2 isoforms. Medical search. Frequent questions

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation was unaffected by the blockers. (ku.dk)
Each isoform-specific antibody recognizes endogenous levels of the specified Akt isoform independent of its phosphorylation state. (cellsignal.com)
Here we report a new level of regulation wherein LCFA-CoA esters per se allosterically activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β1-containing isoforms to increase fatty acid oxidation through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (mcmaster.ca)
Association of PKC beta 2 isoform with retinoblastoma protein was discovered in retinal endothelial cells , and PKC beta 2 isoform increased retinoblastoma phosphorylation under basal and VEGF -stimulated conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Transcript levels of SREBP1c, the most abundant isoform in adipose tissue, were significantly decreased in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese normoglycemic and type 2 diabetic subjects compared with that of nonobese normoglycemic control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
In other words, the identification of true orthology relationships between gene products now should progress beyond primary sequence and "splicing orthology", consisting in ancestrally shared exon-intron structures, is required to define orthologous isoforms at transcript level. (biomedcentral.com)
A typical human gene, then, produces multiple transcript isoforms (ten per gene, on average), that can differ both in their coding and untranslated regions. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that an incomplete annotation catalog can have a detrimental effect on the ability to detect differential transcript usage in transcriptomes with few isoforms per gene and that isoform-level prefiltering can considerably improve false discovery rate control. (biomedcentral.com)
differential transcript (or isoform ) usage (DTU). (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, DTU considers changes in the proportions of the isoforms of a gene that are expressed as opposed to changes of the individual transcript levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Our group develops computational methods to infer binding sites for various regulators across the transcriptome and to link these interactions to specific functional outcomes, such as isoform selection and transcript degradation. (unibas.ch)

The 3 isoforms encoded by these genes are not identical, but appear to be functionally equivalent. (wikipedia.org)

Isoform-selective regulation of mammalian cryptochromes. (imsc.res.in)
These results demonstrate that the regulation of Na,K-ATPase α1 and β1 isoform expression is mediated by a combination of transcriptional and translational events during the development of polarity in both cell lines. (wustl.edu)
We provide a new mechanism for the regulation of heart development by PITX2 isoforms through the regulation of ANF and PLOD1 gene expression and Nkx2.5 transcriptional activity. (lu.se)

Inclusion of exon 23a is found in most human tissues but predominately skipped in neurons of the central nervous system 3 , and variation of the isoform 1/2 splicing ratio leads to disturbed neuronal differentiation 11 . (nature.com)
The promoters are usually tissue specific, so different tissues express different isoforms. (aao.org)
Differences in the relative expression of these isoforms between tissues and species occur naturally between cell types and allow cells to adapt to the environment, but aberrations from this normal splicing pattern can have detrimental consequences for the organism [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In skeletal muscle, SREBP1 expression was significantly reduced in type 2 diabetic subjects but not in obese subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
Objective -To investigate whether protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are expressed in equine skeletal muscle and determine their distribution in various types of fibers by use of immunofluorescence microscopy. (avma.org)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Results indicated that PKC isoforms are expressed in equine skeletal muscle in a fiber type-specific manner. (avma.org)

Excerpted from BCSC 2020-2021 series: Section 2 - Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology . (aao.org)

Recent studies have demonstrated that organophosphate insecticides containing this moiety are potent inhibitors of the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous substrates by human liver microsomes and by specific human cytochrome P450 isoforms. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, atazanavir and ritonavir are themselves substrates for CYP3A4 isoform of cytochrome P450. (who.int)

Although HDACs share redundant functions and common substrates, the unique isoform-specific roles of different HDACs in GBM remain unclear. (jci.org)

The ubiquitous Nf1 isoform-2 splice variant Nf1-23a (2839aa) is, together with Nf1 isoform 1, which lacks the 23a insertion (2818aa), one of the two biologically relevant alternative Nf1 isoforms. (nature.com)
Member of the p53 family, TP63 gene gives rise to transcripts that encode either full-length isoforms containing an amino-transactivation (TA) domain (TAp63) or truncated isoforms that lacks this TA domain (ΔNp63). (oncotarget.com)
A second isoform, CD33m (237 amino acids) lacks the ligand-binding domain of CD33 and is produced by exon 2 skipping. (alzforum.org)

The cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals domain organization and structural details of the Nf1 exon 23a splicing 3 isoform 2 in a closed, self-inhibited, Zn-stabilized state and an open state. (nature.com)
Shown is a schema of the last 2 exons of a gene, the terminal exon having two potential poly(A) sites. (unibas.ch)
In the third isoform, CD33-3 (310 amino acids), the 56-amino-acid sequence encoded by exon 7 is replaced by two amino acids, valine and arginine. (alzforum.org)
CD33m (isoform-2) has 334-amino acids and is produced by alternative splicing, in which skipping of exon 6 causes a frameshift and an early stop codon. (alzforum.org)

Observations were made with and without inhibition of constitutive (endothelial constitutive NOS (ecNOS) and COX‐1) and inducible isoforms (iNOS and COX‐2) of NOS and COX. (ersjournals.com)
However, these previous studies did not determine the relative contributions of COX (COX‐1 and COX‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (endothelial constitutive (ecNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS)) to the abnormal acinar microvessel response to HA 4 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
The mitogenic action of VEGF , a potent hypoxia -induced angiogenic factor , was increased by 2-fold in retinal endothelial cells by the overexpression of PKC beta 1 or beta 2 isoforms and inhibited significantly by the overexpression of a dominant-negative PKC beta 2 isoform but not by the expression of PKC alpha, delta , and zeta isoforms . (bvsalud.org)

Neuronal overexpression of Ube3a isoform 2 causes behavioral impairments and neuroanatomical pathology relevant to 15q11.2-q13.3 duplication syndrome. (ox.ac.uk)
To directly test the hypothesis that overexpression of UBE3A is an important underlying molecular cause of neurodevelopmental dysfunction, we developed and characterized a mouse overexpressing Ube3a isoform 2 in excitatory neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Altogether, these findings show neuronal overexpression of Ube3a isoform 2 causes phenotypes translatable to neurodevelopmental disorders. (ox.ac.uk)

In the cornea, high levels of an alternatively spliced isoform, soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1), are expressed. (aao.org)
As this isoform is soluble, it is present in the extracellular matrix and serves as an endogenous VEGF trap or decoy receptor. (aao.org)

PKC involvement can be accounted for by PKCγ and an isoform sensitive to inhibition by pseudoZ, probably PKCζ, which is activated via PI3′-kinase. (jneurosci.org)

Haplotype And Functional Analysis Of Four Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Isoform 2 (FMO2) Polymorphisms In Hispanics. (oregonstate.edu)
Previous work defined two flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2) alleles. (oregonstate.edu)
Therefore, estimates that 26% of African-Americans and 2-7% of Hispanic-Americans have at least one FMO2*1 allele should closely reflect the percentages producing active FMO2 protein. (oregonstate.edu)

We suggest that PKC isoforms mediate secretion of 5-HT by PF cells in response to stimulation of the CaR. (jneurosci.org)

Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab') 2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor ® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody. (cellsignal.com)
Western blot analysis of extracts from Akt1 (lane 1), Akt2 (lane 2) and Akt3 (lane 3) knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and matched wild-type MEFs (lane 4) using Akt1 (C73H10) Rabbit mAb (upper) and Akt2 Antibody #2962 (lower). (cellsignal.com)
Akt Isoform Specific Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of distinguishing between the three Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, as well as a pan-Akt antibody. (cellsignal.com)
Neither antibody cross-reacts with the two other isoforms. (cellsignal.com)
Akt Antibody recognizes endogenous levels of all three Akt isoforms. (cellsignal.com)

Transgenic mice overexpressing Ube3a isoform 2 in excitatory forebrain neurons exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors, learning impairments, and reduced seizure thresholds. (ox.ac.uk)
We have demonstrated a dramatic increase in the angiogenic response to oxygen -induced retinal ischemia in transgenic mice overexpressing PKC beta 2 isoform and a significant decrease in retinal neovascularization in PKC beta isoform null mice . (bvsalud.org)

1 Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, 2 Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 3 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 4 Division of Diagnostic Pathology, 5 Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. (jci.org)
Up to 80% of patients with acute MI will have an elevated troponin level within 2-3 hours of emergency department (ED) arrival, versus 6-9 hours or more with CK-MB and other cardiac markers. (medscape.com)

See 8 reference sequence protein isoforms for the NEIL2 gene. (nih.gov)
Despite the identical nomenclature, the "m" versions of human and mouse CD33 represent very different isoforms, with the human version lacking the extracellular ligand-binding domain and the mouse isoform having a modified intracellular sequence. (alzforum.org)
We gathered a series of 49 individuals from 33 families with RAD21 alterations [24 different intragenic sequence variants (2 recurrent), 7 unique microdeletions], including 24 hitherto unpublished cases. (springer.com)
Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)

Two isoforms of CD33 have been identified in mice. (alzforum.org)
Deficiency in plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 2 increases susceptibility to noise -induced hearing loss in mice. (cdc.gov)
Mice homozygous for a null mutation in the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) gene are deaf (Kozel et al. (cdc.gov)

Exposure of isolated human adipocytes to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced a marked and specific decrease in the mRNA encoding the SREBP1c isoform and completely blocked the insulin-induced cleavage of SREBP1 protein. (diabetesjournals.org)
Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)

In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)

Pitx2a and Pitx2c are endogenously expressed in C3H10T1/ 2 cells, and these cells express factors that differentially regulate PITX2 isoform activities. (lu.se)

In contrast, α1 and β1 polypeptide expression increases in Caco-2 cells with the development of polarity, even though the amount of both transcripts decreases. (wustl.edu)

Surprisingly, PITX2A activation of the ANF and PLOD1 promoters is repressed by co- transfection of Nkx2.5 in the C3H10T1/ 2 embryonic fibroblast cell line. (lu.se)

Ube3a isoform 2 is conserved between mouse and human and known to play key roles in neuronal function. (ox.ac.uk)

Constitutive, but not inducible, isoforms of cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide synthase play an important role in abnormal microvessel responses to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in hyperoxia-injured lungs. (ersjournals.com)
The resulting abnormal version of the desmocollin-2 protein alters the structure of desmosomes, preventing cells from attaching to one another effectively. (medlineplus.gov)

Thus the effect of the PKC blockers on glucose uptake is either nonspecific working on other parts of contraction-induced signaling or the remaining cPKC isoforms are sufficient for stimulating glucose uptake during contractions. (ku.dk)
Luciferase reporter assays showed that the identified HIF-3α2 chromatin-binding regions were sufficient to promote transcription by all three HIF-α isoforms. (oulu.fi)

To this end, we develop models to explain various properties of RNAs, such as the usage of specific processing sites or the expression level of individual isoforms in terms of the combination of binding sites that these RNAs have for various regulators. (unibas.ch)
There is a strong depletion of the green probe signal in the bottom panels, indicating that the long 3'UTR isoform expression is much reduced in cells with low CFIm expression. (unibas.ch)
To investigate the changes that occur during the development of polarity, we have characterized Na,K-ATPase expression and activity in two epithelial cell culture lines, Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Caco-2 cells. (wustl.edu)

During weeks 2 and 3, glucose tolerance tests (GTT), insulin tolerance tests (ITT), and meal tolerance tests (MTT) were performed to evaluate blood glucose, plasma, and insulin. (frontiersin.org)

Our high-resolution single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures reveal the domain organization and structural details of the full-length Nf1-23a isoform 2 dimer (Fig. 1a-c , Extended Data Figs. 1 - 3 ). (nature.com)
The 364-amino acid isoform, referred to as full-length CD33 or CD33M, is considered the canonical version. (alzforum.org)
CD33M (isoform-1), the full-length, 403-amino acid isoform, is considered the canonical version. (alzforum.org)

PITX2A, PITX2B, and PITX2C isoforms differentially activate the ANF promoter. (lu.se)

They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)

Furthermore, while there was a slight decrease in activity in polarized MDCK cells, there was a 1.9 fold increase in Na,K-ATPase activity in the polarized Caco-2 cells as compared to nonpolarized cells. (wustl.edu)

The specific reduction in the SREBP1c isoform seen in the adipose tissue of obese and type 2 diabetic subjects can be recapitulated ex vivo by TNF-α, suggesting a possible mechanism for this association. (diabetesjournals.org)
Our study highlights the importance of HDAC1 in GBM and the need to develop isoform-specific drugs. (jci.org)
Cryosections of equine muscle were stained with PKC isoform (α, β1, β2, δ, ξ, or ζ)-specific polyclonal antibodies and examined by use of a fluorescence microscope. (avma.org)
For some PKC isoforms, distribution was specific for fiber type. (avma.org)

Isolate the tissue of interest (~100 mg). 2. (sigmaaldrich.com)

American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 297 (2), E340-E348. (ku.dk)
[ 1 , 2 ] Such deficiencies may be due to inborn errors of metabolism or exposure to environmental toxins or infectious agents. (medscape.com)

A ) Quantification of the percentage of viable p53-WT and p53-mutant hGSCs and 2 nontumorigenic cell lines (NHAs, ihNPCs) transduced with sh HDAC1 _A or sh HDAC1 _B, compared with control cells transduced with nontarget shRNA (shNT) ( n = 3). (jci.org)
1. Pellet 2 × 107 cells by centrifugation at 600  g for 10 minutes. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;99(2): 721-6, 2002 Jan 22. (bvsalud.org)
99(2): 721-6, 2002 Jan 22. (bvsalud.org)

Desmocollin-2 is a major component of specialized structures called desmosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

The autosomal dominant monogenetic disease neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) affects approximately one in 3,000 individuals and is caused by mutations in the NF1 tumour suppressor gene, leading to dysfunction in the protein neurofibromin (Nf1) 1 , 2 . (nature.com)

We have designed a probe for the coding region of the Dicer1 gene (in red), probe which binds to both the short and the long 3' UTR isoform, as well as a probe for the region that is unique to the long 3'UTR isoform (in green). (unibas.ch)

Conclusion: Though K24 and K25 differ only by a single KIV-2 domain, their sharp difference in surface pressure suggests a critical threshold between the two Lp(a) forms, providing insights into the use of condensed matter approaches to monitor CVR. (unipv.it)

Anatomy34

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes70

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Phosphorylation4

Transcript7

Genes1

Regulation3

Tissues3

Skeletal muscle3

20201

Cytochrome2

Substrates1

Lacks3

Exon4

Endothelial3

Overexpression3

VEGF2

Inhibition1

FMO23

Secretion1

Antibody5

Transgenic2

Cardiac2

Sequence4

Mice3

MRNA2

Biologically1

Regulate1

Transcripts1

Embryonic1

Roles1

Abnormal2

Sufficient2

Expression3

Plasma1

Full-length3

Activate1

Proteins1

Decrease1

Specific4

Tissue1

Metabolism2

Cells2

20022

Structures1

Dysfunction1

Unique1

Domain1