1 drug resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Patients with Cancer: A Multicenter Analysis. (asm.org)
However, the extensive use, misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both human and animal health1 have increasingly raised levels of antimicrobial resistance in a wide range of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) - in all countries and patients of all age groups. (who.int)
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the long-term sustainability of the public health control of many communicable diseases, including tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS. (who.int)
Beyond the immediate public health impact on morbidity and mortality from these diseases, antimicrobial resistance incurs substantial health-economic and economic costs. (who.int)
Since WHO's publication of the global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance in 2001, the Health Assembly has adopted several resolutions on the subject (the latest being WHA60.16 concerning the rational use of medicine and WHA62.15 on prevention and control of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis). (who.int)
Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, which held its first meeting in Geneva on 19 and 20 September 2013. (who.int)
10. Some Member States have developed national action plans or strategies to counter antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of death related to antimicrobial resistance worldwide because of the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi- and extensively drug resistant (multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR), respectively) clinical isolates. (frontiersin.org)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, in 2018, tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , was one of the major causes of death related to antimicrobial resistance ( World Health Organization [WHO], 2019a ). (frontiersin.org)
Using bacterial samples from human, retail meat, and food animal sources, the CDC, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) retrospectively screened nearly 55,000 bacterial isolates through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) and collections of healthcare-associated bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Seventy years later, however, increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on all continents is endangering the prevention and treatment of infections ranging from the common to the life-threatening ones which disproportionately affect the poor, such as tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. (who.int)
The new resistance has the capacity to strike anyone, of any age, on a global scale according to the WHO report , entitled 'Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance', released on Wednesday. (rt.com)
They called for the "establishment of a fully funded global mandatory surveillance program and global/region specific action plans to monitor and contain antimicrobial resistance," along with advocating strategies to counter the broad global availability of antibiotics. (rt.com)

The mutations associated with resistance to many of the antituberculosis drugs have been identified, though much work remains to be done to identify the molecular basis of resistance for some of the drugs and to determine the predictive value of finding a particular mutation in a strain of M. tuberculosis (1,2). (cdc.gov)
Typically, PCR is used to amplify a target sequence followed by a second assay to determine if the sequence contains a mutation associated with resistance. (cdc.gov)
NNRTIs), a single mutation may be associated with a high level of resistance to drugs from that same class. (canada.ca)
The need for lifelong antiretroviral treatment (ART), coupled with the high HIV replication and mutation rates, means that resistance will emerge even among appropriately treated, compliant individuals. (who.int)
This resistance is acquired through gene mutation. (harvard.edu)
None of the patients infected with these viruses had taken Tamiflu, so the mutation had occurred naturally and was not due to drug use and appeared to be circulating in the community together with the viruses without the mutation. (cdc.gov)
Based on laboratory testing, the mutated viruses showed only a modest reduction in drug sensitivity and most of the B viruses did not have the mutation. (cdc.gov)
Drug-resistance occurs as phenotype of mutation affecting parasite genome conferring evasion from drug targeting through any of the following mechanisms: drug inactivation or modification, active efflux, alterations in the primary site of action, alteration of metabolic pathway. (omicsonline.org)
According to the findings, it seems that mutation in MDR1 gene could be responsible for drug resistance to pentavalent antimonial compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the importance of MDR1 gene mutations in the drug resistance of leishmania and the lack of similar study, in the present experiment, we evaluated the capacity of HRM assay for detection of MDR1 gene mutation in genomic DNA of tissue specimens of patients with skin leishmaniasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Exploring the Effect of Sub-MIC Antibiotic Exposure on Bacterial Hetero-resistance at Single Cell Level. (asm.org)
This test is similar in concept to antibiotic-resistance testing in bacterial culture. (canada.ca)
Finally, we also constructed a data sheet including the mutations associated with BDQ resistance that could be useful for the early detection of BDQ-resistance in MDR/XDR patients with the purpose of a better management of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. (frontiersin.org)
Through CDC's Antibiotic Resistance Solutions Initiative, the agency is transforming the nation's capacity to further detect, respond, and prevent antibiotic resistant threats across healthcare settings and in communities to protect Americans and save lives. (cdc.gov)
In November 2015, mcr -1-a gene that can make bacteria resistant to colistin, an old antibiotic that is the last-resort drug for some multidrug-resistant infections-was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
In January 2013 the World Economic Forum warned that antibiotic resistance was one of the major global risks humanity needs to address [1] . (who.int)
For example, hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant infections contribute to significant numbers of deaths every year while losses to gross domestic product have been estimated at 0.4% to 1.6 % [1] . (who.int)
Of the 49 wastewater isolates 59.2% percent were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 40.8% demonstrated multi-drug resistance. (vin.com)
Of the 115 gull isolates, 15.6% were resistant to one antibiotic, and 0.9% demonstrated multi-drug resistance. (vin.com)
Strains of E. coli that exhibited resistance phenotypes were genetically analyzed to identify the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. (vin.com)
This research is one of the first studies documenting the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in wildlife of the United States. (vin.com)
The MISTRAL project will have in its hands a huge amount of different bacterial antibiotic resistance genes, which conform the resistome. (mistral-hiv.eu)
It's the organization's first ever global report on antibiotic resistance. (rt.com)
Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria adapt and change so that antibiotics no longer work in the treatment of the diseases. (rt.com)

Development of a Rabbit Model of Nosocomial Pneumonia to Combat Emergence of Resistance. (asm.org)
The emergence of drug resistance in treated populations (antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients) and transmission of drug- resistant strains to newly infected individuals are important public health concerns in the prevention and control of HIV. (canada.ca)
The emergence of new resistance mechanisms is making some Gram-negative infections virtually untreatable, while other community-acquired bacterial infections, including those affecting children, are becoming progressively more difficult to treat. (who.int)
Scientists in recent years have hypothesized that cell-cell differences, also known as cell heterogeneity, aides the emergence of drug resistance. (mlo-online.com)
Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes on virologic response and emergence of drug resistance among children in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) 5 trial. (ox.ac.uk)
Objective: The purpose of this survey was to estimate the prevalence of viral load (VL) suppression and emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) among individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 36 months or longer in Viet Nam using a nationally representative sampling method. (who.int)

However, little data is available on the evolution, interaction and linkage of drug resistance mutations throughout the pol gene. (ucl.ac.uk)
In this study, we developed a single genome sequencing assay of the full-length HIV-1 pol gene and used it to investigate the development and linkage of drug resistance mutations in sequential samples from two patients failing INSTI-containing salvage therapy. (ucl.ac.uk)
Different phylogenetic methods were used to explore the evolution and dynamics of drug resistance mutations in the full-length HIV-1 pol gene. (ucl.ac.uk)
This is to a degree influenced by mutations in other regions of the HIV-1 pol gene. (ucl.ac.uk)
For this purpose, we genotyped exon2, exon5 ( C540T and C588T ), exon7 ( T813C ), exon8 ( K289M ), and exon9 of GABRG2 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger's sequencing in 87 drug-responsive idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients, 55 drug-resistant epilepsy patients, and 83 healthy controls. (hindawi.com)
For example, approximately 95% of rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains carry mutations within the rifampin-resistance determining region (RRDR), an 81-bp region encoding codons 507 through 533 of the rpoB gene. (cdc.gov)
Kits for detecting mutations associated with rifampin resistance that are commercially available in Europe and elsewhere include line-probe assays (INNO-LiPA® Rif.TB, Innogenetics and GenoType® MTBDR( plus ), Hain LifeScience GmbH) and microarray assays (CombiChip Mycobacteria DR, GENE IN). (cdc.gov)
For the hybridization assays, the region of the target gene associated with resistance is PCR amplified, and the labeled PCR products hybridized to oligonucleotide probes immobilized on a nitrocellulose strip or in a microarray. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, BDQ quickly acquired two main mechanisms of resistance, consisting in mutations in either atpE gene, encoding the target, or in Rv0678 , coding for the repressor of the MmpS5-MmpL5 efflux pump. (frontiersin.org)
The most common mutations linked to low-level of BDQ resistance are present in Rv0678 gene coding for the M. tuberculosis repressor of MmpS5-MmpL5 efflux system. (frontiersin.org)
The researchers isolated cells from the knockout mice and tested the cells' reactions to taxanes and two other anticancer drugs, vincristine and Ara-C. Compared to cells from normal mice that still possessed the gene for Abcc10, the knockout mouse cells were much more sensitive to the drugs. (news-medical.net)
The CYP2C19 gene is particularly important for the activation of clopidogrel, and certain common variations (polymorphisms) in this gene have been associated with clopidogrel resistance. (medlineplus.gov)
The two most common CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms associated with clopidogrel resistance (known as CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 ) result in the production of a nonfunctional CYP2C19 enzyme that cannot convert clopidogrel to its active form. (medlineplus.gov)
Some people with clopidogrel resistance have a reduced ability to convert the drug to its active form because of a polymorphism in one copy of the CYP2C19 gene that results in decreased enzyme activity. (medlineplus.gov)
The aim of the current study was to evaluate drug resistance profile of RT gene and assess subtype among HIV-1 circulating strains and intensification of physician's options for the best therapy. (ijbiotech.com)
Scientists in Titia de Lange's lab and their colleagues have discovered the molecular means by which some cancers caused by errors in the gene BRCA1 evade treatment by drugs custom-tailored to kill them. (medicalxpress.com)
A new gene known as mcr -1-which can make bacteria resistant to colistin, a last-resort drug for some multidrug-resistant infections-was first reported in China in November 2015 and in the United States in May 2016. (cdc.gov)
After DoD found that a Pennsylvania patient carried a bacteria with the gene, CDC and state and local health departments in Pennsylvania immediately launched a coordinated public health investigation to potentially prevent mcr -1 from becoming widespread in the United States. (cdc.gov)
E. coli bacteria carrying the mcr -1 gene was found in a urine sample from a patient in Pennsylvania in May 2016. (cdc.gov)
The mcr -1 gene is on a plasmid, a small piece of DNA that is able to move from one bacterium to another. (cdc.gov)
These isolates tested negative for the mcr -1 gene. (cdc.gov)
However, less than six months after the first identification of mcr -1 in China, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and USDA identified the gene in bacteria cultured from a Pennsylvania patient and retrospectively from the intestinal samples of two pigs, one in South Carolina and the other in Illinois. (cdc.gov)
After a U.S. resident was found to have a bacterium that contained the mcr -1 gene, CDC and state and local health departments in Pennsylvania immediately launched a coordinated public health investigation. (cdc.gov)
APOBEC3A can directly cause mutations that are known to result in tumor resistance, such as mutations in the ALK gene. (medicalxpress.com)
This study designed to evaluate the mutations in the multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene, in biopsy specimens of Leishmania tropica , with high resolution melting (HRM) method. (biomedcentral.com)
The nucleotide changes analysis showed that 61% of the samples of different groups that were unresponsive to drug had mutations in the MDR1 gene, which were also confirmed by the sequencing method. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, it has been made clear that overexpression of this gene has been associated with an increased resistance of leishmania to miltefosine [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Establishment of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Surveillance of Multi-drug Resistance Markers in P.vivax Clinical Isolates and Chloroquine Transporter Markers in P.falciparum Clinical Isolates. (asm.org)
The Canadian HIV Strain and Drug Resistance Surveillance Program (SDR program) monitors and assesses HIV strains and the transmission of HIV drug resistance among individuals with newly diagnosed and not yet treated HIV infection in Canada. (canada.ca)
This Epi Update provides a summary of primary HIV drug resistance in Canada and in other developed countries and includes an overview of data from the Canadian Strain and Drug Resistance Surveillance (SDR) program, a collaboration between the provinces and the Public Health Agency of Canada (the Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division and the National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories). (canada.ca)
It is unusual to find Tamiflu resistance in surveillance, especially for B viruses, so we wanted to evaluate these viruses further. (cdc.gov)
NNRTI regimen and also continuous surveillance should be perform to evaluate resistance patterns for more effective therapeutic approaches. (ijbiotech.com)
Surveillance of HIV drug resistance in adults receiving ART (acquired HIV drug resistance). (who.int)

Taken together, the data suggests that larger regions of patient-derived HIV-1 genome should be examined in order to get a good understanding of HIV-1 drug susceptibility. (ucl.ac.uk)
The purpose of this case-control research is to determine if GABRG2 polymorphisms contribute to IGE susceptibility and antiepileptic drug resistance in Pakistani population. (hindawi.com)
Among ligand-gated channel genes, the genes encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are considered a hotspot for susceptibility of IGE because of the extensive distribution of GABA receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), their potential for postsynaptic inhibition, and regulation by therapeutically important antiepileptic drugs [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Surprisingly, target cells with low dNTP/NTP levels may not confer hyper-susceptibility to inhibition, whereas cells with high dNTP/NTP contents are likely to confer natural resistance. (plos.org)
Our model also allows quantification of the selective advantage of mutations by integrating their effects on viral fitness and drug susceptibility. (plos.org)
Resistance development also changes drug susceptibility distinctly and we show, for the first time, that selection of drug resistance can occur in particular target cells. (plos.org)
von Kleist M, Metzner P, Marquet R, Schütte C (2012) HIV-1 Polymerase Inhibition by Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular- and Kinetic Parameters of Efficacy, Susceptibility and Resistance Selection. (plos.org)
Similarly, within a geographical area, malaria infections demonstrate a range of drug susceptibility. (omicsonline.org)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) could increase the risk of virological failure (VF) of first-line integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI)-based regimens. (nih.gov)

The elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is threatened by an apparent increase in the level of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis . (flutrackers.com)

For the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB assay, the pooled sensitivity was 0.97 (95%CI 0.95-0.98) and the pooled specificity was 0.99 (95%CI 0.98-1.00) for detecting rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis isolates. (cdc.gov)
For the MTBDR and MTBDR( plus ) assays, the pooled sensitivity was 0.98 (95%CI 0.96-0.99) and the pooled specificity was 0.99 (95% CI 0.97-0.99) for detecting rifampin resistance in isolates or directly from clinical specimens. (cdc.gov)
Overcoming fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans clinical isolates with tetracyclic indoles. (broadinstitute.org)
The evolution of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Candida albicans. (broadinstitute.org)
Single malaria isolates have been found to be made up of heterogeneous populations of parasites lines with widely varying drug response characteristics, from highly resistant to completely sensitive [2,3]. (omicsonline.org)
Ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline resistant isolates were the most common type of resistance phenotypes in both gull and wastewater isolates. (vin.com)

This assay detects mutations in genes of the HIV-1 virus from a sample of a patient's blood using NGS. (fda.gov)
Phenotypic tests assess growth of a virus containing the genes of interest in the presence of drugs against which resistance is being determined. (canada.ca)
BDQ resistance is especially associated with mutations in atpE and Rv0678 genes. (frontiersin.org)
Methylation profile of the promoter CpG islands of 14 "drug-resistance" genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
To establish the DNA methylation patterns of the promoter CpG islands of 14 "drug-resistance" genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (wjgnet.com)
Shared resistance genes (including blaTEM, strA, and tetB) were documented in both gull and wastewater E. coli samples. (vin.com)

Initially HAART comprised of three classes of drugs, namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), which target two important viral enzymes. (ucl.ac.uk)
This has changed in the last few years with the development and approval for use of second-generation NNRTIs and PIs, and three new classes of drugs including integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). (ucl.ac.uk)
Exploring Potential MCR-1 Inhibitors: Restoring In Vitro Polymyxin Activity in MCR-1-Producing Enterobacteriales. (asm.org)
Although newer classes of drugs are available, the most commonly used drugs approved for the treatment of HIV infection fall into three classes: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). (canada.ca)
The results provide the first evidence from living organisms that Abcc10 is a cell's built-in protection against the effects of powerful drugs, and raises the possibility of using Abcc10 inhibitors to break down that resistance and sensitize tumor cells to anticancer agents. (news-medical.net)
Increased insight into the mechanisms of influenza virus replication combined with advances in the science of rational drug design have resulted in the development of the neuraminidase inhibitors, a new class of medicines that promise significantly to impact the management of influenza. (ispub.com)
Design of Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase with Improved Drug Resistance Properties. (ox.ac.uk)
Our model correctly predicts for HIV-1 that resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can be conferred by decreasing their incorporation rate, increasing their excision rate, or decreasing their affinity for the polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
Through mathematical modeling, we assess the mechanisms by which HIV-1 can develop resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). (plos.org)
Because of the widespread resistance to the M2 class of drugs, the two neuraminidase inhibitors, Tamiflu and Relenza, are now the most commonly prescribed anti-flu medications. (cdc.gov)
There is a highly sophisticated way to treat some breast and ovarian cancers-a class of drugs called PARP inhibitors, designed to exploit the very defects that make tumors with certain mutations especially deadly. (medicalxpress.com)
In recent years, the development of new drugs called PARP inhibitors made it possible to turn those same genetic defects against the disease. (medicalxpress.com)
These improvements could include the development of screening tests to see which tumors would best respond to PARP inhibitors, or to determine which other drugs should-or should not-be given along with them, the researchers say. (medicalxpress.com)
To understand and combat the HIV-1 Protease drug resistance at the molecular level to design potent inhibitors. (umassmed.edu)

Fungal biofilm-associated infections are frequently refractory to conventional therapy because of resistance to antimicrobial agents. (cdc.gov)
Biofilm-associated Candida show uniform resistance to a wide spectrum of the currently available conventional antifungal agents, which implies that antimicrobial drugs that specifically target biofilm-associated infections are needed. (cdc.gov)
The use of drugs effective in combating biofilm-associated infections could lead to major developments in the treatment of fungal implant infections. (cdc.gov)
It is transmitted through direct contact with HIV-infected bodily fluids such as blood, and the majority of HIV infections in the U.S. are from HIV-1. (fda.gov)
As a public health agency, the FDA is keenly aware of the threat of drug resistant infections and we're focused on facilitating the development of safe and effective new treatments to give patients more options to fight life-threatening infections," said FDA Principal Deputy Commissioner Amy Abernethy, M.D., Ph.D. "This diagnostic provides a new way to select effective treatment options. (fda.gov)
Repurposing of Drugs to Fight Persistent Infections-Antibacterial Compounds Against Non-growing Bacteria. (asm.org)
New resistance mechanisms are emerging, which make it difficult or impossible to treat certain infections. (who.int)
Infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens increase mortality across all settings, and can lead to prolonged stays in hospital and increased risk of admission to intensive care units. (who.int)
Globally, in 2018 about half a million TB infections were rifampicin-resistant, of which 78% were multi-drug resistant (MDR)-TB ( World Health Organization [WHO], 2019a ). (frontiersin.org)
Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) represent an important drug class for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
Katrina Sleeman] Antiviral drugs are medications used to prevent and treat infections caused by viruses. (cdc.gov)
If colistin resistance spreads to bacteria that are already resistant to all other antibiotics, those bacteria could cause truly untreatable infections. (cdc.gov)
Scale up WGS of foodborne pathogens to better understand foodborne resistance patterns and outbreaks, and find new ways to prevent foodborne infections in humans. (cdc.gov)
Resistance to last-resort treatments for potentially deadly hospital infections caused by the common Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria have been found in all parts of the world, as has resistance to the most common drugs to treat urinary tract infections caused by E.coli, as well as last resort gonorrhea treatment in 10 developed countries - among them the UK. (rt.com)
The prognosis is good for most infections in the immunocompetent host, but in patients who are immunocompromised, antifungal resistance is commonplace. (medscape.com)

The most commonly used drugs used in ART target the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease enzymes. (canada.ca)

Drug resistance occurs as bacterial or viral populations evolve to no longer respond to medications that previously worked. (wikipedia.org)
In cross resistance, an entire class of medication is considered ineffective in lowering a patient's HIV viral load because all the drugs in a given class share the same mechanism of action. (wikipedia.org)
Several mechanisms of resistance have been identified, including mutations that block the incorporation of nucleosides, a class of HIV drug, into the viral DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Most mutations do not result in the development of drug resistance, as they are lethal, reduce fitness, or even if not affecting viral growth, occur at sites that are not targeted by ART. (canada.ca)
However, under conditions in which treatment does not completely inhibit viral replication, a virus with drug-resistant mutations may begin to thrive, resulting in treatment failure. (canada.ca)
50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL or a single viral load ≥ 200 copies/mL after 3 months from antiretroviral therapy start) was evaluated in the overall population and according to the InSTI employed. (nih.gov)
Drug Resistance, Viral" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Drug Resistance, Viral" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Drug Resistance, Viral" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Drug Resistance, Viral" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
High concordance in plasma and CSF HIV-1 drug resistance mutations despite high cases of CSF viral escape in individuals with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana. (harvard.edu)
To date, an integrated mathematical model that could allow the analysis of their mechanism of action, of the various resistance mechanisms, and their effect on viral fitness is still lacking. (plos.org)
We correctly predict that HIV-1 can develop resistance by decreasing NRTI incorporation rate, increasing its excision rate, or decreasing its affinity for the viral polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
This change occurred in a region of the viral protein that is targeted by Tamiflu, making these viruses less sensitive to this drug. (cdc.gov)
Specifically, the kernel quantifies the similarity of evolutionary escape from antiviral drug pressure between two viral sequence samples. (mpg.de)

HIV-1 partial pol sequences from antiretroviral-naive individuals collected from multiple sources between 1986 and 2020 were used. (lu.se)
2020;65(1). (broadinstitute.org)

Molecular genetic tests for detecting drug-resistance are, in general, just a variation of nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests and can reliably provide information on the presence of mutations associated with drug resistance in 1 to 2 days. (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVES: To determine the genetic patterns of resistance emerging in West African HIV-1 subtypes during first-line virological failure, and the implications for future antiretroviral options. (ucl.ac.uk)
Drug resistance largely results from changes (mutations) in the genetic material that code for these enzymes, rendering ART less effective. (canada.ca)
The major mechanisms of resistance include tumor evolution and tumor heterogeneity, acquired secondary genetic alterations, signaling pathway feedback loops and bypass mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment. (atcc.org)
7 The genetic abnormalities and drug sensitivities of cells within the same tumor can vary widely, resulting in the survival and regrowth of a sub-population of tumor cells after a treatment that initially appears to be effective. (atcc.org)
3,4 In some cases, tumor cells can even acquire secondary genetic alterations during drug treatment. (atcc.org)
Overall categories of resistance mechanisms include drug-resistant proteins, genetic alterations, miRNA alterations, and aberrant signaling activation. (haematologica.org)
Genetic Analysis of Implicates Hsp90 in Morphogenesis and Azole Tolerance and Cdr1 in Azole Resistance. (broadinstitute.org)
Mutations in TAC1B: a Novel Genetic Determinant of Clinical Fluconazole Resistance in Candida auris. (broadinstitute.org)
And, in addition to acquired resistance, flu viruses are always undergoing genetic changes naturally and resistance to drugs can also occur in this way. (cdc.gov)

Drugs active against Plasmodium falciparum also are active against the other three malaria species that affect humans- P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale- with the exception of antifols, which work poorly against P. vivax . (nationalacademies.org)
Current treatment protocols for uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria are given in Tables 9-1 and 9-2 . (nationalacademies.org)
1. With just 10% of the world population, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in the world. (who.int)
Regional Committee for Africa adopted a resolution on scaling up AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria interventions.1 The resolution recognized that both access to and adequate utilization of effective treatment with quality-assured medicines are crucial for reducing the disease burden. (who.int)
However, efforts to improve access to treatment are hampered by development of HIV, TB and malaria drug resistance. (who.int)
1 WHO, Resolution AFR/RC53/R6, Scaling up interventions against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in the African Region. (who.int)
Following widespread resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine all malaria- endemic countries except two in the Region have changed the treatment policy to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). (who.int)
For several decades, the phenomenon of drug resistance has remained the greatest challenge to malaria control, and it is part of the obstacles that sapped the dream of seeing malaria eradicated in the years 1970s. (omicsonline.org)
So far, resistance has been fully established in three of the five Plasmodium species responsible for human malaria (P. falciparum, P vivax and P. malariae). (omicsonline.org)
Malaria drug-resistance has led to enormous consequences including worsening of disease burden (increase mortality and morbidity), increased economic cost (cost of new drugs, increased socio-economical burden), and changes of disease management policies. (omicsonline.org)
Resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine has been confirmed or is probable in all countries with P. falciparum malaria except the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Central America west of the Panama Canal, Egypt, and most countries in the Middle East. (cdc.gov)
If resistance to artemisinin spreads beyond its current limited distribution and increases in prevalence, it will compromise the effectiveness of ACTs, leading to increased malaria morbidity and mortality. (who.int)

While efforts are being made to identify the mechanisms of resistance and to develop novel drugs and therapeutic agents to overcome them, the lack of physiologically relevant, drug-resistant cancer model systems remains a significant challenge. (atcc.org)
It can readily be embedded in extended models of the complete HIV-1 reverse transcription process, or analogous processes in other viruses and help to guide drug development and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance development during treatment. (plos.org)
The mechanisms of resistance development are, however, still poorly understood. (plos.org)

With increasing travel and trade in food, drug resistance can spread rapidly, as exemplified by the resistance-inducing enzyme metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), which confers resistance to carbapenems, an important group of antibiotics: it was first detected in one country in 2008 but has now been found on all continents. (who.int)
In earlier work, Elizabeth A. Hopper-Borge, Ph.D., an assistant professor at Fox Chase, showed that Abcc10 confers resistance to a number of anticancer agents, particularly taxanes, which include paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere). (news-medical.net)

Emerging integrase strand transfer inhibitor drug resistance mutations among children and adults on ART in Tanzania: findings from a national representative HIV drug resistance survey. (harvard.edu)

Citation style for this article: Ruesen C, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, de Vries G, Erkens CG, van Rest J, Korthals Altes H, de Neeling H, Kamst M, van Soolingen D. Extent and origin of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in the Netherlands, 1993 to 2011. (flutrackers.com)

CDC, FDA, and USDA began searching for mcr -1 in bacterial samples from human, retail meat, and food animal sources. (cdc.gov)

However, according to a recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, the percentage of people living with HIV around the world that have resistance to some HIV drugs has increased from 11% to 29% since 2001. (fda.gov)

Inclusion criteria included elevated eIF4E levels compared to healthy volunteers and functional equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). (haematologica.org)

It is thought that some strains of HIV-1 are naturally resistant to ART drugs, and that the prevalence of these strains varies across the globe. (wikipedia.org)
The prevalence of HIV drug resistance among people starting antiretroviral therapy in 12 low- and middle-income countries rose from nearly 5% in 2007 to nearly 7% in 2010.1 Levels of HIV drug resistance can reach 10% to 17% in high-income countries. (who.int)
In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB is increasing worldwide. (medscape.com)
We assessed the prevalence, trends and transmission dynamics of pre-treatment HIVDR within and between MSM, people who inject drugs (PWID), female sex workers (FSWs), heterosexuals (HETs) and perinatally infected children in Kenya. (lu.se)
Available data suggest that the prevalence of primary drug resistance in Canada is similar to that observed in other developed countries where highly active antiretroviral treatment is widely used. (canada.ca)

The phenomenon of acquired drug resistance has been observed with various types of cancer therapeutics including chemotherapy, molecular-targeted anticancer drugs, and cancer immunotherapy. (atcc.org)
Recently, the United Kingdom's Chief Medical Officer recently called AMR a "catastrophic threat," stating that unless resistance is curbed, "We will find ourselves in a health system not dissimilar to the early 19th century" in which organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, joint replacements and even minor surgeries become life-threatening [2] . (who.int)
A significant problem when treating cancer patients remains drug resistance, which often causes chemotherapy treatments to ultimately fail. (mlo-online.com)
Now a new study published online in Nature Communications has tested this theory and yielded findings that may provide a path to reduce chemotherapy resistance. (mlo-online.com)
Led by Gábor Balázsi, PhD, the Henry Laufer Associate Professor in Stony Brook University's Laufer Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, the research team engineered mammalian cell lines to test how chemotherapy drug resistance evolves in the context of cell-cell differences. (mlo-online.com)
Their findings suggest that by combining current chemotherapy treatments with future methods that alter tumor heterogeneity, or by targeting persister cells, clinicians may be able to improve therapeutic efficiency by minimizing drug resistance. (mlo-online.com)

Multidrug resistance protein is an efflux pump of the cell membrane that expels foreign compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent our experiment evidenced that expression of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or CD243 is different in various forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Archived rilpivirine-associated resistance mutations among ART-naive and virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 subtype C in Botswana: implications for cabotegravir/rilpivirine use. (harvard.edu)
The acquisition of drug -resistance mutations among African children living with in human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral treatment has been scarcely reported. (bvsalud.org)

4,5 Drug resistance in each case could involve one or more of these major mechanisms, depending on the class of drugs and therapeutic treatment strategies being employed. (atcc.org)

Today's authorization can help health care providers better tailor drug treatment for patients who are beginning antiviral therapy and also for those who have developed resistance to HIV drugs by helping to identify mutations in the HIV-1 virus that can impact the effectiveness of certain drugs. (fda.gov)
The current standard of care for patients with HIV-1 is antiretroviral therapy, also known as ART, the daily use of a combination of drugs to treat HIV by suppressing the virus. (fda.gov)
The Sentosa SQ HIV-1 Genotyping Assay detects HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in patients taking or about to start antiviral therapy. (fda.gov)
The Sentosa SQ HIV Genotyping Assay is for use only in patients with HIV-1 who are about to start or already taking antiviral therapy and is not intended for diagnosing infection with HIV. (fda.gov)
The prognosis of those infected with HIV-1 has improved significantly since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (ucl.ac.uk)
Until recently, patients developing highly drug-resistant HIV-1 have had limited therapy options. (ucl.ac.uk)
Induced resistance refers to resistance that occurs as a result of drug therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Primary resistance refers to resistance that is not incurred as a result of ART therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly decreased mortality and morbidity among people with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection Footnote 1-6 and is associated with a significant recovery of the compromised immune function. (canada.ca)
Both types of drug resistance limit strategies for antiretroviral therapy (ART), have important implications for HIV-related morbidity and mortality, and may result in increased health care costs. (canada.ca)
Therapy 13 (Supplement 2): 1-13, 2008. (who.int)
Intrinsic resistance is present before a therapy is administered, and it results in the inherent ability of cancer cells to survive at clinically relevant concentrations of a drug. (atcc.org)
Conversely, acquired drug resistance occurs after an initial positive response to the therapy. (atcc.org)
3 Acquired resistance to an initially effective therapy is a much greater challenge in the clinical setting as optimism following initial treatment and response can quickly turn into poor results and devastating outcomes. (atcc.org)
1 Most of the patients had at least two prior lines of therapy. (haematologica.org)
In the big picture, this new insight into 53BP1's function and its role in drug resistance provides a foundation for advancements in PARP inhibitor therapy," Mirman says. (medicalxpress.com)
Approved by the FDA in 1993, the drug cladribine offered hope for the then-fatal blood cancer called hairy cell leukemia, or HCL, and was soon expanded as a therapy for multiple sclerosis. (nfcr.org)
Traditionally, we treat patients with a drug until the tumor progresses and then we look at what happened in the tumor and try to decide on the next therapy based on what we see in the tumor," said corresponding author Aaron Hata, MD, Ph.D., of the Mass General Cancer Center. (medicalxpress.com)
FUZEON is an HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitor indicated for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy. (nih.gov)
Radiotherapy was delivered to ipsilateral axil- cancer patients in the future, it is essential to increase our lary and supraclavicular lymph nodes and the remaining knowledge in mechanisms responsible for drug resistance, breast parenchyma after breast conservation surgery or tho- and to define reliable indicators for response to therapy. (lu.se)
Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. (medscape.com)

2019;10(1). (broadinstitute.org)

Of the 24 patients, 23 (95%) had resistance to NRTIs, 8 individuals (32%) to NNRTIs and one patient was susceptible to NRTIs as well as NNRTIs. (ijbiotech.com)

This species, however, unlike C. albicans, has been shown to readily develop stable resistance to fluconazole in vitro and in infected patients, strongly suggesting that C. dubliniensis possesses a readily inducible fluconazole resistance mechanism ( 11 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Bing J, Hu T, Zheng Q, Muñoz JF, Cuomo CA, Huang G. Experimental Evolution Identifies Adaptive Aneuploidy as a Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida auris. (broadinstitute.org)

In the case of HIV, there have been recognized cases of treatment resistant strains since 1989, with drug resistance being a major contributor to treatment failure. (wikipedia.org)
We investigated the trends in antituberculosis drug resistance, focusing on the country of birth of the patients and whether resistance had developed during treatment or was the result of transmission of resistant M. tuberculosis strains. (flutrackers.com)
Although resistance was mainly due to transmission of resistant strains, mostly outside the Netherlands or before 1993 (when DNA fingerprinting was not systematically performed), in some cases (n=45), resistance was acquired in the Netherlands. (flutrackers.com)

2021 Jan;22(1):22-27. (nih.gov)

HIV drug resistance assessment is primarily through monitoring of early warning indicators at ART sites.3 HIV drug resistance surveys are also performed in geographic areas where ART has been widespread for more than 3 years. (who.int)
In addition, resistance to both chloroquine and FansidarR (*) is widespread in Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Cambodia, and the Amazon basin area of South America, and resistance has also been reported in sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
The underlying challenge is that the inherent capacity of microbes to develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs is being fuelled by the widespread use, and misuse, of such agents in all regions of the world in both health and agricultural practices [3] . (who.int)

Maureen Marshall] Dr. Sleeman, please tell us what antiviral drugs are and how flu viruses can become resistant to them. (cdc.gov)
Katrina Sleeman] We found a group of type B flu viruses all from the same state that had abnormal antiviral resistance tests against Tamiflu. (cdc.gov)
Understanding the complexity behind inhibitor design to mitigate formation of resistance in hyper-mutating viruses. (umassmed.edu)
No differences were observed in the frequency of development of resistance mutations L90M (P=1.00) and D30N (P=.61) in B and non-B viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
Drug resistance in viruses represents one of the major challenges of healthcare. (lu.se)

Primary resistance is acquired when an individual's initial infection with HIV comes from an already resistant strain. (wikipedia.org)
Primary drug resistance is resistance observed in treatment-naive individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection, in whom resistance is presumably due to the transmission of a drug-resistant variant of HIV-1. (canada.ca)
Drug Resistance Mutations and Associated Phenotypes Detected in Clinical Trials of Maribavir for Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infection. (harvard.edu)
This is why it is more important than ever to slow spread of resistance by following infection control measures for every patient, every time and to keep antibiotics working by improving how we use them. (cdc.gov)
Visualization of HSV-1 infection process. (lu.se)

1 Statistical data indicate that over 90% of the mortality of patients with cancer is related to drug resistance. (atcc.org)
This constitutes a serious concern for patients as resistance to therapeutics can lead to decreased drug response and the recurrence of disease. (atcc.org)
In the Netherlands, where the majority of TB patients are migrants, resistance may also be increasing. (flutrackers.com)
Most patients in this study did have a reduction in ENT1 RNA levels post treatment, indicating a likely acquired mechanism of drug resistance. (haematologica.org)
Identification of drug resistant mutations is important in the management of HIV-1 infected patients. (ijbiotech.com)
It is also recommended that further studies be done regarding the importance of drug resistance in the leishmania affected patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Since uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance will help to treat patients, efforts to identify these mechanisms are ongoing. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients should contact their healthcare provider for any questions regarding the administration of FUZEON by calling the toll-free number 1-877-4-FUZEON (1-877-438-9366) or visiting the FUZEON website, www.FUZEON.com. (nih.gov)
However, there are now countries where drugs have no impact whatsoever in more than half of all patients. (rt.com)
Possible mechanisms for gram for breast cancer in southern Sweden issued 1991, pre- recurrence after treatment are low initial drug sensitivity or menopausal lymph node positive (N+) breast cancer patients an acquired drug resistance. (lu.se)

Some also detect mutations associated with isoniazid resistance. (cdc.gov)
The trend was most markedly increased for isoniazid resistance (p=0.01). (flutrackers.com)

In four studies, the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB showed 100% specificity and sensitivity ranging from 80% to 100% for detecting rifampin resistance directly from clinical specimens. (cdc.gov)
The present review mainly focused on the latest updates on RUNX2 in BCSCs and their roles in breast cancer progression and drug resistance, providing insight that may aid the development of RUNX2‑based diagnostics and treatments for breast cancer in clinical practice. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, these studies indicated the involvement of RUNX2 in BCSCs and its roles in breast cancer diagnosis and drug resistance, revealing its promising prospective clinical application and utility as an antitumor drug target in the future. (spandidos-publications.com)
To fight MDR and XDR tuberculosis, three new antitubercular drugs, bedaquiline (BDQ), delamanid, and pretomanid were approved for use in clinical setting. (frontiersin.org)
Treatment failure is defined as "an inability to clear malarial parasitaemia or resolve clinical symptoms despite administration of an antimalarial medicine" [1]. (omicsonline.org)
However, there are limited systematic data on comparability of these methods in a clinical setting for the presence of low-abundance drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and their dependency on the variant-calling thresholds.MethodsTo compare the HIV-DRMs detected by SS and NGS, we included participants enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with SS and NGS sequences available with sample collection dates ≤7 days apart. (ox.ac.uk)
Drug resistance val (CI) = 1.4-62) did not outperform corresponding classifiers based on clinical variables. (lu.se)

State‑of‑the‑art research has indicated the retention of RUNX2 expression in a more invasive subtype of breast cancer, and in particular, triple‑negative breast cancer development and drug resistance are associated with estrogen receptor signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Title : Simple PCR Assays Improve the Sensitivity of HIV-1 Subtype B Drug Resistance Testing and Allow Linking of Resistance Mutations Personal Author(s) : Johnson, Jeffrey A.;Li, Jin-Fen. (cdc.gov)
The association between virologic response and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype was investigated in 113 HIV-1-infected children randomly assigned to receive zidovudine plus lamivudine, zidovudine plus abacavir, or lamivudine plus abacavir in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) 5 trial. (ox.ac.uk)
HIV-1 subtype was not associated with virologic response at 24 and 48 weeks after initiation of treatment. (ox.ac.uk)

Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB). (medscape.com)

It also reviews the way drug resistance develops and spreads, methods used to assess the presence and level of drug resistance, and the extent to which chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP)-the two most widely used antimalarial drugs in the world today-have now lost efficacy. (nationalacademies.org)

The recurrence and drug resistance of breast cancer are intractable due to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are adequate to initiate tumor formation and refractory to conventional remedies. (spandidos-publications.com)
New findings by Fox Chase Cancer Center researchers identify one protein, Abcc10 (also known as Mrp7), as being intimately involved in resistance to certain drugs used to treat breast, ovarian, lung, and other cancers. (news-medical.net)
Drug resistance in cancer comes in two forms: intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. (atcc.org)
In addition to acquiring somatic mutations associated with drug resistance, cancer cells may alter cell signaling pathway feedback loops or bypass certain drug target signaling pathways through epigenetic alterations to maintain activation of key cell proliferation and survival signals. (atcc.org)
7 Another recent study found that acquired cytarabine resistance in relapsed AML was related to the downregulation of ENT1 through the inactivation of histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase 6A (KDM6A) which commonly has loss-of-function mutations in cancer. (haematologica.org)
By preventing DNA repair, PARP inhibitor drugs cause cancer cells to accumulate mutated chromosomes, ultimately killing them. (medicalxpress.com)
One of the main reasons a cancer treatment may fail is because of drug-resistant cancer cells. (nfcr.org)
A new study by investigators from the Mass General Cancer Center, a member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system, reveals how lung tumors may develop drug resistance over time, pointing to a protein, called APOBEC3A, that could be a promising target. (medicalxpress.com)
Results, published in Nature , may help researchers develop new solutions for tumor resistance to targeted cancer therapies. (medicalxpress.com)
Furthermore, it is not yet clear whether APOBEC drives acquired drug resistance in other cancer types or with use of other targeted therapies. (medicalxpress.com)

This type of resistance can emerge during or after PARP inhibitor treatment when some tumor cells thrive after mutating to lose 53BP1. (medicalxpress.com)
The authors found that the tumor cells surviving TKI treatment overexpress a type of APOBEC protein, APOBEC3A, which appears to cause drug resistance in two main ways. (medicalxpress.com)
In other cases, the cause of drug resistance is less direct, though the researchers hypothesize that APOBEC3A causes extensive DNA damage that helps push tumor cells into a "persister" state that is more resistant to treatment. (medicalxpress.com)
Very often, however, a tumor will return, having undergone a change that allows it to survive in the presence of the drug. (medicalxpress.com)
Our research helps us understand the mechanisms that drive the process of drug resistance, which begin before the tumor becomes resistant. (medicalxpress.com)

Our conversation is based on her paper about flu resistance to an antiviral drug, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2008, 14(1):70-72. (who.int)

HIV virologic response, patterns of drug resistance mutations and correlates among adolescents and young adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania. (harvard.edu)

HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) can be dangerous not only on the individual level but also for the whole population. (pasteur.fr)
We observed an increase in low-abundance HIV-DRMs detected at lower thresholds [28/417 (6.7%) at 10%-25% to 293/812 (36.1%) at 1%-2% threshold]. (ox.ac.uk)

An individual infected by a resistant strain begins their course of treatment with already limited drug options, which can pose problems later down the line if they develop additional resistance. (wikipedia.org)
By WHO "drug resistance" is defined as "the ability of a parasite strain to survive or multiply despite the administration and absorption of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within the tolerance of the subject. (omicsonline.org)
Cross resistance on the other hand is the simultaneous occurrence of resistance of the same parasite strain to two of more drugs belonging to the same drug family or exerting similar modes of action. (omicsonline.org)

Understanding the mutations in the virus can help healthcare providers select an effective combination of drugs in an ART regimen and indicate which drugs may no longer be effective against the mutated HIV-1 virus. (fda.gov)
This woman was admitted to isolation and started empirically on a 4-drug regimen in the ED. Tuberculosis was confirmed on sputum testing. (medscape.com)

The Sentosa SQ HIV Genotyping Assay is the first HIV drug resistance assay that uses NGS technology that the FDA has authorized for marketing in the U.S. (fda.gov)
The FDA reviewed data from performance studies, which demonstrated a greater than 95% sensitivity and specificity in detecting 342 HIV drug resistant mutations and determined the Sentosa SQ HIV-1 Genotyping Assay provides a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for its intended use. (fda.gov)
For example, a single-well assay has been developed that uses five molecular beacons to detect mutations associated with rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis bacteria and appears to perform similarly as the line-probe assays. (cdc.gov)

HIV drug resistance occurs when microevolution causes virions to become tolerant to antiretroviral treatments (ART). (wikipedia.org)
Insulin resistance occurs when muscle, fat, and liver cells do not properly use insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose and provides a source of energy to the body. (sciencedaily.com)
Scientists think this failure occurs for a number of reasons, and researchers in de Lange's lab homed in on one culprit linked to resistance in BRCA1 cancers in particular. (medicalxpress.com)

Currently, over 80% of the antimicrobial drugs (including penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, cephalosporins) sold in the United States of America are used in agriculture. (who.int)

AbstractBackgroundNext-generation sequencing (NGS) is gradually replacing Sanger sequencing (SS) as the primary method for HIV genotypic resistance testing. (ox.ac.uk)
HIVdb Program: Genotypic Resistance Interpretation Algorithm [Internet]. (who.int)

The overall cause of drug resistance is complex, and several categories of drug-resistance mechanisms have been identified. (atcc.org)

Our data indicate that the development of drug resistance mutations in IN is complex and is a fine balance between attaining high levels of drug resistance and decent replicative fitness. (ucl.ac.uk)

Added Value of Next Generation Sequencing in Characterizing the Evolution of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Kenyan Youth. (harvard.edu)
This enabled Balázsi and colleagues to mimic the evolution of drug resistance in the laboratory. (mlo-online.com)
After evolving these cells at various drug concentrations, we observed that heterogeneity does help the evolution of drug resistance at high drug concentrations, however, heterogeneity hinders drug resistance at low drug levels," summarized Balázsi. (mlo-online.com)
The researchers also discovered cells that are dormant, which neither grow nor die (called 'persister' cells) appear necessary for the evolution of drug resistance at high drug levels. (mlo-online.com)
We compare this novel kernel to a standard, evolution-agnostic amino acid encoding in the prediction of HIV drug resistance from genotype, using support vector regression. (mpg.de)

Anatomy8

Organisms22

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes76

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science5

Health Care6

Geographicals4

Antimicrobial Resistance13

Mutation10

Antibiotic14

Emergence6

Gene27

Surveillance6

Susceptibility8

Transmitted drug resistance mutations1

Mycobacterium1

Isolates6

Genes6

Inhibitors14

Infections15

Reverse transcriptase1

Viral14

20202

Genetic10

Malaria12

Mechanisms of resistance3

Confers resistance2

Integrase strand transfer1

Antituberculosis drugs1

Bacterial1

20011

Nucleoside1

Prevalence5

Chemotherapy6

Multidrug2

Mutations among2

Therapeutic1

Therapy21

20191

NRTIs1

Fluconazole resistance2

Strains3

20211

Widespread3

Viruses5

Infection5

Patients10

Isoniazid2

Clinical7

Subtype4

Extensively drug-resista1

Chloroquine1

Cancer10

Tumor5

Emerging Infectio2

Patterns1

DRMs2

Strain3

Regimen2

Assay3

Occurs3

United States1

Genotypic2

Cause of drug resistance1

Development of drug resistance1

Evolution5