one ATP by direct phosphorylation of GDP two ATP from oxidation of FADH2 three ATP at a time for the NADH + H+ produced within the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction, the malate dehydrogenase reaction and the malate decarboxylase reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Due to low glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities, in tumor cells the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate mainly takes place via glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. (wikipedia.org)
Steffen W, Gemperli AC, Cvetesic N & Steuber J. Organelle-specific expression of subunit ND5 of human complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) alters cation homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (uzh.ch)
1. Frieden, C. L -Glutamate dehydrogenase. (qmul.ac.uk)
Glutaminolysis (glutamine + -lysis) is a series of biochemical reactions by which the amino acid glutamine is lysed to glutamate, aspartate, CO2, pyruvate, lactate, alanine and citrate. (wikipedia.org)
EC 1.1.1.27) according to the following equations: malate + NAD(P)+→ pyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+ + CO2 pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+ The reactions of the glutaminolytic pathway take place partly in the mitochondria and to some extent in the cytosol (compare the metabolic scheme of the glutaminolytic pathway). (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, tumor cells over express phosphate dependent glutaminase and NAD(P)-dependent malate decarboxylase, which in combination with the remaining reaction steps of the citric acid cycle from α-ketoglutarate to citrate impart the possibility of a new energy producing pathway, the degradation of the amino acid glutamine to glutamate, aspartate, pyruvate CO2, lactate and citrate. (wikipedia.org)
This result suggests that taurine improves pyruvate, lactate, and glutamate metabolism, thus decreasing IUI-caused cerebral damage and relieving motor behavior impairment. (hindawi.com)
Glutamic acid1
Depolarization of presynaptic membranes results in release of the neurotransmitter glutamate (glutamic acid) . (benbest.com)
Mitochondria2
Puhar, A. & Steuber, J. NADH oxidation drives respiratory Na(+) transport in mitochondria from Yarrowia lipolytica. (uzh.ch)
Mitochondria most readily produce ATP by the oxidation of NADH and FADH 2 yielded from the breakdown of sugars such as glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
Lactate2
The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
Enzyme5
The enzyme has a preference for NADPH as the reductant, with NADH being a poor substitute [2]. (enzyme-database.org)
F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase is a large enzyme complex made up of over 22 subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
The preferred route for protons in the intermembrane space to re-enter the matrix, in an attempt to flow down the gradient and re-establish equilibrium, is to enter through the ATP synthase enzyme complex. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the production of ATP by the ATP synthase enzyme has significantly increased in efficiency during the evolution of multicellular organisms from early eukaryotic ancestors. (biomedcentral.com)
IFPL953and the wild-type strain were analyzed for HA-DH activity using -ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) as the substrate (6), showing IFPL953 values of 5.78 U/mg (1 U is defined as the quantity of enzyme that oxidizes 1 mol NADH per minute at 37C), whereas the mutant strain had lost the HA-DH activity. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidoreductase5
Casutt MS, Huber T, Brunisholz R, Tao M, Fritz G & Steuber J. Localization and function of the membrane-bound riboflavin in the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) from Vibrio cholerae. (uzh.ch)
Tao, M., Casutt, M. & Steuber, J. Oxidant-induced formation of a neutral flavosemiquinone in the Na(+)-translocating NADH:Quinone oxidoreductase (Na(+)-NQR) from Vibrio cholerae. (uzh.ch)
Tao, M., Fritz, G. & Steuber, J. The Na+ -translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+ -NQR) from Vibrio cholerae enhances insertion of FeS in overproduced NqrF subunit. (uzh.ch)
Vgenopoulou, I., Gemperli, A. C. & Steuber, J. Specific modification of a Na+ binding site in the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-1) from Klebsiella pneumoniae with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. (uzh.ch)
Steuber, J. The Na+ -translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NDH I) from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: implications for the mechanism of redox-driven cation translocation by complex I. (uzh.ch)
Biosynthesis2
Glutamine can be converted to citrate without NADH production, uncoupling NADH production from biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Our results demonstrate that potential alternative pathways for proline synthesis or inter-generation transfer of proline are not sufficient to overcome a defect in proline biosynthesis from glutamate during pollen development. (biomedcentral.com)
Electrons1
But when oxygen is not available in adequate amounts to accept electrons (hydrogen atoms) from NADH, the excess electrons form superoxide from the residual oxygen. (benbest.com)
Proteins1
1997. An aminotransferase from Lactococcus lactis initiates transformation of proteins to parmesan cheese flavor substances. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Respiratory1
In heterotrophic microorganisms, 3 ATP can be theoretically produced from 1 NADH oxidized through the oxidative phosphorylation respiratory chain. (springeropen.com)
Glutamine2
Hydrolysis of the amino group of glutamine yielding glutamate and ammonium. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamine and its degradation products glutamate and aspartate are precursors for nucleic acid and serine synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Production3
Iminosuccinate can either be hydrolysed to form oxaloacetate and NH 3 or can be used by EC 2.5.1.72 , quinolinate synthase, in the production of quinolinate. (enzyme-database.org)
In the process of LeuDH production of l -tle, NADH as a cofactor is indispensable and expensive, so an efficient cofactor regeneration system was considered as an ideal solution with high catalytic and economic benefits [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Countering NADH production, calcium action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pores increases inner membrane permeability thereby reducing proton potential, causing the matrix to swell and ultimately releasing cytochrome c (an initiator of apoptosis). (benbest.com)
Gemperli, A. C., Dimroth, P. & Steuber, J. Sodium ion cycling mediates energy coupling between complex I and ATP synthase. (uzh.ch)
Form1
Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
Domain3
As protons flow through the channel domain of ATP synthase, a motor force is generated, which is used to rotate a large, rotating catalytic domain facing the matrix, which couples adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to an inorganic phosphate moiety (P i ) to yield ATP[ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Excessive glutamate release resulting in excessive Ca +2 entry into cells is the excitotoxicity which initiates the brain ischemic damage seen in stroke and cardiac arrest. (benbest.com)
Single1
Experiments using purified enzymes from cows and yeast revealed that the number of protons required by ATP synthase to make a single ATP molecule is almost twice as high for lower eukaryotes as it is for animals[ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
System1
It has been discussed that the glutamate pool may drive the endergonic uptake of other amino acids by system ASC. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial1
C, The ATP synthase activity reported as the mean ATP-citrate synthesis rate ratio to correct the enzyme activity for the mitochondrial mass of cybrid samples. (jamanetwork.com)
Oxidation3
one ATP by direct phosphorylation of GDP two ATP from oxidation of FADH2 three ATP at a time for the NADH + H+ produced within the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction, the malate dehydrogenase reaction and the malate decarboxylase reaction. (wikipedia.org)
use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, use COENZYME A & PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1973-1978 MH - 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase UI - D050842 MN - D8.811.682.662.693 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. (nih.gov)
Floating within the inner membrane of mitochrodria, CoQ 10 plays an important role in oxidative phosphorylation where it is responsible for the two electron oxidation of NADH. (wikidoc.org)
Degradation3
On the other hand, tumor cells over express phosphate dependent glutaminase and NAD(P)-dependent malate decarboxylase, which in combination with the remaining reaction steps of the citric acid cycle from α-ketoglutarate to citrate impart the possibility of a new energy producing pathway, the degradation of the amino acid glutamine to glutamate, aspartate, pyruvate CO2, lactate and citrate. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamine and its degradation products glutamate and aspartate are precursors for nucleic acid and serine synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Substantial evidence suggests that ocular perfusion is regulated by nitric oxide (NO), and polymorphisms in genes encoding for enzymes involved in NO formation and degradation (endothelial nitric oxide synthase [ NOS3 ] and cytochrome b-235 alpha polypeptide gene [ CYBA ]) might contribute to vascular dysregulation observed in glaucoma. (molvis.org)
Substrates3
We found that the introduction of activated H-Ras V12 into immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells unexpectedly increased tricarboxylic acid cycle activity as measured by the direct conversion of 13 C-glucose carbons into the anabolic substrates glutamate/glutamine, aspartate and uridine. (biomedcentral.com)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rates with complex I (glutamate-malate)- and complex II (succinate)-dependent substrates. (jamanetwork.com)
The substrates for respiration were 10mM glutamate plus 10mM malate, and 0.6mM malonate was present to inhibit complex II. (jamanetwork.com)
Reductase1
Majander AHuoponen KSavontaus MLNikoskelainen EWikstrom M Electron transfer properties of NADH:ubiquinone reductase in the ND1/3460 and the ND4/11778 mutations of the Leber hereditary optic neuroretinopathy (LHON). (jamanetwork.com)
Aspartate1
Glutaminolysis (glutamine + -lysis) is a series of biochemical reactions by which the amino acid glutamine is lysed to glutamate, aspartate, CO2, pyruvate, lactate, alanine and citrate. (wikipedia.org)
Citrate3
Glutamine can be converted to citrate without NADH production, uncoupling NADH production from biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
B, Mean citrate synthase-specific activity of the cybrids investigated. (jamanetwork.com)
Respiration rates of state 4 and state 3 are reported after normalization of the polarographic oxygen consumption rates to citrate synthase activity of the corresponding cell samples. (jamanetwork.com)
Succinate1
Enzymes involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle can generate reducing equivalents such as succinate or NADH. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
EC 1.1.1.27) according to the following equations: malate + NAD(P)+→ pyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+ + CO2 pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+ The reactions of the glutaminolytic pathway take place partly in the mitochondria and to some extent in the cytosol (compare the metabolic scheme of the glutaminolytic pathway). (wikipedia.org)
Pathway1
Nevertheless, differential transcription was observed for a few genes linked to iron-sulfur cluster assembly, terminal oxidases, glutamate metabolism and arginine deiminase pathway, which shows their particular sensitivity to variations of DOT. (biomedcentral.com)