2 and insulin glut2 glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

The protein expression levels of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in the skeletal muscle and glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) in the liver were measured. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
Similar to the insulin-responsive glucose transporter Glut4, Glut1 cell surface localization is controlled by extrinsic signals. (encyclopedia.pub)
This powerful anabolic hormone regulates the transport of glucose into the cell through translocation of glucose transporter from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane mainly in metabolically active tissues like skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, or liver (GLUT4). (intechopen.com)
In this chapter, we will focus on molecular events leading to GLUT4 translocation, starting with activation of insulin receptors through signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB) and finally, the action of their effectors. (intechopen.com)
The impaired tissue uptake of glucose in KO mice can be attributed to the reduced expression of GLUT4. (biomedcentral.com)
As a key regulator of energy, SIRT1 affects glucose and lipid metabolism by stimulating endocrine signaling, which is associated with many molecules related to glucose/lipid metabolism, such as Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4), Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) [ 7 - 10 ]. (ijbs.com)

The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism underlying the hypoglycemic action of RRK extract in two diabetic animal models: the insulin-deficiency mice, where the insulin deficiency was induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and insulin-resistance mice, where the insulin resistance was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
In the HFD-fed mice, we confirmed that the orally administered RRK extract lowered the BG and the homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
Obesity-related insulin resistance is a highly prevalent and growing health concern, which places stress on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans by increasing insulin secretion to lower blood glucose levels. (ohio.edu)
Human type 2 diabetes or animal models are characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of increased hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Background: Epidemiologic and experimental studies support an association between PM 2.5 exposure and insulin resistance (IR). (nih.gov)
Research suggests that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are linked to the development of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)
A study by Gabay et al indicated that insulin resistance in female adolescents with obesity may have a negative impact on brain structure and function. (medscape.com)
The report found, for example, that in the study population, the insular cortices in such patients tended to be thinner, a phenomenon that was not seen in male adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, PHF improves glucose and lipid metabolism by attenuating hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and deterioration of hepatic architecture possibly through AMPK mediated improvement in hepatic IRS-PI3K-Akt-GLUT2 signaling pathway. (phcog.com)
Diabetes promotes maladaptive vascular responses in numerous tissues, including changes in the endothelium that contribute to insulin resistance and ultimately, the vascular pathology of diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
We also found a correlation between serum galectin-3 levels and insulin resistance, implicating this molecule as a potential biomarker of diabetic vasculopathy [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A recent clinical study has shown that galectin-3 levels correlate with plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, and degree of insulin resistance, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for predicting diabetes and prediabetes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In patients with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance results in the impaired insulin activities in tissues like muscle, liver, kidney and fat leading to increase oxidative stress, pro-coagulant/anti-fibrinolytic and chronic pro-inflammatory state coupled with platelet hyper-aggregality [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, chronic hyperglycemia leads to progressive impairment of insulin secretion and to insulin resistance of peripheral tissues (referred to as glucose toxicity) [ 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ]. (medsci.org)
Caro JF Clinical review 26: insulin resistance in obese and nonobese men. (jamanetwork.com)

Recently, several sequence variations in the promoter of GLUT2 have been identified in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but the functional effects of these polymorphisms on promoter activity have not previously been studied. (nih.gov)
The treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus consists of external replacement of the functions of β cells in an attempt to achieve blood levels of glucose as close to the normal range as possible. (studylib.net)
Training and educating patients are crucial for the achievement of good glycaemic control, but having insulin preparations with action profiles that provide stable basal insulin coverage and appropriate mealtime insulin peaks helps people with type 1 diabetes mellitus to live active lives without sacrificing tight glycaemic control. (studylib.net)
Insulin analogues enable patients to achieve this goal, as some have fast action profiles, and some have very slow action profiles, which gives people with type 1 diabetes mellitus the tools to achieve dynamic insulin-action profiles that enable tight glycaemic control with a risk of hypoglycaemia that is lower than that with human short-acting and long-acting insulins. (studylib.net)
This Review discusses the established and novel insulin analogues that are used to treat patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and provides insights into the future development of insulin analogues. (studylib.net)
Correspondence to C.M. [email protected] doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.39 Published online 21 Apr 2017 Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder in which insulin-producing β cells are destroyed by the immune system. (studylib.net)
Diabetes mellitus is a progressive metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism that eventually leads to micro- and macrovascular changes causing secondary complications that are difficult to manage [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cell dysfunction, an abnormality in insulin production, and hyperglycemia are the hallmarks of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a common metabolic disease [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus, and other types of DM are currently recognised. (alliedacademies.org)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive polygenic disorder requiring a multi-targeted therapeutic approach. (phcog.com)
In healthy subjects or patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus, various studies revealed that honey reduced blood glucose or was more tolerable than most common sugars or sweeteners. (ijbs.com)
Despite the availability of various classes of antidiabetic agents, diabetes mellitus remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by reduced insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells (type 1 diabetes) [ 1 ] or deficient insulin action (type 2 diabetes) [ 2 ], both causing an increase in blood glucose concentration. (medsci.org)
Peng X, Rao G, Li X, Tong N, Tian Y, Fu X. Preclinical models for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - A practical approach for research. (medsci.org)
Numerous preclinical models have been developed to advance biomedical research in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). (medsci.org)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by insufficient insulin production that is mainly attributed to the gradual destruction of pancreatic β-cells triggered by an autoimmune response [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
A new paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus, could it be a disease of the foregut? (jamanetwork.com)
Is type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) a surgical disease? (jamanetwork.com)
Saad MFKnowler WCPettitt DJNelson RGMott DMBennett PH Sequential changes in serum insulin concentration during development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (jamanetwork.com)

Secretion of insulin (which controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) is tightly regulated by feedback systems that enable stable control of metabolism, thus preventing hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, protein catabolism, lipolysis and the formation of ketone bodies1,2. (studylib.net)
Basal insulin secretion maintains metabolism in an anabolic state. (studylib.net)
Type 2 diabetes is also associated with a profound alteration in lipid metabolism, such as increased levels of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) and free fatty acids, whose oxidation is increased in the liver and skeletal muscles ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
There is now increasing evidence that these disturbances in fat metabolism exacerbate the abnormalities in glucose metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscles ( 2 , 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
For instance, overnight treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes with acipimox markedly improved glucose metabolism ( 6 , 7 ), whereas long-term treatment (1 month) was without effect on hepatic glucose production ( 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
While use of insulin, secretagogues, and sensitizers constitutes the predominant line of therapy, use of inhibitors of intestinal absorption of sugar is vital as they do not interfere with the sugar metabolism and help control hyperglycemia in a noninvasive manner. (hindawi.com)
We used standard immunoblots, immunohistochemical methods, and quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to assess pathways of interest involving insulin signaling, inflammation, and lipid and glucose metabolism in various organs. (nih.gov)
Conclusions: PM 2.5 mediates IR by regulating VAT inflammation, hepatic lipid metabolism, and glucose utilization in skeletal muscle via both CCR2-dependent and -independent pathways. (nih.gov)
Inactivation of VHL increases the expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor transcription factor HIF, which in turn stimulates the transcription of genes involved in glucose metabolism, including the Glut1 gene. (encyclopedia.pub)
15) Which of the following hormone helps in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels and metabolism in the body, and promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, especially muscle, adipose (fat), and liver cells? (medicalbiochemist.com)
Jung U.J. Effect of citrus flavonoids on lipid metabolism and glucose-regulating enzyme mRNA levels in type-2 diabetic mice. (effectiveremedies.com)
Glucose supplies most of the energy to all tissues by generating energy molecules ATP and NADH during a series of metabolism reactions called glycolysis. (pharmfair.com)
The total aerobic metabolism of glucose can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. (pharmfair.com)
The types, number, and kinetics of glucose transporters expressed depends on the tissues and fine-tunes glucose uptake, metabolism, and signal generation to preserve cellular and whole body metabolic integrity. (pharmfair.com)
Glycolysis is the initial stage of glucose metabolism where one glucose molecule is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate via substrate-level phosphorylation. (pharmfair.com)
Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in obesity: a 6-year follow-up study of glucose metabolism. (jamanetwork.com)
Glucose enters pancreatic β (beta) cells using the GLUT-2 transport system and glucose is then phosphorylated by glycokinase with subsequent metabolism to pyruvate (in the cytoplasm). (pharmacology2000.com)

When excess glucose consumption raises blood glucose, insulin will be secreted to reduce the overwhelmed blood glucose, and prevents the continuous hyperglycemia. (frontiersin.org)
The disruption of glycemic homeostasis that results in hyperglycemia, a defining feature of DM, is mostly caused by the inability of pancreatic beta cells to generate insulin and the impairment of insulin action. (alliedacademies.org)
KO mice exhibit greater hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance but lower insulin levels on HFD compared to WT. (biomedcentral.com)
High blood glucose (hyperglycemia) represents the main pathogenic factor for the development of diabetic complications including coronary heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [ 3 , 4 ]. (medsci.org)
The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) for the 10 subjects studied at the higher insulin level was 2.27 ± 0.37 ml/kg/min at euglycemia and fell to 1.51±0.21 ml/kg/ at hyperglycemia. (pharmfair.com)

The glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 play a key role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, while GLUT2 is the key isoform in rodent islets. (ohio.edu)
Glut1 is the main glucose transporter for glucose uptake and is expressed in nearly all mammalian cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Binding of glucose causes a conformational change so that Glut1 opens into the cytoplasm and release glucose inside the cell. (encyclopedia.pub)
Glut1 exhibit a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) about 1mM, that is less than the normal blood glucose level (5.5mM), resulting in the continuous transport of glucose inside cells at an essentially constant rate. (encyclopedia.pub)
Up-regulation of GLUT1 and consequent increase in glucose uptake occur in some conditions that require extraordinary metabolic needs, such as in the case of tumors and in the case of T cell activation. (encyclopedia.pub)
STF-31 selectively inhibits the glucose transporter Glut1 and selectively impairs cell growth of kidney and other types of cancer cells that lack the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
STF-31 binds directly to the Glut1 transporter, blocking glucose uptake, resulting in necrosis in VHL-deficient cancer cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
STF-31 was shown to efficiently inhibit Glut1 dependent glucose uptake and to suppress glycolysis in human T cells overexpressing Glut1 [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Moreover, STF-31 was shown to impair glucose responsiveness and insulin secretion in human beta cells expressing Glut1 [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
WZB117 is a small molecule that inhibits Glut1-mediated glucose transport by binding reversibly at the exofacial sugar-binding site of Glut1 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
We used WZB117 to inhibit Glut1 mediated glucose transport in T cells [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. (lbl.gov)

This protein also functions as a DNA-binding transactivator of the glucose transporter GLUT2. (wikipedia.org)
Streptozotocin is similar enough to glucose to be transported into the cell by the glucose transport protein GLUT2, but is not recognized by the other glucose transporters. (bocsci.com)
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
2. cDNA cloning and mapping of a novel islet-brain/JNK-interacting protein. (nih.gov)
a) PFK-2 is a bifunctional enzyme having a kinase domain, phosphatase domain, and a regulatory domain b) Activated protein kinase A phosphorylates PFK-2 and activates the phosphatase domain c) PFK-2 catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 2-6 bisphosphate d) PFK-2 phosphatase activity is activated by the insulin signaling pathway. (medicalbiochemist.com)
PD-1 involves its such collagens by depending granules SHP-1 and SHP-2 into the critical download Flower, reaching to protein-DNA of CD3-zeta pigment, PI3K and AKT. (evakoch.com)
HN - 2006(1981) BX - Cofilins MH - Actin-Related Protein 2 UI - D051377 MN - D5.750.78.730.246.500 MN - D12.776.220.525.246.500 MS - A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1998) MH - Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex UI - D051376 MN - D5.750.78.730.246 MN - D12.776.220.525.246 MS - A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. (nih.gov)
Increased cAMP enhances protein kinase A catalytic activity thus activating phosphorylase leading to glycogen breakdown and an increase in plasma glucose. (pharmacology2000.com)

Blood glucose (BG) levels of STZ-treated mice in insulin tolerance test (ITT) and BG and insulin levels of HFD-fed mice in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were investigated. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
The loss of GLUT6 in ob/ob mice had no adverse impact on body mass, body composition, or glucose tolerance at a whole-body level. (ohio.edu)
Intestinal absorption studies using noneverted intestinal sacs, as well as in vivo studies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using oral glucose tolerance with maltose and sucrose load, revealed better inhibition of alpha glucosidase as compared to acarbose. (hindawi.com)
We evaluated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. (nih.gov)
However, the impaired whole-body glucose tolerance and reduced GLUT-4 in skeletal muscle in response to PM 2.5 was not corrected by CCR2 deficiency. (nih.gov)
The team found that mice that were treated with GBG05-FF had reduced their blood glucose and glucose tolerance, compared with the control group. (diabetescure.news)
Glucose uptake was measured with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). (biomedcentral.com)
This is due to the metabolic abnormalities created by excessive fat accumulation like abnormalities of lipid in the blood, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance, among which are the common features of metabolic syndrome [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fuller JHShipley MJRose GJarrett RJKeen H Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whithall study. (jamanetwork.com)
Weight loss in severely obese subjects prevents the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes: a longitudinal interventional study. (jamanetwork.com)
Saad MFKnowler WCPettitt DJNelson RGMott DMBennett PH The natural history of impaired glucose tolerance in the Pima Indians. (jamanetwork.com)
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. (jamanetwork.com)
Harris MIHadden WCKnowler WCBennet PH Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in US population aged 20-74 years. (jamanetwork.com)

This study demonstrates that GLUT6 plays a role in pancreatic islet insulin secretion in vitro but is not a dominant glucose transporter that alters whole-body metabolic physiology in ob/ob mice. (ohio.edu)
The metabolic rate of fructose is much higher than that of glucose, but no immediate feedback mechanisms to suppress its absorption or transportation. (frontiersin.org)
The effects of benfluorex and two of its metabolites (S 422-1 and S 1475-1) on fatty acid and glucose metabolic fluxes and specific gene expression were studied in hepatocytes isolated from 24-h fasted rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
In contrast to HG, NAFLD is characterized by liver fat accumulation and is the more likely diagnosis for patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. (nih.gov)
Galectin-3 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) (60 % fat calories) to produce insulin resistant diabetes, or standard chow (12 % fat calories), and their metabolic and endothelial responses were measured. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, we sought to determine the role of galectin-3 in the vascular pathology and metabolic derangement observed in type II diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Pancreatic islet transplantation holds promise for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, but is severely limited by a shortage of cadaveric donor islets, and more so because of stringent inclusion criteria for organ donation including donor metabolic function, age, and comorbidities. (lidsen.com)
T28] The unspecified form of glucose is commonly supplied as an injection for nutritional supplementation or metabolic disorders where glucose levels are improperly regulated. (pharmfair.com)

The transport of glucose into epithelial cells is mediated by a secondary active cotransport system, the sodium-D-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), driven by a sodium-gradient generated by the Na + /K + -ATPase. (medsci.org)
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and GLUT2 (SLC2A2) play predominant roles in intestinal transport of glucose into the circulation. (pharmfair.com)

Glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), along with glucokinase, has been implicated to participate in glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. (nih.gov)
In hepatocytes cultured in the presence of benfluorex or S 422-1 (10 or 100 μmol/l), the expression of genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase [CPT] I), ketogenesis (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase), and gluconeogenesis (glucose-6-phosphatase, PEPCK) was decreased, whereas mRNAs encoding glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were increased. (diabetesjournals.org)
10. Novel insulinoma cell lines produced by iterative engineering of GLUT2, glucokinase, and human insulin expression. (nih.gov)

In healthy individuals, the vast majority of the glucose filtered by the kidney is reabsorbed by SGLT2 in the S1/S2 segments of the proximal convoluted tubule and the remaining glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the S3 segment. (medscape.com)
The major route for the transport of dietary glucose from intestinal lumen into enterocytes is the Na + /glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), although glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) may also play a role. (mdpi.com)
While the importance of SGLT1 in glucose absorption has been systemically studied in detail, little is currently known about the regulation of SGLT1 activity by cation channels and transporters. (mdpi.com)
A growing line of evidence suggests that cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) can regulate the absorption of glucose by adjusting GLUT2 and SGLT1. (mdpi.com)
Inhibition of glucose reabsorption in the kidney, mediated by SGLT1 or SGLT2, represents a promising therapeutic approach. (medsci.org)
Two different SGLT isoforms, SGLT1 and SGLT2, have been identified to mediate renal tubular glucose reabsorption in humans. (medsci.org)
A19395] SGLT1 is located in the apical membrane of the intestinal wall while GLUT2 is located in the basolateral membrane, but it was proposed that GLUT2 can be recruited into the apical membrane after a high luminal glucose bolus allowing bulk absorption of glucose by facilitated diffusion. (pharmfair.com)

Moreover, the absorption of glucose and homeostasis of Ca 2+ in IEC are regulated by cation channels and transporters, such as Ca 2+ channels, K + channels, Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers, and Na + /H + exchangers. (mdpi.com)
Puede funcionar como sensor de GLUCOSA para regular la liberación de INSULINA y la HOMEOSTASIS de la glucosa. (bvsalud.org)
It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
T35] Glucose can act as precursors to generate other biomolecules such as vitamin C. It plays a role as a signaling molecule to control glucose and energy homeostasis. (pharmfair.com)
Na+-dependent intestinal glucose absorption mechanisms and its luminal Na+ homeostasis across metamorphosis from tadpoles to frogs. (xenbase.org)

SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the kidney. (medscape.com)

Transports D-glucose, dehydroascorbate, arsenite and the flavonone, quercetin, via one pathway and water via a distinct channel. (lbl.gov)
We will discuss another pathway through which 5-10% of all glucose is metabolized, the pentose phosphate pathway, and why it is so critical for many other functions in the body. (zacjones.dev)

however, the RRK extract did not alter the GLUT2 level in the liver of either the STZ-treated or the HFD-fed mice. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
genolysis in the liver result in a decrease in blood levels of glucose, which causes β cells to stop synthesizing and secreting insulin1,2. (studylib.net)
The two major weaknesses of external insulin replacement are that insulin is administered peripherally, whereas β cells secrete insulin in the portal system (primarily targeting the liver), and that no feedback or suppression of insulin release is possible when levels of glucose fall, which increases the risk of hypoglycaemia1,2. (studylib.net)
The pathogenesis of HG involves the concomitant presence of insulin and excess glucose, which increases glycogen storage in the liver. (nih.gov)
Tissue analysis revealed that GBG05-FF decreased lipid buildup in the liver and muscle damage, as well as improved the expression of glucose transporters. (diabetescure.news)
However, a great percentage of transplanted islets fail to engraft into the liver, and pancreata from multiple donors are still necessary to achieve insulin independence (6). (unicyte.ch)

High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose. (lbl.gov)
9) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is important in fructose transport in the intestine? (medicalbiochemist.com)
Sucrose is a disaccharide with a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose bonded together with a glycosidic linkage. (en-academic.com)
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides. (en-academic.com)
[ 7 ] Yeast enzymes convert sugar (glucose, or fructose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide . (en-academic.com)
Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open-chain form than does glucose, the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occurs more rapidly than with glucose. (en-academic.com)

Indeed, accelerated fatty acid oxidation stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by providing acetyl-CoA, ATP, and reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) ( 4 ) and reduces glucose utilization in peripheral tissues secondarily to an inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Effective Control of Postprandial Glucose Level through Inhibition of Intestinal Alpha Glucosidase by Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb. (hindawi.com)
Inhibition of intestinal alpha glucosidase plays a major role in preventing rise in postprandial glucose level in diabetics. (hindawi.com)
Kinetic studies using Lineweaver Burk plot showed mixed to noncompetitive type of inhibition by CM. In vivo studies with maltose load of 2 mg and 3 mg/gm body weight showed a noncompetitive pattern of inhibition at 5 mg/kg body weight of CM as against 60 mg/kg body weight of acarbose. (hindawi.com)
Song J. Flavonoid inhibition of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1) and glucose transporter isoform 2 (GLUT2), intestinal transporters for vitamin C and Glucose. (effectiveremedies.com)
physiologically, the principal epinephrine effect is α 2 -adrenergic receptor-mediated insulin release inhibition. (pharmacology2000.com)

RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is reported to repress the expression of this gene in insulin-secreting beta cells. (wikipedia.org)
This gene is found to be mutated in a type 2 diabetes family, and thus is thought to be a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
By contrast, Glut-2, acyl-CoA synthetase, and CPT II gene expression was not affected by benfluorex or S 422-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
1. The gene MAPK8IP1, encoding islet-brain-1, is a candidate for type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
16. Pancreatic-specific expression of the glucose transporter type 2 gene: identification of cis-elements and islet-specific trans-acting factors. (nih.gov)
Glucose can regulate gene transcription, enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and the activity of glucoregulatory neurons. (pharmfair.com)
Directly, or indirectly, regulates GLUT2 gene expression and beta-cell function. (nih.gov)

Red rice koji (RRK), prepared by growing Monascus species on steamed rice, has been reported to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
Similarly, diabetic rats showed detrimental effects on the mRNA level of AMPK and IRS-PI3K-Akt-GLUT2 signaling which were attenuated by PHF treatment. (phcog.com)
In particular, the researchers looked at the anti-diabetic effects of black ginseng using a Type 2 diabetic animal model. (diabetescure.news)
In the cases of diabetes 1,2 most or all of many anti-diabetic drugs only control the level of blood glucose, and many with considerable side effects. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
We demonstrate in diabetic children over a three year period that even with tight dietary control of blood glucose, diabetes still persists. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
STZ injected rats increases blood glucose from normal levels (100 milligrams /dl) to about 500 mg/dl displaying type 1 diabetes in mice or rats with blood glucose 300 mg/dl in the type 2 diabetic animals [2,3]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
The mechanism of action of the anti-diabetic agents used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, include increasing insulin release, improving glucose disposal, controlling hepatic glucose release or inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption [ 8 ]. (medsci.org)

From there, we will look into how the body stores excess glucose, through the formation of glycogen, and also through the conversion to fatty acids for storage as fat. (zacjones.dev)

It is known that tissues that have substantial amounts of the sugar transport mechanism-( glut-2) tend to concentrate glucose type molecules like 2 deoxyglucose and be more damaged by STZ eg. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)

However, it is unclear whether other glucose transporters also contribute to insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. (ohio.edu)

2004) reported CB stimulation in rats secondary to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. (calcimimeticagent.com)

Therefore, a reduction in overall fatty acid oxidation should be expected to improve both hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose oxidation. (diabetesjournals.org)
By contrast, 6-day treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes with etomoxir, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) (the key regulatory enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation), markedly decreased hepatic glucose production ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Also, there were a trend of uric acid and glucose normalization for HRP as compared to H-fed rats. (biomedcentral.com)

Preproglucagon in L cells is processed mainly to glicentin which consists of glucagon with amino acid residue extensions at either end and to glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2). (pharmacology2000.com)

Upon food intake, β cells, driven by direct sensing of glucose through glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) receptors on their surface (as well as by neural signals and incretin signalling), release insulin into the blood to promote the uptake of carbohydrates, proteins, peptides and lipids into other cells. (studylib.net)
An Accu-check meter was employed to measure fasting blood glucose levels. (bocsci.com)
Fasting blood glucose was measured before induction in order to ensure that all experimental animals had normal FBG levels. (bocsci.com)
1 or 2, treatment consists of insulin injections (1) or antidiabetic drugs that lower blood glucose and hopefully hemoglobin A1C as well (2) Often patients with type 2 are asked to lose weight, exercise more vigorously as well and more frequently. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
The treatment completely prevented STZ from increasing blood glucose and all the signs of diabetes- including cataracts were prevented. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
The treatment of diabetes has been mainly focused on maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations. (medsci.org)
Glucose accumulated in the epithelial cell is further transported into the blood across the membrane by facilitated diffusion through GLUT transporters. (medsci.org)
CK2 MedChemExpress Carotid physique glucose sensing and diseasefibers of the carotid-sinus nerve to mediate a compensatory acute hyperventilatory response in an effort to improve O2 tension inside the blood (Weir et al. (calcimimeticagent.com)
1999, 2001).CAROTID Physique AND GLUCOSE SENSINGGLUCOSE SENSING IN Unique ORGANSThe brain is extremely sensitive to decreased glucose supply from the blood. (calcimimeticagent.com)
It circulates in human circulation as blood glucose and acts as an essential energy source for many organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration and fermentation. (pharmfair.com)

A standard insulin test is positive for endogenous insulin and exogenous insulin. (medscape.com)

Furthermore, the RRK extract lowered the BG and insulin levels of HFD-fed mice in IPGTT. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
Pancreatic islets isolated from ob/ob mice lacking GLUT6 secreted more insulin in response to high-dose glucose, compared to ob/ob mice that were wild type for GLUT6. (ohio.edu)
Methods: Wild-type C57BL/6 and CCR2 -/- male mice were fed a high-fat diet and exposed to either concentrated ambient PM 2.5 or filtered air for 17 weeks via a whole-body exposure system. (nih.gov)
Abnormal phosphorylation levels of AKT, AMPK in VAT, and adipose tissue macrophage content in wild-type mice were not present in CCR2 -/- mice. (nih.gov)
Black ginseng extract (GBG05-FF) was given to mice with Type 2 diabetes. (diabetescure.news)
Previously, we have developed methods for the rapid isolation of highly purified endothelial cells from mice exposed to models of diabetes [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
After incorporation into islet endothelium and β-cells, EPC-derived MVs favored insulin secretion, survival, and revascularization of islets transplanted in SCID mice. (unicyte.ch)

galactose transporter. (lbl.gov)
Galactose, glucose uniporter, Gal2. (lbl.gov)
It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose , that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. (en-academic.com)

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of agents that lower plasma glucose by blocking renal glucose reabsorption, as well as increase the renal threshold for glucose excretion. (medscape.com)

mRNA levels of AMPK, insulin receptor substrate (IRS), phosphoinositide-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K), Akt, and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. (phcog.com)

The absorption of glucose is electrogenic in the small intestinal epithelium. (mdpi.com)

2) Which of the following enzyme is defective in galactosemia (type I) - a fatal genetic disorder in infants? (medicalbiochemist.com)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Collagen Type III Alpha 1 (COL3a1) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (envite.org)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Collagen Type III Alpha 1 (COL3a1) in samples from Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (envite.org)
9/3/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 935 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1981) MH - 2-Aminoadipate Transaminase UI - D051307 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.120 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1983) MH - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050645 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.825 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. (nih.gov)
use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)
use ANTHRANILIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase UI - D050539 MN - D8.811.682.47.500 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. (nih.gov)

Objectives: We sought to evaluate the role of CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in PM 2.5 -mediated inflammation and IR. (nih.gov)
Autoimmunity to insulin or insulin receptor is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
Glucose-sensitive neurons have been Histamine Receptor Synonyms identified in various regions on the brain (Routh, 2002), which includes the hypothalamus (Biggers et al. (calcimimeticagent.com)
Blockade of α 2 -receptors along with sympathetic nerve stimulation promote insulin secretion, an effect which is β 2 -adrenergic receptor mediated. (pharmacology2000.com)
Right vagus nerve branches innervate pancreatic islet cells and, upon vagus nerve stimulation, an increased insulin secretion (M 4 -receptor-mediated, muscarinic receptor type 4) is observed. (pharmacology2000.com)

Glucose diffuses out of the cell down a concentration gradient via the basolateral facilitative transporter GLUT2. (medscape.com)

Streptozotocin is a naturally occurring chemical that is particularly toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. (bocsci.com)
8) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is present in the beta cells of the pancreas? (medicalbiochemist.com)

The endocrine system includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, and the hypothalamic-posterior pituitary axis, as well as other sources of hormones, such as the endocrine pancreas and endocrine adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
Increased sympathetic nerve activity to the pancreas inhibits insulin secretion. (pharmacology2000.com)

This approach means that glucose sensing needs to be replaced and levels of insulin need to mimic physiological insulin-action profiles, including basal coverage and changes around meals. (studylib.net)
A major challenge of insulin replacement in patients with T1DM is mimicking the insulin-action profiles of β cells - maintaining basal levels and achieving peak levels at mealtimes. (studylib.net)
Insulin preparations have come a long way since the discovery of insulin, from purified animal insulins to human insulins produced by genetically modified organisms to insulin analogues that enable an improved fit between insulin-action profiles and glucose excursions (that is, fluctuations in levels of glucose). (studylib.net)
This explains its relative toxicity to beta cells, since these cells have relatively high levels of GLUT2. (bocsci.com)
Excessive administration of insulin is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
2] The patient is instructed to fast, and plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide levels are measured every 6 hours until the plasma glucose level is less than 65 mg/dL, after which the testing frequency is increased to every 1-2 hours. (medscape.com)
However, this glucocentric approach was proved incorrect because firstly, some glucose-lowering drugs (muraglitazar, rosiglitazone) decreased HbA 1c levels but worsened CV outcomes, and secondly, the results of the post-trial follow-up of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS),and of a meta-analysis of large glucose-lowering outcome trials,suggested an approximately 15% cardiovascular risk reduction (RR) per 1% decrement in HbA 1c . (iscpcardio.org)
Increased glutamate levels result in a secondary insulin containing secretory granule pool release. (pharmacology2000.com)

Insulin and hypoglycemic agents have been used as standard therapeutic strategies. (medsci.org)
For that purpose either insulin or hypoglycemic agents have been used as standard therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes [ 7 ]. (medsci.org)

Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve terminals interacts with α 2 -adrenergic receptors, producing this inhibitory action. (pharmacology2000.com)

SGLT belongs to the sodium/glucose cotransporter family SLCA5 [ 10 ]. (medsci.org)

Despite a century since the discovery of insulin, there is currently no known therapy that can effectively stop or reverse the progression of T1DM. (medsci.org)

Renal glucose handling. (medscape.com)

Normal kidney cells are not strictly dependent on glycolysis, use Glut2 for glucose uptake, and are therefore insensitive to STF-31 toxicity. (encyclopedia.pub)

Increased flux of glucose into glycolysis replenishes the energy demand. (medicalbiochemist.com)
Glycolysis can be divided into two main phases where the preparatory phase is initiated by the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate. (pharmfair.com)
A19402] The addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for the subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis and is the rate-limiting step. (pharmfair.com)

Furthermore, we observe that islet SLC2A6 expression positively correlates with body mass index in human patients with type 2 diabetes. (ohio.edu)

Products end up as substrates for following reactions, to ultimately convert C6 glucose molecule into two C3 sugar molecules. (pharmfair.com)
These products enter the energy-releasing phase where the total of 4ATP and 2NADH molecules are generated per one glucose molecule. (pharmfair.com)

Phosphorylation states greatly regulate the activity and gating properties of Cav 3.1 T-type Ca2+ channels. (xenbase.org)

The alpha glucosidases are exoglycosidases found on the luminal surface of enterocytes containing maltase/glucoamylase and sucrase/isomaltase activity [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

The most extensively used animal model to create either type 1 or 2 diabetes is the utilization of Injected Streptozotocin (STZ) which was originally developed as an antibiotic for gram negative bacteria by the Upjohn company of Kalamazoo, Michigan and later found to cause diabetes [1]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)

This unique mechanism of action is independent of insulin secretion or action. (medscape.com)

19) During the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, two NADH molecules are generated. (medicalbiochemist.com)
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria with the substrate being ultimately metabolized to CO 2 and H 2 O by the citric acid cycle which results in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation. (pharmacology2000.com)

Glucose can undergo aerobic oxidation in conjunction with the synthesis of energy molecules. (pharmfair.com)

Anatomy18

Organisms9

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs98

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

GLUT46

Resistance16

Diabetes mellitus19

Metabolism17

Hyperglycemia5

GLUT112

Protein10

Tolerance13

Metabolic8

Transport of glucose2

Glucokinase3

SGLT17

Homeostasis6

Reabsorption in the kidney1

Pathway2

Liver6

Fructose6

Inhibition6

Gene7

Diabetic7

Excess glucose1

Tissues1

Contribute to insulin1

Hypoglycemia1

Hepatic glucose2

Rats1

Glucagon1

Blood10

Endogenous insulin1

Mice7

Galactose3

Excretion1

PI3K1

Absorption of glucose1

Enzyme8

Receptor5

Facilitative1

Beta cells of the pancreas2

Pancreas2

Levels8

Hypoglycemic2

Receptors1

Cotransporter1

Discovery of insulin1

Renal1

Toxicity1

Glycolysis3

Patients with type 2 diabet1

Molecule2

Regulate1

Luminal1

Utilization1

Mechanism1

Pyruvate2

Molecules1