1918 outbreak. Medical search. Frequent questions

The 1918 version has been labeled H1N1. (iflscience.com)
Worobey compared samples from different H1N1 outbreaks to try to find the origins of the 1918 catastrophe. (iflscience.com)
At the time, scientists had not yet discovered flu viruses, but we know today that the 1918 pandemic was caused by an influenza A (H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
500 million people were estimated to have been infected by the 1918 H1N1 flu virus. (cdc.gov)
For example, in 1918, following a port of call to take on coal in Freetown, South Africa, a staggering 6.6% of the crew of the battleship HMS Africa died from influenza A (H1N1) infection while at sea. (health.mil)
It's what caused the deaths in the 1918 H1N1 flu outbreak. (halfbakery.com)
Most cases present with symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, headache, general body weakness and tiredness.2 In addition, diarrhoea which is not a known characteristic of seasonal influenza has been reported among confirmed cases in many countries.3 A substantial proportion of the severe cases in the new influenza A (H1N1) outbreak involve young and healthy adults, unlike in seasonal influenza. (who.int)
The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
Influenza A is a zoonotic virus that poses a major public health concern as illustrated by the 1918 Spanish Flu and 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Yet, a historical perspective of quarantine can contribute to a better understanding of its applications and can help trace the long roots of stigma and prejudice from the time of the Black Death and early outbreaks of cholera to the 1918 influenza pandemic and to the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 outbreak. (cdc.gov)

The crew of USS Kidd experienced a COVID-19 outbreak identified in April 2020. (health.mil)
1-3 After January 2020, when the first case of COVID-19 in the United States (U.S.) was identified, public health departments were quickly overwhelmed with outbreaks across the country. (health.mil)
COVID-19 spread rapidly on those ships, and the outbreaks received international media attention early in the year 2020. (health.mil)
Methods: Field data collected during the COVID-19 outbreak in Selangor, Malaysia, up to 13 April 2020 were used, comprising socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidities and presenting symptoms of COVID-19 cases. (who.int)
WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic - WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19- 11 March 2020. (who.int)

The second wave occurred during the fall of 1918 and was the most severe. (cdc.gov)
In the fall of 1918, the United States experienced a severe shortage of professional nurses during the flu pandemic because large numbers of them were deployed to military camps in the United States and abroad. (cdc.gov)
The similarities to the coronavirus are striking, but it's a story-a cautionary tale, really-of how influenza ripped through the city in the fall of 1918, receded, and then returned. (indianapolismonthly.com)

And with perfect timing too: this year marks the centenary of the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918). (timesofmalta.com)

But the name stuck and American medical doctors and vaccine makers were not suspected of the crime of this widespread devastation - the 1918 Flu Epidemic. (educate-yourself.org)
The 1918 influenza epidemic has served as the central research project for Professor of History Thomas Ewing's Topics in the History of Data in Social Context course. (vt.edu)
The program, "Reporting, Recording, and Remembering the 1918 Influenza Epidemic," scheduled for April 29, is made possible through the National Library of Medicine's formal partnership with the National Endowment for the Humanities to collaborate on research, education, and career initiatives. (vt.edu)
The 1918 outbreak provides important lessons about taking appropriate public health measures, relying on expert guidance on the potential impact of a disease outbreak, and understanding the uncertainty of predicting the scope and severity of an epidemic, said Ewing. (vt.edu)
Every Ebola outbreak has ended, even the 2014-2015 West African epidemic. (nautil.us)
The pandemic influenza of 1918 (Spanish flu) killed 21-50 million people globally, including in Iceland, where the characteristics and spread of the epidemic were well documented. (nih.gov)
Then there was Laurie Garrett , a Council on Foreign Relations fellow, who has grotesquely exaggerated every major epidemic since the 1996 Ebola outbreak. (nypost.com)
We propose a simple epidemic model, which incorporates three factors that might contribute to the generation of multiple waves: (i) schools opening and closing, (ii) temperature changes during the outbreak, and (iii) changes in human behaviour in response to the outbreak. (nih.gov)
During the flu-epidemic in 1918, this ailment was projected as a virus co-related to human influenza. (healthstatus.com)

During infectious disease outbreaks, public trust in the government and health officials becomes critical. (ijpr.org)
During this period, mortality decreased overall workshop, held in 1991, examined technical issues and problems with periodic upturns often reflecting infectious disease outbreaks, related to the calculation and interpretation of age-adjusted death rates often influenza, such as the pandemic of 1918. (cdc.gov)

This includes making sure that CDC people are trained, emergency response systems are functional, and medicines and supplies are ready and available for any public health emergency, from hurricanes to global influenza outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. (msdmanuals.com)

Ever since the great flu pandemic of 1918 it has been a mystery where that virus came from and why it was so severe," says Professor Michael Worobey of the University of Arizona. (iflscience.com)
While no cases were reported in Kenya from 1936 to 1950, another severe outbreak in 1950 and 1951 resulted in 500,000 cases and 100,000 deaths in livestock and an undetermined numbers of humans with fever symptoms, but no human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
The current Ebola outbreak is "the most severe, acute health emergency seen in modern times," Ian Smith, the World Health Organization's executive director, announced at a mid-October press conference . (nypost.com)
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been responsible for the largest respiratory illness pandemic since the influenza pandemic of 1918. (health.mil)
H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)

Each outbreak of Ebola started in this manner-Ebola virus slipping from its natural host, moving directly or eventually into a human. (nautil.us)
According to studies done in Gabon, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, numerous people have been exposed to Ebola virus without an outbreak occurring. (nautil.us)
But when we have dysfunctional healthcare systems, we convert a dead-end spillover event into a large outbreak- we select Ebola. (nautil.us)
It's no coincidence that the largest Ebola outbreaks occurred in countries with weak governments recovering from brutal civil unrest, with poor education systems and inadequate healthcare infrastructures. (nautil.us)
There's a lot of speculation about what dampens and ultimately ends an Ebola outbreak. (nautil.us)
when the real need is to combat less "glamorous" endemic diseases like malaria, tuberculosis and childhood diarrhea - each of which kills more people every few days than have died of Ebola during the entire outbreak. (nypost.com)
From ancient outbreaks of smallpox and plague to modern epidemics such as SARS and Ebola, the stories capture the mystery and devastation brought on by these diseases. (simonandschuster.com)
The West Africa Ebola outbreak has led experts to consider what diseases might spark the next major infectious disease crisis. (nature.com)
As West Africans try to bring the calamitous Ebola outbreak to an end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has called scientists and doctors to Geneva, Switzerland, on 8 and 9 December to discuss which infectious disease is likely spark the next pandemic. (nature.com)
The world should, perhaps, have been better prepared: in the 13 years preceding the first West Africa case, Ebola killed more than 700 people in 15 outbreaks. (nature.com)

According to a Gallup poll last month, 77% of people felt confident the federal government could handle a coronavirus outbreak - not too shabby. (ijpr.org)
The coronavirus outbreak raises the question of how central bank liquidity support affects financial stability and promotes economic recovery. (federalreserve.gov)

Cairo, 6 December 2022 - The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean recently conducted a technical mission to support the WHO country office in Lebanon and the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health in responding to the ongoing cholera outbreak. (who.int)

In 1918, public health officials warned of the potential impact of a widespread disease outbreak, yet they also underestimated how many people would fall ill and the total number of deaths," said Ewing. (vt.edu)
6 In the first instance of a widespread SARS-CoV-2 outbreak aboard ship, the Diamond Princess cruise ship outbreak demonstrated the virus's ability to quickly spread throughout a confined population. (health.mil)
The misnamed "Spanish Flu" pandemic peaked in late 1918 and remains the most widespread and lethal outbreak of disease to afflict humankind worldwide in recorded history. (historylink.org)
Next came the pandemic of 1918, by far the most widespread and deadly, a dismal distinction that stands to the present day. (historylink.org)

The flu pandemic that struck in the autumn of 1918 killed tens of millions worldwide. (newscientist.com)
Nor are we talking about 1918, when an influenza outbreak wiped out tens of millions. (rd.com)

This outbreak aboard His Majesty's New Zealand Transport (HMNZT) Tahiti represents a worst-case scenario for a novel infectious disease outbreak, occurring in a crowded setting with limited medical resources. (cdc.gov)
As a result, today, we are using the same measures to prevent the spread of the disease as people took in 1918 to prevent the spread of influenza. (ugm.ac.id)
A paper claims to have solved on of the most important puzzles in infectious disease research: what made the 1918 influenza pandemic so lethal? (iflscience.com)
While the initial set of Kenyan cases in this 1931 outbreak were identified because of sudden death in a large number of lambs, the disease was also found in cattle as well as in humans including scientists, veterinarians, and farmers working with those animals leading to a total of over 5,000 deaths, all limited to livestock. (wikipedia.org)
That prompted the American Council on Science and Health to label me a "know-nothing," though I've had an impeccable track record on debunking disease-outbreak hysteria since AIDS in 1987. (nypost.com)
When considering the impact of a pandemic today, Dr. Redd emphasizes that there are key differences in society and science today, compared to 1918, which would impact the spread of disease. (cdc.gov)
International travel has soared in recent years and the risk of rapid spread of disease is greater than during 1918. (cdc.gov)
However, there were cases of a similar disease that became visible around 1918. (healthstatus.com)
Gay discusses the world's worst disease outbreak ever. (genealogy.org.nz)
In 2004, an outbreak of an HPAI H7N3 in Canada resulted in mild human disease. (medscape.com)
The first outbreak wiped out anywhere from a third to two-thirds of Europe at the time (75 million to 200 million people), while recurring waves of the bacterial disease continued to affect parts of the world for centuries. (discovermagazine.com)
Outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics are a fact of nature, and a recurring feature of recorded history, from the Plague of Athens in 430 BCE, to the Black Death, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and now coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (who.int)

Influenza pandemics occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968. (who.int)
Life under pandemics such as the Black Death or the 1918 influenza outbreak entailed many of the same conditions we are experiencing today - and many that were much worse. (discovermagazine.com)

After the World Health Organisation raised its pandemic flu alert to 'phase 4' last night, shadow heath minister Stephen O'Brien has raised serious concerns over the Government's readiness to deal with an outbreak of the virus. (blogs.com)
He says that eighteen months after the publication of a framework for responding to an outbreak of pandemic flu, the Government has still failed to put in place its promised National Flu Telephone Line. (blogs.com)
A cruel wind : pandemic flu in America, 1918-1920 / Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie. (who.int)

1918 influenza pandemic is the fountainhead virus which gave a background to the major global pandemic which had taken the lives of millions of people worldwide", said Prof. Siddarth Candra. (ugm.ac.id)
Not many knew that the 1918 influenza pandemic had taken more or less 50.000.000 million people worldwide. (ugm.ac.id)
In 1918, when influenza arrived in Java, most people were completely unaware of the condition. (ugm.ac.id)
The 1918 influenza affected people between the ages of 20 and 40 the most severely, but there was little awareness of this fact while Indonesia was experiencing the pandemic. (ugm.ac.id)
Between 50 and 100 million people died from the outbreak dubbed "the Spanish flu", several times more than World War I, yet history books generally relegate it to a footnote. (iflscience.com)
Later estimates suggested that as many as 27,500 people were infected within a single district in Kenya, making it the largest outbreak in East Africa. (wikipedia.org)
On 20 January 2007, the outbreak was reported to have crossed into Somalia from Kenya and killed 14 people in the Lower Jubba region. (wikipedia.org)
By the end of January, 2007, some 148 people had died since the outbreak began in December. (wikipedia.org)
In 1918, many people got very sick, very quickly. (cdc.gov)
The 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people around the world, including an estimated 675,000 in the United States. (cdc.gov)
These species were extensively investigated by the military of major powers between 1918 and 1960 and discarded because (i) it's impossible to create a vaccine (necessary to protect your own population), (ii) there's no prophylactic treatment, and most importantly (iii) they don't make people ill enough for long enough to be useful. (halfbakery.com)
The 1918 pandemic killed an estimated 40-50 million people. (who.int)
I'm here because in 1918, 13 people died in a rip current out there in the water, and over 60 more would have died if a bunch of other people hadn't put their civic duty first and gone out to rescue them. (sandiegoreader.com)
in fact, in 1918-9 H1N1spread around the world, killing 50 million people. (typepad.com)
the 1918 flu pandemic killed as many as 40 million people. (nature.com)
Over a three-month period in 1918 New Zealand lost half as many people to influenza as it had in the entire war. (genealogy.org.nz)
In 1918, influenza killed millions of people worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)

The population's reduction due to the outbreak, which includes increased deaths and lowered births, exceeded 4 million. (ugm.ac.id)
While RVF may well have been circulating at least as early as 1912 or 1913 when along with a variety of other livestock diseases were described, a series of unexplained deaths were also described that had occurred in lambs in Kenya, the first documented outbreak was identified in Kenya in 1931. (wikipedia.org)
Significantly, during this outbreak, in 1974, the first human deaths were reported from the Rift Valley Fever Virus. (wikipedia.org)
In total during this outbreak, there were 110 human cases and seven deaths. (wikipedia.org)
The outbreak lasted from 1977 to 1979 and significantly damaged the Egyptian economy resulting in, for the first time, a significant numbers of human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
There were frequent large outbreaks thereafter, but relatively few deaths. (historylink.org)

In 541, the Bubonic Plague reared its ugly head for the first time, long before its better-known outbreak in the 12th century. (rd.com)
Historians call this outbreak the Plague of Justinian, and it wiped out an estimated 33 to 50 percent of the Eastern Roman Empire. (rd.com)
outbreaks of pneumonic and septicemic plague occurred in different cities throughout the next 350 years. (cdc.gov)
After notification of a fresh outbreak of plague along the eastern Mediterranean Sea, port cities to the west were closed to ships arriving from plague-infected areas. (cdc.gov)

Before 1918 the average mortality rate for most influenza was only about one-tenth of 1 percent, or approximately one fatality for every 1,000 infections. (historylink.org)

After heavy rain and flooding in South Africa, a Rift Valley fever outbreak, which ultimately extended from 1974 to 1976, infected more than 500,000 animals. (wikipedia.org)
smaller outbreaks occurred in 1947, 1976, and 1977. (medscape.com)

7 Shortly thereafter, the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt experienced a COVID-19 outbreak during which 26.6% of the crew contracted a SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 1 fatality. (health.mil)
One lesson of the SARS outbreak in 2003, for example, was "how crippled our preventive health measures were and how much we had taken away from those health resources," she said. (medicalxpress.com)
But their use accelerated after a 2002 outbreak of another coronavirus known as SARS. (popsci.com)

From late October 1997 to early January 1998, Kenya received 60 to 100 times the normal rainfall resulting in an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. (wikipedia.org)
Critically, this was the initial outbreak outside of the African continent, and was thought to have spread from the 1997-1998 Kenyan outbreak. (wikipedia.org)

Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks affecting humans and livestock occur across sub-Saharan Africa, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently. (wikipedia.org)
Medical researchers considered the possibility of a 'zoonosis' from humans to pigs or vice-versa during this 1918 flu-outbreak. (healthstatus.com)

HMNZT Tahiti left New Zealand on July 10, 1918, and, after stops in Australia and South Africa, joined a military convoy in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in western Africa. (cdc.gov)

As communities across the globe confront the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of Virginia Tech students is exploring the history of another major outbreak. (vt.edu)

In a short time, most of the population will have some immunity and the outbreak will end. (halfbakery.com)

The earliest documented outbreak was identified in livestock in Kenya in 1931, and RVF is believed to have been circulating in the country earlier in the 20th century. (wikipedia.org)

A newly identified diary from a soldier on this ship has recently been transcribed by the author's grandson for July 10, 1918, through January 31, 1919 ( Figure ) (J Hansen, unpub. (cdc.gov)
Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. (indianapolismonthly.com)

In 1918, scientists were debating the most basic questions about influenza, including whether a virus or a bacterium caused it. (ugm.ac.id)
Outbreaks usually correspond with the El Niño, associated with increased rainfall and flooding, causing increases in the mosquito population, which act as vector for the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Redd says if a virus like that were to emerge today, "it would be a terrible event, and unfortunately, because flu is so unpredictable, there's no way to know whether the next flu pandemic will be as bad as 1918. (cdc.gov)
4 Ships were not exempt from the spread of the virus, as evidenced by outbreaks aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship and USS Theodore Roosevelt aircraft carrier. (health.mil)
5 The impact of respiratory virus outbreaks on the health and readiness of both naval and civilian shipboard populations has been well documented for both highly lethal and comparatively less virulent diseases. (health.mil)
As this is an emerging outbreak RB, like all manufacturers, doesn't yet have access to the new virus (2019-nCoV) for testing and, as a result, are not yet in a position to confirm levels of effectiveness against the new strain. (dailymail.co.uk)
Airborne influenza A virus has been detected in swine facilities during an outbreak. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that airborne influenza A virus is present in the breathing zone of swine workers employed in a swine production facility during an influenza A outbreak, and the usage of respirators during an influenza outbreak should be highly encouraged. (cdc.gov)
Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
Since then, this current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been detected in wild birds in all 50 states and has caused bird outbreaks in 47 states affecting more than 58 million commercial poultry and backyard flocks. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic H5N1 virus infections of mammals have been reported for more than 20 years in different countries that have experienced H5N1 outbreaks in poultry or wild birds. (cdc.gov)
If there were mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus (for example in the outbreak in Spain), would that change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)

However, the U.S. population is now three times greater than it was in 1918, and in percentage terms the Spanish Flu was considerably more lethal. (historylink.org)

The first cases of Rift Valley fever recorded outside of sub-Saharan Africa were in an outbreak that began in Egypt in 1977. (wikipedia.org)

What is the extent of the current outbreak of influenza A(H5N1) in birds? (cdc.gov)
Seven sporadic human cases associated with poultry exposures during this outbreak of contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have been reported globally since January 2022, one of which was identified in the United States . (cdc.gov)

He believes previous researchers have missed this because after 1922 a slightly different form of H1 displaced the one responsible for the 1918 outbreak, and scientists have been examining the wrong one until samples taken during the original outbreak were found. (iflscience.com)
In 1918, as scientists had not yet discovered flu viruses, there were no laboratory tests to detect, or characterize these viruses. (cdc.gov)

A previous study described the epidemiology and risk factors for death from pandemic influenza in 1918 aboard a World War I (WWI) New Zealand troop ship ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The language in the diary suggests that the respondent was a fairly thoughtful observer and not prone to exaggeration, because his diary entries accurately describe, when compared with the official report, ship hospital admission numbers and details aboard during the outbreak. (cdc.gov)

The soldier himself contracted influenza during the outbreak, but his illness was not incapacitating, and he maintained daily entries into his diary throughout the outbreak. (cdc.gov)
In March of that year, outbreaks of flu-like illness were first detected in the United States. (cdc.gov)
1918 flu illness often progressed to organ failure and pneumonia, with pneumonia the cause of death for most of those who died. (cdc.gov)

Worse than the "Spanish flu" of 1918-19 ? (nypost.com)
The Mayo Clinic also describes the situation following the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak. (kpax.com)
Cholera and the 1918 Spanish Flu also ravaged the city. (nationalgeographic.com)

Here are 5 things you should know about the 1918 pandemic and why it matters 100 years later. (cdc.gov)
In fact, the 1918 pandemic actually caused the average life expectancy in the United States to drop by about 12 years for both men and women. (cdc.gov)
It was under German occupation for three years (1915-1918) during the First World War. (jewishgen.org)

A newly identified diary from a soldier in 1918 describes aspects of a troop ship outbreak of pandemic influenza. (cdc.gov)
This diary is the only known document that describes this outbreak and provides information not officially documented concerning possible risk factors such as overcrowding and the suboptimal outbreak response by military leaders. (cdc.gov)

In October of 1918, Congress approved a $1 million budget for the U. S. Public Health Service to recruit 1,000 medical doctors and more than 700 registered nurses. (cdc.gov)

Today, the worldwide COVID-19 outbreak is both familiar and concerning to Western medical historian Shelley McKellar. (medicalxpress.com)

The outbreak was successfully contained with the slaughter of the entire local chicken population (around 1.5 million birds). (medscape.com)

We have identified long-neglected outbreaks of infection: outbreaks which, judged as minor at the time, can now be seen as increasingly important, and a portent of the disaster to come," explains Professor Oxford, of Queen Mary University, London. (taylorandfrancisgroup.com)
5 Both of these outbreaks required substantial supplementary support to put an end to the fast-spreading infection. (health.mil)

The outbreak forced the closure of livestock markets in the North Eastern Province, affecting the economy of the region. (wikipedia.org)

Attempts to control the outbreak were largely futile, and from late September 1918 through the end of that year it killed nearly 5,000 Washingtonians. (historylink.org)
The WHO hopes not to be caught short, as it was last year when the West African outbreak raged unchecked for months before a massive effort to build treatment centres and to identify and quarantine contacts of patients brought it under control. (nature.com)

The most important reason to be optimistic about the global experience with COVID-19 is that we have much better technology preparation to confront a viral pandemic today than we were in 1918. (ugm.ac.id)
This partnership has also resulted in a summer seminar for K-12 teachers on the 1918 flu pandemic and a workshop and book on viral networks. (vt.edu)
This study highlights the value of rapid, onboard diagnostic testing to quickly identify an outbreak and enumerate cases, as well as the serological testing to flag potential cases missed with standard viral case identification methodologies. (health.mil)
This viral-strain appeared very familiar to the one that caused pig and human death in 1918. (healthstatus.com)

The local economy ceased during the time of the German occupation, from the autumn of 1915 until the end of 1918. (jewishgen.org)

While most of those who die from normal flu outbreaks are the very young or the elderly the 1918 outbreak was different - the heaviest death toll was among young adults , including those that had been in good health beforehand. (iflscience.com)
Many parts of the U.S. had been drained of physicians and nurses due to calls for military service, so there was a shortage of medical personnel to meet the civilian demand for health care during the 1918 flu pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Scandinavian health statistics record an unseasonable outbreak of flu in the summer of 1918. (newscientist.com)

American Samoa was the only organized society on the planet to entirely escape the 1918 pandemic, thanks to an early, rigorous, and lengthy quarantine. (historylink.org)

When it comes to the 1918 flu pandemic, Dr. Redd says that moment in history is a stark reminder of the deadly nature of flu and why we must constantly update our plans to respond to a future flu pandemic. (cdc.gov)
The prejudiced suspicion that deadly infectious diseases spring from rural pig sties in Asia or the steamy jungles of sub-Saharan Africa probably was not true in 1918. (historylink.org)
It is only a matter of time until the next deadly flu outbreak, and experts agree that the world is unprepared. (nature.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms39

Diseases64

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture15

Information Science5

Named Groups3

Health Care53

Geographicals38

H1N110

20205

Fall of 19183

1914-19181

Epidemic9

Infectious disease outbreaks2

Influenza outbreaks2

Severe5

Ebola10

Coronavirus outbreak2

Cholera outbreak1

Widespread4

Tens of millions2

Disease12

Pandemics2

Pandemic flu3

People17

Deaths6

Plague4

Mortality rate1

19762

SARS3

19972

Humans2

South Africa1

Virginia Tech1

Immunity1

Earliest documented1

19192

Virus12

Lethal1

19771

H5N12

Scientists2

Aboard2

Illness3

Spanish3

Years3

Describes2

Public health1

Worldwide1

Million1

Infection2

Closure1

Year2

Viral4

Autumn1

Health3

Early1

Deadly3