Somatic cellsEmbryoBlastocystEmbryosTherapeuticSpeciesPropagateEmbryonicMammalianGenetically identicalControversiesNuclear transferCellsBeingsBiotechnologyEthicalOccurPossibilityBreakthroughImmuneScientistsAnimalsHighlyAdvanced Cell TechnPotentialEarlyDebateCellProcessAdditionTypesArticleResearchProduction
Somatic cells4
- Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. (wikipedia.org)
- It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
- Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
- Repair of mitomycin-C-induced chromosomal aberrations was impaired in RAD51B/Rad51b-c.92delT human and mouse somatic cells in vitro and in explanted mouse bone marrow cells. (nature.com)
Embryo3
- In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
Blastocyst3
- In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk, a professor at Seoul National University, published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. (wikipedia.org)
- A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
- The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
Embryos3
- In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. (wikipedia.org)
- Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
- Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
Therapeutic4
- Two commonly discussed types of human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
- Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants. (wikipedia.org)
- Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction. (wikipedia.org)
- these are the "holy grail" that would be useful for therapeutic or reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Species4
- In his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Man and his Future in 1963, he said: It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. (wikipedia.org)
- Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
- However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
- Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Propagate2
- Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
- The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)
Embryonic1
- In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the oocyte's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian1
- is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
Genetically identical3
- Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. (wikipedia.org)
- In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
- Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Controversies1
- The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear transfer2
- With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. (wikipedia.org)
- More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
Cells8
- The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
- The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)
- Tumor development has been said to occur in three distinct steps: inefficient elimination of early transformed cells, development of a state of equilibrium between tumor cells and immune cells, and tumor escape from immune pressure ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Indeed a wealth of studies from humans and mouse models establishes a particularly potent role for CD8 T cells in controlling the outgrowth of malignancies ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The upper portion of the female reproductive tract consists of the fallopian tubes, uterus body, and endocervix, which has columnar epithelial cells and is distincted from ectocervix which is part of the lower tract characterized by squamous epithelial cells [ 4 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Beings2
- Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
- The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
Biotechnology1
- Detailed descriptions of methods used in animal cloning and biotechnology are provided in the report Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns (NRC, 2002). (nationalacademies.org)
Ethical2
- These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning. (wikipedia.org)
- This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
Occur1
- As part of its charge, the committee was asked to prepare a subreport evaluating methods for detecting potential unintended compositional changes across the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, metabolites and nutrients that may occur in food derived from cloned animals that have not been genetically modified via genetic engineering methods. (nationalacademies.org)
Possibility2
- Although the possibility of cloning humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policymakers began to take the prospect seriously in 1969. (wikipedia.org)
- In fact, the afterlife aspect of the series is often inconsequential, with various aspects of it (the reincarnation cycle, who hollows were before they changed into hollows, the possibility of Shinigami having once been humans themselves, and Hell) remaining unexplored in favor of battles between the various spiritual factions. (tvtropes.org)
Breakthrough1
- This would have been the first major breakthrough in human cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Immune2
- In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
- Hormones regulate the immune system throughout the female reproductive tract in a way that favors conditions for sperm migration, fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Scientists1
- Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. (wikipedia.org)
Animals3
- In addition, the committee was charged with evaluating methods to detect potential, unintended, adverse health effects of foods derived from cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)
- Continued development of new biotechnologies also will allow farm animals to serve as sources of both biopharmaceuticals for human medicine and organs for transplantation. (nationalacademies.org)
- It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)
Highly2
- Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
- All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
Advanced Cell Techn1
- The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. (wikipedia.org)
Potential1
- Another Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971. (wikipedia.org)
Early1
- J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and "cloning", which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
Debate1
- and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)
Cell2
- Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)
- Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, T RM -like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
Process2
- These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
- Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Addition1
- Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
Types1
- The Slit diaphragm (SD) is the key filtration structure in human glomerular kidney that is affected in many types of renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
Article1
- Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in The Washington Post. (wikipedia.org)
Research1
- In 1966, his final year at Nottingham, he received a scholarship to conduct research for a summer under English biologist Ernest John Christopher Polge in the Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, then a division of the Agricultural Research Council at the University of Cambridge. (mathisfunforum.com)
Production1
- Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in Brave New World. (wikipedia.org)