2 accumulation apolipoprotein c ii. Medical search. Frequent questions

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. (dovepress.com)
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is located on chromosome 19 and encodes a glycoprotein that is 299 amino acids long. (dovepress.com)
2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
3 In this review, we discuss the biological functions of human APOE and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular dementia (VD), and ischemic (occlusive) stroke (IS). (dovepress.com)
vi) APP transgenic mice with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency had increased atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
After several decades of study, AD is now considered as a complex disease that results from both genetic and environmental factors, such as age, gender, family history of AD, Down syndrome (DS), and the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Amyloidosis depots contain not only the major fibrillar component but also minor nonfibrillar components such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), apolipoprotein E (apoE), and serum amyloid P (SAP) components [ 3 ]. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Like other apolipoproteins, APOE is involved in lipid binding, and it is the predominant cholesterol transporter in the brain. (j-alz.com)
The genetics of late-onset "sporadic" AD involves the gene encoding the apolipoprotein (APOE-e4) gene.10 Genetic testing should be offered to families with early-onset Alzheimer's but is not predictive or useful in late-onset AD. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)
E1/E2 heterodimer binds host apolipoproteins such as APOB and APOE thereby forming a lipo-viro-particle (LVP) (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434, PubMed:24838241). (proteopedia.org)
The interaction between E2 and host apolipoprotein E/APOE allows the proper assembly, maturation and infectivity of the viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)
ApoB containing lipoproteins that also contain apoE (apoE remnants, VLDL) can cause cholesterol accumulation via interaction of apoE with apoE receptors including the LRP1 and the VLDL receptor, which are not regulated by cellular cholesterol. (endotext.org)

These diseases share common risk factors, which are exhibited in old age, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and apolipoprotein (Apo) ε4 allele. (spandidos-publications.com)
Several findings suggest that atherosclerosis and AD are linked: i) Atherosclerotic vascular disease and AD share common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and apolipoprotein ε4 allele ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Apolipoprotein E gene allele 4 (APOE4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). (j-alz.com)
With regards to the gender, evidence indicate that the APOE4 risk for AD is greater in women, especially in heterozygous individuals carrying one APOE4 allele [2]. (j-alz.com)
Farrer LAAbraham CRVolicer L et al Allele ϵ4 of apolipoprotein E shows a dose effect on age at onset of Pick disease. (jamanetwork.com)
Frisoni GBCalabresi LGeroldi C et al Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. (jamanetwork.com)
Geschwind DKarrim JNelson SFMiller B The apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele is not a significant risk factor for frontotemporal dementia. (jamanetwork.com)
Risk of Alzheimer disease is substantially increased in people with two epsilon-4 alleles and may be decreased in those who have the epsilon-2 allele. (msdmanuals.com)
For people with two epsilon-4 alleles, risk of developing Alzheimer disease by age 75 is about 10 to 30 times that for people without the allele. (msdmanuals.com)

Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies have demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is highly regulated in macrophages and mediates the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoproteins, a process necessary for HDL formation. (jci.org)
ABCA1 is expressed in many organs and is thought to mediate HDL maturation by facilitating the efflux of cellular phospholipids and cholesterol onto apolipoproteins. (jci.org)
Efflux of excessive cholesterol is mediated by Abca1, the major cholesterol efflux system in macrophages, which transfers cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1 on HDL particles. (biomedcentral.com)
The efflux of FC to lipid-poor apolipoproteins or HDL occurs by a number of mechanisms to reduce foam cell formation. (endotext.org)

Xanthomas are lesions characterized by accumulations of lipid-laden macrophages. (medscape.com)
Excess accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages results in foam cell production and lesion development. (jci.org)

Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is an example of a primary disorder in which a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase in tissue leads to a type I pattern of hyperlipidemia, with a massive accumulation of chylomicrons in the plasma. (medscape.com)
Recently, several studies verified that apoA5 could significantly reduce plasma TG level by stimulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and the intracellular role of apoA5 has also been proved since apoA5 is associated with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) and affects intrahepatic TG accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
CXCL16, which was originally described as a scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (SR-PSOX), is one of the few scavenger receptors that has two distinct forms: membrane-bound and soluble. (medsci.org)
Due to this insulin resistance, there is a greater release of free fatty acids from adipocytes, which in the liver induce an increase in the synthesis of triglycerides and stimulate the production of apolipoprotein B. An increase in the production of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles is also observed, which increases the concentration of triglycerides in the blood [ 5 , 6 ]. (jabonline.in)
Evidences have suggested that proteins primarily related to plasma lipoprotein transport, such as apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and E, may significantly affect the process of body fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)

HDL particles that contain apoproteins A-I and A-II interact with other lipoproteins, particularly VLDL and LDL, through lipolysis and the action of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme. (medscape.com)
This increase in VLDL causes an increase in the hepatic protein cholesterol ester transfer protein, which transfers cholesteryl esters from HDL to apolipoprotein B containing particles VLDL and LDL, reducing HDL concentration. (jabonline.in)

In recent years, a newly discovered apolipoprotein has been proved to be closely related to the occurrence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
However, even in the absence of the hyperglycaemic state which characterizes type 2 diabetic patients, non diabetic individuals with a specific form of obesity, named abdominal obesity, often show clustering metabolic abnormalities which include high triglyceride levels, increased apolipoprotein B, small dense low density lipoproteins and decreased high density lipoproteins-cholesterol levels, a hyperinsulinemic-insulin resistant state, alterations in coagulation factors as well as an inflammatory profile. (researchgate.net)
Post-mortem analyses of coronary arteries have indicated that obesity (associated with a high accumulation of abdominal fat measured at autopsy) was predictive of earlier and greater extent of large vessels atherosclerosis as well as increase of coronary fatty streaks. (researchgate.net)
Over the past two decades, the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been increasing worldwide together with the escalating obesity pandemic [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Since NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and MetS, it is unknown whether the relationship between NAFLD and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death, if any, is independent of cardiometabolic risk factors (Figure 1 ) such as MetS and type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
Obesity, characterized by excessive accumulation of abdominal and visceral fat, is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. (jabonline.in)

Development of an LC-MRM-MS-Based Candidate Reference Measurement Procedure for Standardization of Serum Apolipoprotein (a) Tests. (cdc.gov)
Currently, serum apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] is recognized as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular risk assessment and patient management. (cdc.gov)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are multidisciplinary liver diseases that often accompany type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, which are characterized by insulin resistance. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, effective treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome should target not only the cardiometabolic abnormalities, but also the associated liver disorders. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, apolipoprotein genotype analysis revealed that AD subjects with the E3/E4 alleles had the highest content of mitochondrial APP. (jneurosci.org)
Masullo CDaniele AFazio VM et al The apolipoprotein E genotype in patients affected by syndromes with focal cortical atrophy. (jamanetwork.com)

In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins result in oxidative stress in the brain. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)

Familial LDL receptor deficiency and familial defective apoprotein B-100 are examples of primary defects that can lead to the accumulation of LDL, which corresponds to a type IIa pattern of hyperlipidemia. (medscape.com)
GSD type II, also known as alpha glucosidase deficiency (GAA, acid maltase deficiency) or Pompe disease, is a prototypic lysosomal disease. (medscape.com)
Its clinical presentation clearly differs from other forms of GSD, because it is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, leading to the pathologic accumulation of normally structured glycogen within the lysosomes of most tissues, differs Three forms of the disease exist: infantile-onset, late-onset juvenile and adult onset. (medscape.com)

Plasma phospholipid levels are very low, while plasma apolipoprotein B, chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are absent. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT In order to test whether hyperlipidaemia and glycaemic control can be improved among diabetes patients by dietary supplementation with purified omega-3 fatty acids, we carried out a double- blind, placebo-controlled trial on 50 type 2 diabetes patients randomized to 2 g/day purified omega-3 fatty acids or placebo for 10 weeks. (who.int)

The liver secretes the triglyceride-rich VLDL that contains apoproteins B-100, C-II, and E into the circulation. (medscape.com)

Cerebrovascular amyloid deposits can be observed in both large (e.g. leptomeningeal) vessels and small parenchymal arterioles and capillaries, with their presence in capillaries determining the classification of CAA into two subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
It is believed that the neuropathogenesis of this disease may be triggered by the accumulation of toxic amyloid in the central nervous system (CNS). (hyperthermicwellness.com)
The early-onset type is inherited with mutations in three genes: amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)
Mutations in genes for the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin I, and presenilin II may lead to autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease, typically with early onset. (msdmanuals.com)

Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. (hindawi.com)
These patients generally present a pattern characterized by high concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) called atherogenic dyslipidemia [ 2 , 5 ]. (jabonline.in)

Collectively, these results suggest that abnormal accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, is a hallmark of human AD pathology. (jneurosci.org)
Progressive mitochondrial accumulation of incompletely translocated APP caused mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cellular energy metabolism. (jneurosci.org)

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western societies ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
ii) There are reports of a correlation between carotid atherosclerosis and AD ( 7 ) as well as atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis and AD ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Atherosclerosis, which is believed to be the common pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease, is caused by inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism [ 2 , 3 ] . (medsci.org)
These studies suggest that hyperinsulinemia could promote macrophage foam cell formation and thus may contribute to atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. (ewha.ac.kr)

Alterations in lipoproteins result either from genetic mutations that yield defective apolipoproteins (primary hyperlipoproteinemia) or from some other underlying systemic disorder, such as diabetes mellitus , hypothyroidism , or nephrotic syndrome (secondary hyperlipoproteinemia). (medscape.com)
Other genetic determinants include the apolipoprotein (apo) E (epsilon) alleles. (msdmanuals.com)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver condition that ranges from isolated liver fat accumulation to severe inflammation and necrosis [known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)], in the absence of alcohol abuse and other causes of liver disease, such as viruses, autoimmunity, or drug-induced hepatitis. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] Many mechanisms have been postulated to explain this association ( i.e., more severe insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation, ectopic fat accumulation with potential cardiolipotoxicity, and worse dyslipidemia). (medscape.com)

Accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, which varied with the severity of AD, inhibited the entry of nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits IV and Vb proteins, which was associated with decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased levels of H 2 O 2 . (jneurosci.org)
In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)
Core proteins determine the cellular location and serve as scaffolds for the GAG chains and the highly ionic chains determine physical properties of tissues and bind factors including growth factors and apolipoproteins. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)

Helisalmi SLinnaranta KLehtovirta M et al Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in patients with different neurodegenerative disorders. (jamanetwork.com)

Oxidizability of human plasma measured in the presence of Cu(II) was found to correlate with the oxidizability of LDL measured in the common Cu(II)‐based LDL oxidation assay. (iospress.com)
However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Microscopic=== Features: *Enterocytes have clear cytoplasm (due to lipid accumulation). (librepathology.org)

The prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes, a disorder characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. (ewha.ac.kr)

Modifications of apoB containing lipoproteins induce significant cholesterol accumulation via a number of mechanisms. (endotext.org)

Gomez-Isla TWest HLRebeck GW et al Clinical and pathological correlates of apolipoprotein E ϵ4 in Alzheimer's disease. (jamanetwork.com)
Gustafson LAbrahamson MGrubb ANilsson KFex G Apolipoprotein-E genotyping in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. (jamanetwork.com)
AD has two different genetically based presentations: early-onset Alzheimer's, with onset occurring prior to the age of 65, and late-onset Alzheimer's, in which symptoms begin at or after the age of 65. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)

A high-fat and high-cholesterol diet induces overt and latent oxidative damage in hippocampus of mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Open Neuro 12 , 12-18. (uml.edu)

Expression of WT macrophage ABCA1 in ABC1 -/- mice resulted in a small but significant increase in apoA-I levels starting 2 weeks after transplantation. (jci.org)
The HDL formed as a consequence of the expression of WT macrophage ABCA1 migrated to the alpha position in a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. (jci.org)
An increased uptake of oxidized as well as of native LDL by FH monocytes combined with a down-regulation of NPC1 and ABCA1 explains the lipid accumulation observed in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Chronic exposure to hyperglycemia causes an imbalance in cellular homeostasis which then leads to damaged blood vessels, among other effects [ 2 , 3 ]. (jabonline.in)
These processes cause immune system cells to release inflammatory mediators called cytokines, which in their own turn produce changes in the walls of blood vessels, eventually resulting in accumulation of diseased tissue known as plaques. (lifeextension.com)

To prospectively assess the long-term safety of statins in patients with prediabetes/type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (medscape.com)

Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)

This study aimed to determine the effects of the CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16)/CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) pathway on cholesterol accumulation in the radial arteries of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with concomitant microinflammation and to further investigate the potential effects of the purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R). (medsci.org)

An essential pathologic finding is the accumulation of normally structured glycogen in most tissues. (medscape.com)

Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)

There is a belief among clinicians that patients with NASH are at a higher risk for hepatotoxicity when prescribed a statin, [ 9 ] and it has even been postulated that statins could increase hepatic fat accumulation in patients with NAFLD. (medscape.com)

Apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5) has been identified to play an important role in lipid metabolism, specifically in triglyceride (TG) and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, I investigated if hypertension, diabetes typ II and cardiovascular risk factors are linked to common subtypes of dementia. (lu.se)

In 1956, Andersen reported the first patient with progressive hepatosplenomegaly and accumulation of abnormal polysaccharides. (medscape.com)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) global report, ~422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 ( 1 ), and that cardiovascular diseases account for 31% mortality worldwide ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
As a consequence, there has also been a marked increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes all over the world and this chronic metabolic disease is now considered as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. (researchgate.net)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is mostly associated with being overweight or obese. (jabonline.in)
2 diabetes patients predicts all-cause and few years [ 1 ]. (who.int)

Induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)

Induction of canonical autophagy is mainly controlled by the AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and relies on the activation and assembly of two macromolecular complexes, the ATG1/ULK1 and the Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex (Figure 1 ) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
HDL originates as discoidal complexes of apolipoproteins and phospholipids. (jci.org)

In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring microbial organism includesat least two enzymes of the 1,three-butanediol pathway are encoded by exogenous nucleic acids. (ehd.org)
Cholesterol accumulation in membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) results in a down-regulation of the SREBP pathway and subsequently in the repression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA-reductase (Hmgcr), the rate limiting enzyme of the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

3 The interaction of the 2 processes regulates the sleep/wake cycle. (org.sa)

Some previous data do not support the liter- process in the determination of morbidity ature suggesting adverse effects of omega-3 and mortality from coronary heart disease fatty acids on lipid peroxidation [ 2,21,35 ]. (who.int)

[ 2 ] In 1978, Narisawa et al proposed that a transport defect of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into the microsomal compartment may be present in some patients with GSD type I. (medscape.com)
For practical purposes, depending on the enzyme activity and the presence of mutations in the G6Pase and T genes, respectively, GSD type I may be subdivided into 2 major forms. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] The images below illustrate histologic findings of GSD type II. (medscape.com)
Gustafson L Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type, II: clinical picture and differential diagnosis. (jamanetwork.com)
50 patients atteints de diabète de type 2 randomisés pour recevoir 2 g/jour d'acides gras oméga 3 purifiés ou un placebo pendant 10 semaines. (who.int)

METHODS: 14,086 dementia-free ARIC participants underwent a cognitive exam at baseline visit 2 (1990-1992, mean age 57±5.72), and in 11,244 at visit 4 (1996-1998), 5,640 at visit 5 (2011-2013), and 3,574 at visit 6 (2016-2017) with surveillance for dementias of all causes combined. (bvsalud.org)
The difference between dementia and non-dementia group in the visit 2 3-test combination z-score was -0.20 at 30-31 years prior to dementia diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
The difference between dementia and non-dementia groups in the visit 2 3-test combination z-score was -0.90. (bvsalud.org)
Large decreases in systolic BP from the supine to standing position measured at the first 2 measurements ≈30 and 50 seconds after standing, but not afterward, were associated with orthostatic dizziness and a higher risk of dementia. (bvsalud.org)
Dementia affects nearly 10% of persons aged 65 and older.1 As the geriatric population continues to grow to an estimated 74 million people by 2030,2 the need for accurate dementia diagnosis becomes more urgent. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)

Later, other translocases were discovered, adding 2 more subtypes of GSD to the disease spectrum. (medscape.com)

It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, which is characterized by lipid accumulation, leukocyte infiltration and smooth muscle cell proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)

title = Clinical features and molecular genetics of two Tunisian families with abetalipoproteinemia. (librepathology.org)

2 yield the surfactant concentration profi le from which the interbilayer force can be estimated. (lu.se)

Anatomy1

Organisms3

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs31

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science1

Geographicals2

ApoE13

Allele9

Lipids2

Efflux4

Macrophages2

Involved in lipid1

Lipoprotein5

Particles2

Obesity6

Serum2

Metabolic syndrome2

Genotype2

Beta-amyloid1

Deficiency3

Chylomicrons1

Abstract1

VLDL1

Amyloid4

Triglycerides2

Mitochondrial dysfunction2

Atherosclerosis4

Genetic2

Inflammation2

Proteins4

Neurodegenerative1

Plasma2

Cytoplasm1

Atherosclerotic1

APOB1

Alzheimer's3

Hippocampus1

ABCA13

Blood vessels2

T2DM1

Adipose tissue1

Arteries1

Pathologic1

Mice1

Hepatic1

Metabolism1

Hypertension1

Abnormal1

Diabetes4

Contributes1

Complexes2

Pathway2

Interaction1

Lipid peroxidation1

Type5

Dementia5

Subtypes1

Chronic1

Clinical1

Yield1