1 and p21 cip1 14 . (biorxiv.org)
[ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)

A guide for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. (medscape.com)
Endosonographic features predictive of benign and malignant gastrointestinal stromal cell tumours. (medscape.com)
Phase II trial of neoadjuvant/adjuvant imatinib mesylate (IM) for advanced primary and metastatic/recurrent operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): early results of RTOG 0132/ACRIN 6665. (medscape.com)

The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)
Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)

In fact, our work showed that the machinery that controls proliferation in lymphocytes was similar to that present in other cells (remarkably, this is similar to the machinery that controls cell division in all eukaryotic organisms, including yeast! (modianolab.org)
In budding yeast, individual chromosomes from vegetative cells cannot be visualized by microscopy. (silverchair.com)
Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
Back in 2003, longevity scientists became excited when the natural, plant-derived compound resveratrol was found to extend the life span of yeast cells by as much as 70% . (lifeextension.com)
1 What got scientists so interested was that the gene expression changes induced by resveratrol in yeast cells were similar to those thought to confer longer life in human beings. (lifeextension.com)

In our recent study we found that circadian clock genes play a role in regulation of the hair growth cycle during synchronized hair follicle cycling, uncovering an unexpected connection between these two timing systems within skin. (aging-us.com)
Cyclin A2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, CDK2, and CDK4) were significantly involved in the regulation of cell cycle downstream of TSPAN12. (molcells.org)

The phosphorylation of pRB, and relief of transcriptional repression by pRB induces genes involved in the induction of S-phase entry. (shu.edu)

Cyclins: There are a variety of cyclins that can be found, and vary based on the type of eukaryotic cell. (wikipedia.org)

Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)

Various GABAergic neuron types of the amygdala cooperate to control principal cell firing during fear-related and other behaviors, and understanding their specialized roles is important. (jneurosci.org)
Neuron 25 , 515-532 (2000). (lu.se)

Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of p220(NPAT) by cyclin E/Cdk2 in Cajal bodies promotes histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)

The conventional wisdom then, and until a few years ago was that, because T cells are highly specific (they only recognize one antigen among the millions possible), they would remain quiescent until they saw their precise antigen and would be driven through the cell cycle by pathways that regulate the cell cycle machinery. (modianolab.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Here we discuss the ATAD5-luciferase assay and expand upon the value of HTS in identifying other potential cancer drugs, focusing on cell-based assays that involve DNA damage or repair pathways. (oncotarget.com)
To date, three Wnt signaling pathways have been characterized including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway (Wnt/PCP) and the Wnt/Ca 2+ pathway [ 7 , 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)

In human lymphocytes inhibition of IMPDH results in altered cellular proliferation with arrest in the S-phase of the cell cycle. (edu.sy)
In mammals, up to 10 diverse p63 isoforms exist with the longest one, TAp63α, being highly expressed in primary oocytes that are arrested in prophase of meiosis I. After homologous recombination, oocytes are kept in this dictyate arrest phase until they are recruited for ovulation, a period that can take decades in humans. (elifesciences.org)
Cyclotherapy strategies purpose at improving the therapeutic windows of standard chemotherapy by protecting healthy cells.1-3 For instance if transient cell cycle arrest ARRY334543 (Varlitinib) in G1 or G2 was induced in normal tissues only their level of sensitivity to S- and M-phase poisons would be decreased while leaving the tumor vulnerable to the treatment. (immune-source.com)
The 1st studies used low doses (LD) of DNA damaging providers to induce p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. (immune-source.com)

The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
In particular,the Hes bHLH repressor genes play an essential role in the development of many organs by maintaining progenitor cells and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)

Cell-cycle events are controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose periodic activation is driven by cyclins. (nature.com)

But as the mouse ages, the hair growth cycles become progressively less synchronized [ 3 ]. (aging-us.com)
Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)

In these processes, Hes genes function as effectors of Notch signaling, which coordinates cellular events via cell-cell interactions. (biologists.com)
One of the surprises that came from this study was the finding that genes regulated by the core circadian clock mechanism showed expression changes that correlated with the hair growth cycle, with highest expression during the telogen-anagen transition. (aging-us.com)
While these genes show a clear circadian pattern of expression in skin, as was previously demonstrated [ 9 - 11 ], their amplitude was higher during telogen and early anagen (Figure 1 ), indicating that in skin, the expression of clock controlled genes is dependent both on circadian mechanism and the hair growth cycle. (aging-us.com)
Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
Although several genes have been identified in D. rerio that contribute to the development of both early larval and adult pigment patterns, comparatively little is known about genes that are essential for pattern formation during just one or the other life cycle phase. (bath.ac.uk)
We show that rose corresponds to endothelin receptor hi (ednrb1), an orthologue of amniote Ednrb genes that have long been studied for their roles in neural crest and pigment cell development. (bath.ac.uk)
DUSP4 alterations lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling in many cancers, including breast cancer, which often harbor mutations in cell cycle checkpoint genes, particularly in TP53. (biomedcentral.com)
This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)

In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
Injected lentiviral vector preferentially transduced splenic dendritic cells and resulted in long-term expression. (jci.org)

15 ) suggested that the pVir plasmid is important in vitro for both adherence and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells in culture. (cdc.gov)
Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we generated mammary-specific Dusp4 -deleted primary epithelial cells to investigate the necessary conditions in which DUSP4 loss may drive breast cancer oncogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

T cells share structural features of the T cell antigen receptor. (modianolab.org)

In embryonic stem cells, SMAD2/3-TIF1γ recognizes specific chromatin marks, promoting access of SMAD2/3-SMAD4 to otherwise repressed targets. (shu.edu)
Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)

PD-1 inhibition (Figure 1) has quickly become a front-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma . (shu.edu)

Among GABAergic neurons, the so-called intercalated cells (ITCcs) are critically involved in the expression and extinction of fear memory. (jneurosci.org)
We propose that, during salient sensory stimulation, L-ITCcs disinhibit local and distant principal neurons, acting as "hub cells," to orchestrate the activity of a distributed network. (jneurosci.org)
The highest density of GABAergic neurons is present in the so-called intercalated cell (ITCc) masses, which surround the deep amygdaloid nuclei ( Millhouse, 1986 ). (jneurosci.org)
An important basis for representing the spatiotemporal components of memory traces is the location-selective discharge of hippocampal neurons ("place cells") as rodents navigate through an environment ( O'Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971 ). (jneurosci.org)

When PD-1 binds to PD-L1 (yellow) on another cell, the T cell becomes deactivated. (shu.edu)

Prolonged use of anticancer drug like Paclitaxel increases the level of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF?B) which increases drug resistance in cancer cells. (japsonline.com)

cylindrical 18650, 26650 sizes, a large range pouch style cell sizes, similar to lithium polymer and also as hard case large capacity cells. (honcell.com)
Available in 18650 and 26650 cylindrical cell sizes and also rectanglular hard case and soft case (similar to Lithium Polymer). (honcell.com)
The cylindrical body of a stalk cell is approximately 0.7 micrometers in diameter and 2-3 micrometers in length. (kenyon.edu)

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis require cancer cells to be both proliferative and invasive, i.e. migrate through the tissue and assemble invadopodia. (biorxiv.org)
The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)

Combining two or more chemotherapeutic drugs with a different mechanism of action on cancer cells is more effective than mono-drug therapy. (japsonline.com)

1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)

This dynamic oscillatory behavior is regulated by the activity of ECM receptor integrin β1, which determines the length of time a cell spends in each state. (biorxiv.org)

LiFePO 4 has the characteristics of safe, high energy density, stable discharge platform, long life time over 2000 cycle times and environment friendly. (honcell.com)
From charge/discharge cycle test, it is demonstrated that the Mg-Fe-O shows higher discharge capacity than the other and then has good cycle performance while keeping a discharge capacity over 100 mA h g -1 . (nature.com)
This structural feature might result in a stable charge/discharge cycle performance of the Mg-rich Mg-Fe-O. (nature.com)

In order to systematically discover transcriptional activity associated with the hair growth cycle, we profiled mRNA expression at a genome-wide level over multiple time points corresponding to morphogenesis and two synchronized hair growth cycles. (aging-us.com)

Hair follicles undergo continuous cycles of growth, involution and rest. (aging-us.com)

Metastasis is a complex, multi-step process that is initiated when cancer cells in the primary tumor acquire invasive properties, including motility and the ability to breakdown the extracellular matrix (ECM) 1 , and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related mortalities 2 . (biorxiv.org)
Deregulated cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer 12 . (biorxiv.org)
Most cancer cells have PD-L1 on their surface and escape being killed by turning off the T cell in this way. (shu.edu)
PD-1 expression by cancer cells blocks the proliferation of T-cells. (shu.edu)
The antiproliferative effect of compounds was determined by WST-1 test, and nuclear morphology changes in cancer cells stained with Giemsa were evaluated. (japsonline.com)
Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by unusual cell growth. (healthline.com)
A person who is in remission may have few to no signs of cancer cells in their body. (healthline.com)
A partial remission, which means the cancer has shrunk, but the cancer cells are still detectable. (healthline.com)
Even after a complete remission, cancer cells can remain in the body. (healthline.com)
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer cells. (healthline.com)
However, cancer cells are a part of us and aren't seen by our bodies as invaders. (healthline.com)
In this treatment , BCG is supplied directly to the bladder by a catheter that stimulates immune cells to attack bladder cancer cells. (healthline.com)
Cancer cells usually have molecules on their surface that aren't on healthy cells. (healthline.com)
A vaccine containing these molecules may help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells. (healthline.com)
Immune cells are removed from the body and sent to a laboratory, where they're modified to recognize prostate cancer cells. (healthline.com)
They're then injected back into the body, where they help the immune system find and destroy cancer cells. (healthline.com)
One example of such an assay is the ATAD5-luciferase HTS assay, which identified three antioxidants that could kill cancer cells without inducing mutagenesis. (oncotarget.com)
Cancer cells obtain a growth advantage through uncontrolled cell proliferation ( Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011 ), which may be caused by mutations that help them adapt to the microenvironment through selective pressure. (molcells.org)
The irradiation and chemotherapy drugs that are used to destroy cancer cells also damage healthy cells. (elifesciences.org)
Pharmacological activation of wild-type p53 has been found to protect normal cells in culture from cytotoxicity and nuclear aberrations caused by standard cancer therapeutics. (immune-source.com)
The present study focuses on the development of polylactide-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (NPs) and incorporating them with Paclitaxel/Curcumin anti-cancer drugs by single emulsion solvent evaporation method and test their synergistic effect on cancer cells. (japsonline.com)
Ideal targets should be both specific to cancer cells and commonly found in cancer cells. (medscape.com)
The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)

Although the Cycling Dof Factors (CDFs) play crucial roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress responses, how CDF TFs mediate the regulatory network of cold stress response remains largely unexplored in radish. (bvsalud.org)
Osteoblasts were obtained from human bone marrow cells even in the absence of growth factors and showed a typical morphology. (bvsalud.org)

It has been shown in vitro and in vivo to target tumor cells while sparing normal cells. (medscape.com)

Meiotic cohesin REC8 appeared shortly before premeiotic S phase in the nucleus and formed AE-like structures (REC8-AEs) from premeiotic S phase on. (rupress.org)

Phosphorylation of Clb5-specific targets during S phase was reduced by replacing Clb5 with Clb2 or by mutating the substrate RXL motif, confirming the importance of Clb5 specificity in vivo . (nature.com)
We find that together with loss-of-function mutations in p53 and, to some degree, potentiated by cMyc overexpression, Dusp4 deletion aids in cell cycle checkpoint escape while simultaneously potentiating hallmarks of replicative stress, including multinucleation and Chk1 phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)

The intermittent exposure that had a shorter noise duty cycle induced a less permanent threshold shift (PTS) than those that had a longer noise duty cycle (or less rest periods). (cdc.gov)
While intermittent noise that had a short noise duty cycle did not cause hair cell loss by itself, the combined exposure to noise and CO (1200 ppm) caused remarkable OHC loss in the basal turn. (cdc.gov)

The beta band component, also labeled theta's harmonic, involves selective hippocampal CA1 cell groups showing frequency doubling of firing periodicity relative to theta rhythmicity and it partitions the theta cycle into segments showing clear versus poor spike timing organization. (jneurosci.org)

The mathematical model is a set of six coupled differential equations governing the time evolution of both the tumour cell population (cells of Glasgow osteosarcoma, a mouse tumour) and the mature jejunal enterocyte population, to be shielded from unwanted side effects during a treatment by oxaliplatin. (numdam.org)
As human osteosarcoma cells are a source of additional growth they did not affect osteoinduction. (bvsalud.org)

Treatment selection takes into account patient age, fitness, and whether autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is planned. (medscape.com)
During treatment with decitabine, the patient used hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, depending on the levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, micafungin 100 mg once daily, risk stratification. (bvsalud.org)
Stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into various phenotypes and are a source of osteogenic Cells 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)

After the addition of anti-Tg antibodies labeled with ruthenium complex and streptavidin-coated microparticles, the immunocomplex produced becomes bound to the solid phase via interaction of biotin and streptavidin. (cdc.gov)

The GOG 252 authors concluded that the toxicity and patient-reported outcomes support selection of the regimen consisting of IV carboplatin AUC 6 day 1, dose-dense paclitaxel 80 mg/m 2 IV once weekly, and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg IV day 1 given in 3-week cycles. (medscape.com)

The serum externa, and some follicles showing an level of CA125, the marker for ovarian attenuated layer of cells. (who.int)

Anatomy25

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes82

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Mitotic7

Year 20001

Progression12

Replication20

Glial2

Differentiation9

Mitosis3

Mechanisms7

Apoptosis5

Regulates2

Proteins9

Protein10

Biol4

Inhibitors4

Stromal3

Molecular3

Yeast5

Regulation2

Induces1

Eukaryotic cell1

Tumorigenesis1

Neuron2

Histone2

Pathways4

Arrest4

Progenitor cells2

Cyclins1

Progressively2

Genes8

Dendritic cells2

Epithelial cells2

Antigen receptor1

Embryonic2

Inhibition1

Neurons4

Binds1

Transcription1

Cylindrical3

Tumor cell2

Mechanism1

19981

Receptor1

Discharge3

Genome1

Undergo1

Cancer24

Factors2

Vitro1

Nucleus1

Phosphorylation2

Exposure2

Involves1

Osteosarcoma2

Stem4

Antibodies1

Paclitaxel1

Ovarian1