Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants.

Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of mid-term (a few months) exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a long-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a short-term (a few weeks) exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain iridoid glycosides and ANTHRAQUINONES.

Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.

Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.

A diverse genus of minute freshwater CRUSTACEA, of the suborder CLADOCERA. They are a major food source for both young and adult freshwater fish.

Tests or bioassays that measure the skin sensitization potential of various chemicals.

An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.

The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.

A genus of CRUSTACEA of the order ANOSTRACA, found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. It has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Agreements between two or more parties, especially those that are written and enforceable by law (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). It is sometimes used to characterize the nature of the professional-patient relationship.

Risk or hazard associated with the handling and use of chemicals.

Elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. They include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive.

That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.

For-profit enterprise with relatively few to moderate number of employees and low to moderate volume of sales.

Organizations involved in all aspects of health planning activities.