The aggregate business enterprise of agriculture, manufacture, and distribution related to tobacco and tobacco-derived products.

A process whereby representatives of a particular interest group attempt to influence governmental decision makers to accept the policy desires of the lobbying organization.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc.

Activity involved in transfer of goods from producer to consumer or in the exchange of services.

The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause.

The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

The act of deceiving or the fact of being deceived.

Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.

A mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of action by others.

The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests.

A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict.

Powdered or cut pieces of leaves of NICOTIANA TABACUM which are inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches. It includes any product of tobacco that is not smoked.

Governmental levies on property, inheritance, gifts, etc.

Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.

Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.

Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. PRODUCT LABELING is also available.

Organizations comprising wage and salary workers in health-related fields for the purpose of improving their status and conditions. The concept includes labor union activities toward providing health services to members.

The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.

Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc.

The provision of monetary resources including money or capital and credit; obtaining or furnishing money or capital for a purchase or enterprise and the funds so obtained. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.)

The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

Substances and products derived from NICOTIANA TABACUM.

Systematic organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of specialized information, especially of a scientific or technical nature (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983). It often involves authenticating or validating information.

Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.

The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning.

The moral obligations governing the conduct of commercial or industrial enterprises.

Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.

The industry concerned with processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages.

Agencies of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of the United States.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.

Accountability and responsibility to another, enforceable by civil or criminal sanctions.

Financial support of research activities.

Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.

That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.

Ending the TOBACCO habits of smoking, chewing, or snuff use.

Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.

The obligations and accountability assumed in carrying out actions or ideas on behalf of others.

The type species of TOBAMOVIRUS which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation.

Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information.

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically.

The effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favorable terms.

A course or method of action selected, usually by an organization, institution, university, society, etc., from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions and positions on matters of public interest or social concern. It does not include internal policy relating to organization and administration within the corporate body, for which ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION is available.

Organized groups of users of goods and services.

Administration and functional structures for the purpose of collectively systematizing activities for a particular goal.

Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.

Intentional falsification of scientific data by presentation of fraudulent or incomplete or uncorroborated findings as scientific fact.

Decisions for determining and guiding present and future objectives from among alternatives.

Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (from http://www.usccr.gov/ accessed 1/31/2003)

Individuals referred to for expert or professional advice or services.

Social welfare organizations with programs designed to assist individuals in need.

The interactions between representatives of institutions, agencies, or organizations.

Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.

The level of governmental organization and function below that of the national or country-wide government.

Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.

Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar.

The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.

The contamination of indoor air.

The reciprocal interaction of two or more professional individuals.

The purposes, missions, and goals of an individual organization or its units, established through administrative processes. It includes an organization's long-range plans and administrative philosophy.

The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.

Management control systems for structuring health care delivery strategies around case types, as in DRGs, or specific clinical services.

Viscous materials composed of complex, high-molecular-weight compounds derived from the distillation of petroleum or the destructive distillation of wood or coal. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. It refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Application of marketing principles and techniques to maximize the use of health care resources.

The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.

Use of TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L) and TOBACCO PRODUCTS.

Use of marketing principles also used to sell products to consumers to promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Design and use of programs seeking to increase the acceptance of a social idea or practice by target groups, not for the benefit of the marketer, but to benefit the target audience and the general society.

That branch of medicine dealing with the studies and effects of flight through the atmosphere or in space upon the human body and with the prevention or cure of physiological or psychological malfunctions arising from these effects. (from NASA Thesaurus)

Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.

The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.

Publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (Webster's 3d ed)

The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Organizations established by endowments with provision for future maintenance.

The geographic area of Latin America in general and when the specific country or countries are not indicated. It usually includes Central America, South America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.

Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

Use for articles on the investing of funds for income or profit.

Voluntary groups of people representing diverse interests in the community such as hospitals, businesses, physicians, and insurers, with the principal objective to improve health care cost effectiveness.

The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.

Violation of laws, regulations, or professional standards.

Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received.

Systematic statements of principles or rules of appropriate professional conduct, usually established by professional societies.

The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste.

Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector.

Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.

Formal voluntary or governmental procedures and standards required of hospitals and health or other facilities to improve operating efficiency, and for the protection of the consumer.

The level of governmental organization and function at the national or country-wide level.

Formal relationships established between otherwise independent organizations. These include affiliation agreements, interlocking boards, common controls, hospital medical school affiliations, etc.

All organized methods of funding.

The productive enterprises concerned with food processing.

The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.

Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.

Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.

Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.

Payment, or other means of making amends, for a wrong or injury.

The process of bargaining in order to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter of importance to the parties involved. It also applies to the hearing and determination of a case by a third party chosen by the parties in controversy, as well as the interposing of a third party to reconcile the parties in controversy.

The aggregate business enterprise of manufacturing textiles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Place or physical location of work or employment.

The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Descriptions and evaluations of specific health care organizations.

Revealing of information, by oral or written communication.

Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.

Those individuals engaged in research.

Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.

An agency in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. It was created as an independent regulatory agency responsible for the implementation of federal laws designed to protect the environment. Its mission is to protect human health and the ENVIRONMENT.

The quality or state of relating to or affecting two or more nations. (After Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)