1987 ozone. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface. (wikipedia.org)
You remember ozone holes: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosol cans and refrigerators deplete the earth's protective ozone layer and thus allow more ultraviolet radiation through, elevating the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other maladies. (zdnet.com)
The ozone layer is just one of the layers within Earth's atmosphere. (holidays.net)
The so-called ozone layer is located between 10 and 50 km above the Earth's surface and contains approximately 90 per cent of all atmospheric ozone. (europa.eu)
The ozone layer protects life on the Earth's surface since ozone is the only efficient absorbent of the ultraviolet-B radiation (wavelengths 280 to 310 nm) from the sun. (europa.eu)
This FAQ about stratospheric ozone depletion concerning sources of chlorine and bromine in the earth's stratosphere was compiled and written by Robert Parson [email protected] with numerous contributions by others. (stason.org)
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a global agreement to protect the Earth's ozone layer by phasing out the chemicals that deplete it. (unep.org)
Earth's atmosphere contains an unexpectedly large amount of an ozone-depleting compound from an unknown source decades after the compound was banned worldwide.The compound, carbon tetrachloride, was used in applications such as dry cleaning and as a fire-extinguishing agent, until its regulation in 1987 under the Montreal Protocol along with other chlorofluorocarbons that destroy ozone and contribute to the ozone hole over Antarctica. (nasa.gov)
Since its launch in 2004, Aura has monitored the Earth's atmosphere and provided data on the ozone layer, air quality, and greenhouse gases associated with climate change. (nasa.gov)
The hole in the Earth's ozone layer is expected to fully heal within 50 years, climate change experts predict in a new UN report . (cnn.com)
But Earth's ozone layer has been damaged by well-intentioned chemicals-chlorofluorocarbons, used for refrigerants and aerosol spray-cans-that have the unintended consequence of destroying ozone molecules. (nasa.gov)
Then scientists started realizing that CFCs were widening a gaping hole in the Earth's ozone layer, an essential shield for life on this planet against the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. (popsci.com)
Following a harrowing depletion in recent decades, Earth's protective ozone layer, high in the planet's atmosphere, is on the track to recovery, according to a new report released today (Sept. 10) at the United Nations headquarters in New York. (livescience.com)
The ozone layer , located in Earth's stratosphere miles above the ground, shields the planet from much of the sun's damaging ultraviolet radiation. (livescience.com)
The Montreal Protocol - one of the world's most successful environmental treaties - has protected the stratospheric ozone layer and avoided enhanced UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. (livescience.com)
Developed by a team led by NASA's Donald Heath, BUV was the first space-based instrument to measure the total amount of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
The ozone layer absorbs high-energy UV rays preventing them from reaching the earth's surface. (news-medical.net)
Catalytic destruction of the ozone layer, therefore, increases the amount of UV radiation act the earth's surface, exacerbating the risk-averse health effects. (news-medical.net)
The ozone layer is a region of the atmosphere located between 15 and 30 kilometers above the earth's surface. (news-medical.net)
Fortunately, it is completely absorbed by the ozone layer and never reaches the Earth's surface. (canada.ca)
The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere, in the upper atmosphere, about 20 to 40 km above the Earth's surface. (canada.ca)
By the mid1980s, thinning of the ozone layer was enabling more UV to reach the Earth's surface. (canada.ca)
The hole in Earth's protective ozone layer that forms over Antarctica each September was the smallest seen since 1988, according to NASA and NOAA. (livescience.com)
And all that loose chlorine was tearing up the ozone layer, ripping up the chemical bonds of high-flying molecules that protect Earth's surface from ultraviolet radiation . (livescience.com)
In the 1980s it was discovered that the protective ozone layer over the North and South poles was becoming progressively thinner, thus allowing more and more harmful UV radia-tion to reach the Earth's surface. (mpic.de)
Good" ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. (medlineplus.gov)

Even though it was relatively large, the area of this year's ozone hole was within the range we'd expect given the levels of manmade ozone-depleting chemicals that continue to persist in the atmosphere," said Paul Newman, chief scientist for atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "In 2100, CFCs will still be 20 percent more abundant in the atmosphere than they were in 1950. (zdnet.com)
By mass CFCs are thousands of times more potent a greenhouse gas compared to CO2, so the Montreal Protocol not only saved the ozone layer but it also mitigated a substantial fraction of global warming ," says lead author of the paper Rishav Goyal . (cosmosmagazine.com)
CFCs used to be common in refrigerators, aerosol cans and dry-cleaning chemicals, but they were banned globally under the Montreal Protocol of 1987. (cnn.com)
The decline in CFCs in our atmosphere as a result of those measures now mean the ozone layer is expected to have fully recovered sometime in the 2060s, according to the report by the UN Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization, European Commission and other bodies. (cnn.com)
CFCs' chlorine molecules initiate ozone-destroying chemical reactions and allow UV radiation through to the surface. (popsci.com)
The world came together in 1987 to sign the Montreal Protocol, a pact that effectively banned all ozone-depleting substances, including CFCs. (popsci.com)
Many experts, encouraged by how well the world rallied against CFCs, have believed we could go back to 1980 ozone levels between 2050 and 2070 . (popsci.com)
Proponents of the Kyoto Protocol often cite the Montreal Protocol as a successful precedent, and hope to emulate, in a global warming context, its worldwide restrictions on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other compounds suspected of depleting the ozone layer. (cei.org)
In the 1970s, researchers realized that gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons - which were commonly used in appliances such as refrigerators, spray cans, insulation foam and fire suppressants - led to the depletion of the ozone layer, NOAA researchers said. (livescience.com)
The global recognition of the destructive potential of CFCs soon led to the 1987 Montreal Protocol , a treaty phasing out the production of ozone-depleting chemicals. (nasa.gov)
In the 1970s and 80s, people around the world grew increasingly alarmed as research revealed that chemicals we were producing-such as CFCs, used in refrigeration- had started destroying the crucial ozone layer, high up in the atmopshere, that protects us from the sun's harmful UV radiation. (smithsonianmag.com)
Because water vapor raises the air temperature in the immediate vicinity, it allows compounds such as chlorine-leftover from CFCs, which will remain in our atmosphere for decades-to undergo a chemical shift into a free radical form, which then depletes ozone. (smithsonianmag.com)
A blockbuster study published in the journal Nature yesterday (May 16) revealed that for the first time since the 1980s, ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have ticked sharply upward in the atmosphere - suggesting a new source. (livescience.com)
Overall, atmospheric CFCs are still declining, and the ozone layer is still replenishing itself . (livescience.com)
Their makers regrettably did not know that CFCs react easily with ozone gas, which, floating about 15-35 kilometers above the earth, blocks ultraviolet light and so helps to prevent skin cancers. (blogspot.com)
Governments banned further production of CFCs in 1987. (blogspot.com)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in spray cans and refrigerants are the main contributors to the ozone hole. (mpic.de)
The global environmental agreement contributed significantly to the replacement of ozone-depleting CFCs with other substances and to the slow recovery of the ozone layer. (mpic.de)

It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. (wikipedia.org)
In parts of the stratosphere, where most of the ozone is found, the layer has recovered at a rate of 1-3% per decade since 2000, the authors state. (cnn.com)
The amount of ozone in the stratosphere varies naturally throughout the year, with zone depletion most pronounced in polar regions, resulting in so-called ozone holes. (cnn.com)
There are telltale signs of ozone recovery in the upper part of the stratosphere," A.R. Ravishankara, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) emeritus scientist, professor at Colorado State University and co-chairman of the panel that prepared the report, said in a statement . (livescience.com)
These substances are harming the ozone layer in the tropical lower stratosphere, says Villamayor. (newscientist.com)
In the future, uncontrolled use of human-made VSLS could increase ozone depletion in the tropical stratosphere by 30 per cent by the end of the century, says Villamayor. (newscientist.com)
Here, ozone molecules absorb the UV, resulting in an increased temperature of the stratosphere. (news-medical.net)
Much more field research is needed to track the rate of water vapor injections into the stratosphere, the attendant ozone depletion and the prevalence of skin cancer in the U.S. population. (smithsonianmag.com)
Ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) protects humankind and its crops from harmful ultraviolet radiation. (york.ac.uk)
During the 1970s, scientists became aware that certain industrial chemicals were destroying ozone in the stratosphere. (canada.ca)
Nonetheless, ozone-depleting chemical concentrations peaked in the late 1990s, and have now fallen by about 8.5 percent, declining first in the lower atmosphere and more recently in the stratosphere. (blogspot.com)

View all of the Antarctic Hemisphere daily maps of total ozone for October 1987. (nasa.gov)
And yet NASA spotted one of the most gaping holes on record last month when the Antarctic ozone hole reached its annual southern hemisphere spring peak on Sept. 12. (zdnet.com)
Scientists will continue to use satellites to monitor the recovery of the ozone hole and they hope to see its full recovery before the end of the century.Research: Inorganic chlorine variability in the Antarctic vortex and implications for ozone recovery.Journal: Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, December 18, 2014.Link to paper: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022295/abstract.Here is the YouTube video. (nasa.gov)
The Antarctic ozone hole reached its annual peak size on Sept. 11, according to scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (nasa.gov)
The size of this year's hole was 24.1 million square kilometers (9.3 million square miles) - an area roughly the size of North America.With the increased atmospheric chlorine levels present since the 1980s, the Antarctic ozone hole forms and expands during the Southern Hemisphere spring (August and September). (nasa.gov)
The treaty included a requirement that scientists regularly assess and report on the health of the ozone layer, particularly the annual Antarctic ozone hole . (nasa.gov)
Global ozone and ozone in the Arctic and Antarctic is no longer decreasing, but is not yet increasing. (nasa.gov)
The ozone hole over the Antarctic is expected to recover much later. (nasa.gov)
The impact of the Antarctic ozone hole on surface climate is becoming evident in surface temperature and wind patterns. (nasa.gov)
World of Change: Antarctic Ozone Hole. (nasa.gov)
NASA satellites have observed the Antarctic ozone hole since the late 1970s-before and after nations agreed to stop producing chemicals that destroy the ozone layer. (nasa.gov)
The smaller ozone hole was strongly influenced by an unstable and warmer-than-usual Antarctic vortex. (nasa.gov)
The Antarctic ozone hole in 2016 was not exactly remarkable. (nasa.gov)
In 1985, this concern of catalytic ozone destruction was increased following the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. (news-medical.net)
In the Arctic and Antarctic, though, the presence of holes in the ozone layer is tied to moisture. (smithsonianmag.com)
Scientists were also surprised to find a large ozone hole developing over the Antarctic, where up to 60% of the ozone was lost each spring. (canada.ca)
In the Antarctic, the ozone hole continues to form every year during the southern spring, while in the Arctic, less severe depletions occur occasionally. (canada.ca)
and by the 1980s a large hole in the ozone layer had developed above the Antarctic. (blogspot.com)

During this year's commemoration of the World Ozone Day, Kenya and the rest of the world will celebrate the immense contribution of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in not only preserving the ozone layer but most critically, in helping fight the global climate crisis. (co.ke)
World Ozone Day commemorates the anniversary of the signing, in 1987, of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (co.ke)
For this reason, the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry will spare no effort in ensuring that the requirements of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are fully implemented in Kenya. (co.ke)
As part of this solemn obligation, the Ministry continues to work with partners and stakeholders in ensuring that Kenya attains complete phase-out of ozone depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). (co.ke)
Also called the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, this holiday also commemorates the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (holidays.net)
One of the first public actions taken to help preserve the ozone was through the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (holidays.net)
Europe's responsibility is emphasised by the fact that Europe contributes approximately one third of the global annual emissions of ozone-depleting substances (see Chapters 4 and 14). (europa.eu)
This phase-out plan includes both the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. (unep.org)
These HFCs were used as replacements for a batch of ozone-depleting substances eliminated by the original Montreal Protocol. (unep.org)
The treaty saw the regulation in the production and consumption of over 100 human-made chemicals - known as ozone-depleting substances. (cosmosmagazine.com)
In 1994, the UN General Assembly proclaimed September 16th as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer because the Montreal protocol on ozone-destroying substances was signed September 16th, 1987. (pravda.ru)
In 1974, US chemist Mario Molina advanced a theory to the effect that the ozone layer was being destroyed through the excessive use of chloro-fluoro-methane substances, i.e. freons, inside refrigerators, air conditioners and sprays. (pravda.ru)
In September 1987, 36 countries signed a protocol on ozone-depleting substances, i.e. the so-called Montreal protocol. (pravda.ru)
The ozone layer helps shield life on Earth from potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer and damage plants.The Montreal Protocol agreement beginning in 1987 regulated ozone depleting substances, such as chlorine-containing chlorofluorocarbons and bromine-containing halons. (nasa.gov)
One issue has attracted comparison - ozone depletion and the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. (cei.org)
Since the last comprehensive ozone assessment in 2010, the use of most of these harmful substances has continued to drop, and the ozone may be on the path to recovery, according to the new report. (livescience.com)
Starting in 1987, almost 200 countries joined together to ratify the Montreal Protocol, which is designed to phase out ozone-depleting substances, NOAA researchers said. (livescience.com)
If the Montreal Protocol had not passed, the use of ozone-depleting substances could have increased tenfold by 2050, UNEP officials said. (livescience.com)
For instance, some chemicals that have replaced ozone-depleting substances are still potent greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. (livescience.com)
To fight back, scientists from NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory are testing potential substances that are safe for the ozone layer, climate and environment, experts said. (livescience.com)
Very short-lived substances (VSLS) are ozone-depleting chemicals that typically last for just six months in the atmosphere. (newscientist.com)
The Montreal Protocol is written so that we can control ozone-depleting substances and their replacements. (nasa.gov)
In the 1980s, health impacts of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)-induced changes in the stratospheric ozone on the US population were studied by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (news-medical.net)
The 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments have resulted in the phasing-out of the production of many of the substances that deplete the ozone layer. (york.ac.uk)
The global agreement works towards the necessary protection of the ozone layer by ensuring compliancy in the phasing out of harmful chemicals known as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). (lu.se)

Cosmonaut training from November 1985 - December 1987. (astronautix.com)
GKNII Buran Test Pilot, 1985-1987. (astronautix.com)
The first concrete international measures aimed at limiting ozone depletion were agreed in 1985 and 1987. (europa.eu)
By 1985, the globe had already seen advancements in the scientific understanding of ozone depletion and its impacts on human health and the environment. (unep.org)
In March 1985, Vienna hosted a special conference, which passed the Vienna convention on protecting the ozone layer. (pravda.ru)
In 1985, the scientific community found a seasonal "ozone hole" over Antarctica, and spurred action to prevent its growth. (livescience.com)

Continuous stratospheric ozone depletion trends, and the possible occurrence of an Arctic ozone hole, should be of great concern for Europe, with potential effects on human health, plants, animals and the food supply. (europa.eu)
The issue of stratospheric ozone depletion has stimulated interest and dialogue among the scientific community, policy makers and the public. (europa.eu)
Frequently Asked Questions about stratospheric ozone depletion. (stason.org)

The 'ozone hole' observed above Antarctica since the end of the 1970s is an extreme case of ozone layer depletion, with column reduction of about 55 per cent in October (ie, southern hemisphere spring) 1987 and 1989-93. (europa.eu)
In a new study, scientists from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center say that the ozone hole will be consistently smaller than 8 million square miles by the year 2040.Ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere cause an ozone hole to form over Antarctica during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. (nasa.gov)
Year-to-year weather variability significantly impacts Antarctica ozone because warmer stratospheric temperatures can reduce ozone depletion," said Paul A. Newman, chief scientist for atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.Scientists are working to determine if the ozone hole trend over the last decade is a result of temperature increases or chorine declines. (nasa.gov)
An increase of stratospheric temperature over Antarctica would decrease the ozone hole's area. (nasa.gov)
The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASAâ€™s Aura satellite acquired data for this map of ozone concentrations over Antarctica on September 12, 2010. (nasa.gov)
Climate change could produce an ozone hole over the U.S. similar to the one observed over Antarctica, above, in 2006. (smithsonianmag.com)
The U.N. Environmental Program's most recent assessment finds that ozone layers outside the poles are showing signs of recovery, and that the "hole" in the ozone layer above Antarctica has stopped growing. (blogspot.com)
The ozone hole above Antarctica in 2006. (mpic.de)

In the late 1980s, governments around the world woke up to the destruction of the ozone layer and negotiated the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals. (nasa.gov)
The ozone data it collected gave researchers baseline measurements that, in the mid-1980s, helped them recognize that a troubling hole in the ozone layer had opened up. (nasa.gov)
In the 1980s, Paul Crutzen studied the influence of ice particles in polar stratospheric clouds on ozone depletion. (mpic.de)

200 nations signed up to the Montreal Protocol, which phases out the use of ozone-damaging chemicals. (zdnet.com)
As James Butler, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Global Monitoring Division in Boulder, Colo., noted, "The manmade chemicals known to destroy ozone are slowly declining because of international action, but there are still large amounts of these chemicals doing damage. (zdnet.com)
However, the ozone hole has still remained bigger than 8 million square miles since the early 1990s, with exact sizes varying from year to year.The size of the ozone hole varies due to both temperature and levels of ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
In order to get a more accurate picture of the future size of the ozone hole, scientists used NASA's AURA satellite to determine how much the levels of these chemicals in the atmosphere varied each year. (nasa.gov)
This led to the Montreal Protocol , an international treaty created to preserve the ozone layer by reducing the amount of production, consumption and emission of harmful chemicals that caused the hole. (earthday.org)
It has three chlorine molecules instead of the usual two, conferring it with a longer lifespan-around 52 years-than most other ozone-depleting chemicals. (popsci.com)
The evaluation, conducted by 282 scientists from 36 countries, credits much of this recovery to international action that phased out the production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals . (livescience.com)
Chemicals used to decaffeinate coffee, produce paint removers, meld plastics and purify antibiotics are contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer over the tropics. (newscientist.com)
Now the scientists and negotiators behind the Protocol are taking on a new problem: the climate warming effects of chemicals that were supposed to be better for the ozone layer. (nasa.gov)
In response, world governments came together to sign the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which phased out the production of ozone-depleting chemicals. (smithsonianmag.com)
The agreement committed nations around the world to phase out the use of ozone-destroying chemicals. (canada.ca)
The fire extinguishing chemicals, known as halons, were also a significant threat to the ozone layer, and they too, are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. (canada.ca)
Many ozone-destroying chemicals can remain in the atmosphere for years after they have been released. (canada.ca)
There is a need to remain vigilant, since some ozone-depleting chemicals have not yet been completely phased out, and new chemicals need to be reviewed to ensure they do not pose additional threats. (canada.ca)

In January 2011, the Ozone Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme released its latest report and noted that the Protocol has "protected the stratospheric ozone layer from much higher levels of depletion. (nasa.gov)

As a Ministry, our responsibility is to support and encourage industries to adopt technologies that are ozone and Climate friendly. (co.ke)
We review how climate change could affect future concentrations of tropospheric ozone and particulate matter (PM), and what changing concentrations could mean for population health. (nih.gov)
Given these uncertainties, projections suggest that climate change will increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone, at least in high-income countries when precursor emissions are held constant, which would increase morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)
If improved models continue to project higher ozone concentrations with climate change, then reducing greenhouse gas emissions would enhance the health of current and future generations. (nih.gov)
First discovered in 1913 by physicists Henri Buisson and Charles Fabry, the ozone layer has since become a major feature of scientific studies on climate change. (holidays.net)
Although they do not deplete the ozone layer, they are known to be powerful greenhouse gases and, thus, contributors to climate change. (unep.org)
The same international agreement that successfully put the ozone layer on the road to recovery is now being used to address climate change. (nasa.gov)
The new report also highlights the intricate links between the ozone layer's recovery and climate change, Ravishankara said. (livescience.com)
Researchers have blamed climate change for this discrepancy, as a warmer atmosphere accelerates the flow of warm air from the tropics to the poles, thinning the ozone layer in the tropics. (newscientist.com)
Villamayor and his colleagues used sophisticated climate models to simulate the impact of emissions from all naturally occurring and human-made VSLS on the ozone layer, and found they may account for up to a quarter of the damage to the layer in the tropics over the past 20 years. (newscientist.com)
The Montreal Protocol has evolved from strictly an ozone treaty, to an ozone and climate treaty. (nasa.gov)
Climate Change Could Erode Ozone Layer Over U.S. (smithsonianmag.com)
Yesterday, though, Harvard scientists hit us with some bad news: It looks as if climate change could actually cause the depletion of the ozone layer to resume on a wide scale, with grim implications for the United States. (smithsonianmag.com)
What this research does is connect, for the first time, climate change with ozone depletion, and ozone loss is directly tied to increases in skin cancer incidence, because more ultraviolet radiation is penetrating the atmosphere. (smithsonianmag.com)
Scientists are also concerned that the recovery of the ozone layer could be complicated by other factors, such as climate change. (canada.ca)
However, as the ozone layer heals, the limelight shifts to the grander issue of climate change. (lu.se)
This year, the theme selected by the UN is Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone layer and reducing climate change . (lu.se)
The theme underlines the pivotal role of the Montreal Protocol in not only healing the ozone layer but also in combatting climate change. (lu.se)
Health and climate change : modelling the impacts of global warming and ozone depletion / Pim Martens. (who.int)
Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 2006 assessment: interactions of ozone depletion and climate change. (bvsalud.org)

This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. (wikipedia.org)
Associations between daily cause-specific mortality and concentrations of ground-level ozone in Montreal, Quebec. (jamanetwork.com)
If countries continue to abide by the Montreal Protocol, ozone levels across the globe are expected to recover to 1980 concentrations before the year 2050, but the hole over the South Pole likely won't heal until 2070 , Ravishankara said. (livescience.com)
Machine learning with spatial interpolation techniques for constructing 2-dimensional ozone concentrations in Southern California during the COVID-19 shutdown. (cdc.gov)

Under undisturbed conditions stratospheric ozone is formed as the result of a photochemical equilibrium involving oxygen molecules, oxygen atoms and solar radiation. (europa.eu)
Stratospheric ozone destruction resulting from human activities is caused mainly by long-lived chlorine-containing and bromine-containing molecules. (york.ac.uk)
The light from the sun produces radicals that damage the ozone molecules. (mpic.de)
His explanation: On the surface of these particles, chlorine and bromine become highly reactive, catalytically active forms that subsequently destroy ozone molecules. (mpic.de)

Hoek G, Schwartz JD, Groot B, Eilers P. Effects of ambient particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. (jamanetwork.com)
Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. (who.int)

On Saturday 16th September, Kenya joins the international community in marking the 2023 World Ozone Day, also known as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. (co.ke)
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2023 0 0. (cdc.gov)

View all of the Arctic Hemisphere daily maps of total ozone for November 1987. (nasa.gov)
Ground-based and satellite observations have shown a decrease of total column ozone in winter in the northern hemisphere (an average depletion of the global ozone layer of 3 per cent in the period 1979-91, but with large latitudinal and seasonal differences). (europa.eu)
At the recovery rates projected by the UN report, the northern hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone is scheduled to heal completely by the 2030s, followed by the southern hemisphere in the 2050s and polar regions by 2060. (cnn.com)
The minimum concentration of ozone in the Southern Hemisphere from 1979 to 2013. (livescience.com)

Causes and effects of stratospheric ozone reduction : an update , a report / prepared by the Committee on Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Depletion and the Committee on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council. (who.int)
Without enough good ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

On September 17, 1979 (top left), the first year in which ozone was measured by satellite, the ozone level was at 194 Dobson Units. (nasa.gov)

While CO2 emissions grab the energy and environmental headlines, NASA last month spotted the ninth largest ozone hole on record. (zdnet.com)
Since the Montreal Protocol agreement in 1987, emissions have been regulated and chemical levels have been declining. (nasa.gov)
Montzka said if the source of the new emissions could be identified and contained, the damage to the ozone should be minor. (cnn.com)
A new study published in the journal Nature on Wednesday illustrates a shocking spike in emissions for an ozone-depleting chemical banned by international treaty decades ago. (popsci.com)
So far, Montzka emphasizes, the new emissions won't halt or reverse the healing of the ozone layer. (popsci.com)
We want to go for quick healing in the ozone layer, so [the damage] doesn't persist and we don't suffer that 10-year lag in ozone recovery date that might be realized if these emissions don't go away. (popsci.com)

Satellite instruments monitor the ozone layer, and we use their data to create the images that depict the amount of ozone. (nasa.gov)

While CFC-11 is no more dangerous to the ozone layer than other chlorine-containing chemical species, it's the second-most abundant CFC. (popsci.com)
these chlorine atoms catalyze the destruction of the ozone. (news-medical.net)
Subsequent research over the next decade demonstrated that heterogeneous chlorine chemistry was capable of depleting more ozone relative to gas-phase processes alone as observed following the eruption of mountain Pinatubo. (news-medical.net)

Scientists first noted in the late 1960s that the thinning stratospheric-ozone layer shielded this planet from murderous ultra-violet radiation. (pravda.ru)
With this new knowledge, scientists can confidently say that the ozone hole will be consistently smaller than 8 million square miles by the year 2040. (nasa.gov)
In 1987, a NASA satellite allowed scientists to see a hole in the ozone layer. (earthday.org)
Since then, scientists have begun to see definitive proof of ozone recovery . (nasa.gov)

Researchers will present the report, dubbed the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, in November, at the annual meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in Paris. (livescience.com)
The 2010 Ozone Assessment of the United Nations Environmental Programme and two earlier reports highlight the original research undertaken in York. (york.ac.uk)
Health effects of ozone and nitrogen oxides in an integrated assessment of air pollution : proceedings of an international workshop, Eastbourne, UK, 10-12 June 1996 / United Nations Commission for Europe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health. (who.int)

While CO2 grabs headlines, NASA quietly spotted the 9th largest ozone hole on record. (zdnet.com)
Spot the difference: Above, the largest ever recorded ozone hole, Sept. 2006, 10.6 million square miles. (zdnet.com)
It stretched to 10.05 million square miles, the ninth largest ozone hole on record," NASA reported in a press release. (zdnet.com)
For doom-and-gloomers, the Sept. 12 ozone hole might reaffirm that it's too late to take any effective measures. (zdnet.com)
Why is the Ozone Hole Getting Smaller? (nasa.gov)
Today, we have more environmental problems than the ozone hole. (earthday.org)
Purple and dark blue areas are part of the ozone hole. (nasa.gov)
The lowest value (deepest hole) ever recorded was 73 Dobson Units on September 30, 1994, while the broadest hole occurred on September 29, 2000, when the ozone-depleted area stretched 29.9 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
The record for mean size of the ozone hole-the greatest extent over a one-month window-was September 7 to October 13, 2006, when the hole reached 26.2 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
The mean ozone hole in 2010 was 22.2 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
Paul J. Crutzen explained the influence of polar stratospheric clouds in the formation of the ozone hole. (mpic.de)
Nevertheless it will take several years to heal the ozone hole. (mpic.de)

The purpose of the treaty was to prevent chlorofluorocarbons from destroying the ozone layer. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Chemists Mario J. Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland had already warned of the negative impact of chlorofluorocarbons released by humans on the ozone layer. (mpic.de)

Lippmann M. Health effects of tropospheric ozone: review of recent research findings and their implications to ambient air quality standards. (jamanetwork.com)

There is quite a different atmosphere [at higher elevation] with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy [to work]", wrote naturalist Henry Henshaw, working in Hawaii. (wikipedia.org)
The ozone monitoring and research programme is conducted within the context of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme that's coordinated from KMD's Mt.Kenya station. (co.ke)
The abundance of ozone is often measured through its total amount in an atmospheric column going from the ground to the top of the atmosphere. (europa.eu)
Staff at the South Pole get ready to release a balloon that will carry an ozone instrument up to 20 miles in the atmosphere, measuring ozone levels all along the way. (popsci.com)
The ozone layer absorbs much of the UV-B that enters our atmosphere, but not all of it. (canada.ca)

World Ozone Layer Day is held every September 16th. (holidays.net)
Environmental activists often organize demonstrations on September 16th to increase awareness and promote better actions to help decrease ozone depletion. (holidays.net)
The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer occurs on the 16th of September. (lu.se)

The false-color view of the monthly-averaged total ozone over the Arctic pole. (nasa.gov)

UN Ozone Secretariat. (nasa.gov)

Please credit all material to "NASA Ozone Watch" unless otherwise noted. (nasa.gov)

The landmark agreement was signed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. (unep.org)
On October 7, 1989 (top right), the year that the Montreal Protocol went into force, ozone dropped to 108 DU. (nasa.gov)

Pendant la période de l'étude, 30 701 cas de cancer ont été identifiés, passant de 2353 en 2000 à 8484 en 2005. (who.int)
Le taux d'incidence normalisé selon l'âge a nettement augmenté, passant de 3,8 cas pour 100 000 en 2000 à 13,0 en 2005 (pente = 0,26), et la même évolution a été observée dans toutes les régions à l'exception de la région située à l'est de la mer Caspienne. (who.int)

The ozone layer outside the Polar Regions is projected to recover to its pre-1980 levels some time before the middle of this century. (nasa.gov)
Reports project the ozone layer to return to its pre-1980 levels around the middle of the century. (lu.se)

In 1987 the world signed the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to protect the ozone layer . (cosmosmagazine.com)

Thurston GD, Ito K. Epidemiological studies of ozone exposure effects. (jamanetwork.com)
Ozone exposure upregulates the expression of host susceptibility protein TMPRSS2 to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)

Estimation of risk of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells to ozone and nitrogen dioxide : investigator's final report / by Marie A. Amoruso. (who.int)
Effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on human lung proteinase inhibitors / David A. Johnson. (who.int)

Unprecedently successful in both ratification and execution, the environmental treaty drastically changed the progression of the ozone layer's depletion. (lu.se)

Recent evaluations show that seasonal averages of total ozone over Europe were 10 per cent lower than long-term averages in winter 1991/92, and 13 per cent lower in winter 1992/93 (Bojkov et al, 1993). (europa.eu)
The measurements were made by NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments from 1979â€"2003 and by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from 2004â€"present. (nasa.gov)
This led to the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on Nimbus-7 . (nasa.gov)

However, it wasn't until 1995 that the first International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer was celebrated. (holidays.net)

In 1977, representatives of 32 countries met in Washington, subsequently finalizing the first action plan for protecting the ozone layer. (pravda.ru)

As a research associate, he increasingly worked on the photochemistry of atmospheric ozone. (mpic.de)

The Montreal Protocol's impact on ozone layer recovery has been nothing short of remarkable. (lu.se)

Remember ozone holes? (zdnet.com)
It has been measuring ozone holes for over 30 years. (zdnet.com)
The next three decades will see an end of the era of big ozone holes. (nasa.gov)

There has been a major effort by the medical community to define the relationship between decreases in ozone and the subsequent increases in skin cancer," Anderson said. (smithsonianmag.com)

HFCs very weakly affect the ozone layer. (nasa.gov)

A multilateral fund was established within the protocol's framework, comprising the industrial world's donations and financing ozone-saving projects in the Third World. (pravda.ru)

Babette's Feast 1987 DVD (Region 1 - Playable in North America - The US, Canada, Mexico, etc. (movieozone.com)
Porterhouse Blue (1987) DVD Playable on all standard North American (US, Canada, Mexico, etc. (movieozone.com)

The answer is quite clear-if you multiply the fractional decrease in ozone protection by about three, you get the increase in skin cancer incidence. (smithsonianmag.com)

Beaumont, California had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead. (wikipedia.org)

For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers. (wikipedia.org)

Preservation of the ozone layer is one of the major environmental concerns for the international community today. (co.ke)
Other more graphic images of environmental destruction may be used to make a point about the importance of the ozone layer. (holidays.net)
As with ozone depletion, the evidence that global warming poses a genuine threat in need of immediate countermeasures is still quite weak, raising the possibility that the Kyoto Protocol will be another overreaction to an exaggerated environmental concern. (cei.org)

It was then that the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was created in response. (unep.org)
1987 saw the signing of the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer. (mpic.de)

Anatomy1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes7

Health Care12

Geographicals1

Earth's27

CFCs18

Stratosphere11

Antarctic18

Substances25

19856

Stratospheric ozone depletion3

Antarctica8

1980s3

Chemicals14

Protected the stratospheric ozone layer1

Climate20

Concentrations4

Molecules4

Particulate matter2

20232

Hemisphere4

Ultraviolet radiation2

19791

Emissions6

Amount of ozone1

Chlorine3

Scientists4

Assessment3

Hole12

Chlorofluorocarbons2

Tropospheric ozone1

Atmosphere5

16TH3

Arctic1

Secretariat1

NASA1

19892

20002

19802

International treaty1

Exposure2

Nitrogen dioxide2

Treaty1

Total ozone3

19951

Subsequently1

Atmospheric ozone1

Montreal Protocol's1

Holes3

Subsequent1

HFCs1

Protocol's1

Playable2

Decrease1

California1

20th1

Environmental3

Protection of the Ozone2