Educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree entering a specific field of pharmacy. They may lead to an advanced degree.

Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of pharmacy.

Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.

The granting of a license to practice pharmacy.

Individuals enrolled in a school of pharmacy or a formal educational program leading to a degree in pharmacy.

Facilities for the preparation and dispensing of drugs.

The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations.

A course of study offered by an educational institution.

Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.

Physicians who hold degrees from medical schools in countries other than the ones in which they practice.

Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.

Total pharmaceutical services provided to the public through community pharmacies.

Educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their particular field.

Hospital department responsible for the receiving, storing, and distribution of pharmaceutical supplies.

Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of pharmacy, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body.

Total pharmaceutical services provided by qualified PHARMACISTS. In addition to the preparation and distribution of medical products, they may include consultative services provided to agencies and institutions which do not have a qualified pharmacist.

Use for general articles concerning medical education.

Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.

Those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to board certification or a more advanced degree.

Educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced dental degree.

Educational programs designed to inform physicians of recent advances in their field.

Selection of a type of occupation or profession.

The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

Programs of training in medicine and medical specialties offered by hospitals for graduates of medicine to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in an educational institution.

Use for articles concerning dental education in general.

Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.

Use for general articles concerning nursing education.

The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.

Persons who perform certain functions under the supervision of the pharmacist.

Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.

Educational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest. They do not lead to any formal advanced standing.

The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.

The business and managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense.

Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives.

The educational process of instructing.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of medicine.

Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.

Education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks) with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1997)

Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical pharmacy services.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

The expected function of a member of a particular profession.

Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.

The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.

Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field.

Theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. These educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.

Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.

The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the pharmacist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the pharmacist in health care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.

Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

Requirements for the selection of students for admission to academic institutions.

Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.

A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of "wellness" and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.

Insurance providing for payment of services rendered by the pharmacist. Services include the preparation and distribution of medical products.

Stipends or grants-in-aid granted by foundations or institutions to individuals for study.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of dentistry.

Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in the practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations.

Societies whose membership is limited to pharmacists.

The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).

A geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population.

An occupation limited in scope to a subsection of a broader field.

Individuals licensed to practice medicine.

The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.

Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.

Formal education and training in preparation for the practice of a profession.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a medical school.

Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.

Educational programs designed to inform nurses of recent advances in their fields.

Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department.

A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions.

Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program in the health occupations.

Individuals enrolled in a school of nursing or a formal educational program leading to a degree in nursing.

A four-year program in nursing education in a college or university leading to a B.S.N. (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).

Systematic identification, development, organization, or utilization of educational resources and the management of these processes. It is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to describe the use of equipment-oriented techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, December 1993, p132)

The art and science of studying, performing research on, preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.

The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Individuals licensed to practice DENTISTRY.

A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.

Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.

Individuals enrolled a school of dentistry or a formal educational program in leading to a degree in dentistry.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. The review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality.

Educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields.

The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.

The reciprocal interaction of two or more professional individuals.

Education and training in PUBLIC HEALTH for the practice of the profession.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.

Health insurance plans intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms, including: economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services; increased beneficiary cost sharing; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay; the establishment of cost-sharing incentives for outpatient surgery; selective contracting with health care providers; and the intensive management of high-cost health care cases. The programs may be provided in a variety of settings, such as HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS and PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS.

Organizations which certify physicians and dentists as specialists in various fields of medical and dental practice.

Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation.

Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to medical school.

The granting of a license to practice medicine.

The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

Instructional materials used in teaching.

The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.

Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). Drug utilization review is mandated for Medicaid programs beginning in 1993.

Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies.

The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)

The use of persons coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases in a life-like manner in order to teach or evaluate medical personnel.

Women licensed to practice medicine.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

The use of COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS to store and transmit medical PRESCRIPTIONS.

Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar.

Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation.

The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

Works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from PHARMACOPOEIAS in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy.

A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of veterinary medicine.

The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.

Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of public health.

Amounts charged to the patient or third-party payer for medication. It includes the pharmacist's professional fee and cost of ingredients, containers, etc.

The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.

Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

Professional society representing the field of medicine.

The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.

Interactions between health personnel and patients.

Drugs that cannot be sold legally without a prescription.

The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.

Auditory and visual instructional materials.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a dental school.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.

The total amount of work to be performed by an individual, a department, or other group of workers in a period of time.

Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist.

The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities.

The services rendered by members of the health profession and non-professionals under their supervision.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group.

Education for specific trades or occupations.

Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.

The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population.

A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.

Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.

Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.

Strong desires to accomplish something. This usually pertains to greater values or high ideals.

A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults.

The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.

Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.

Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.

The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)

Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.

Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc.

Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.

Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.

Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (From J Res Pharm Econ 1989;1(1); PharmacoEcon 1992;1(1))

Test designed to identify students suitable for admission into a graduate or undergraduate curriculum.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a nursing school.

The function of directing or controlling the actions or attitudes of an individual or group with more or less willing acquiescence of the followers.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.

Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.

Schools which offer training in the area of health.

Educational institutions.

Pharmacy services accessed via electronic means.

The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.

Appraisal of one's own personal qualities or traits.

Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.

The principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.

Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.

That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests.

A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.

Statement of the position requirements, qualifications for the position, wage range, and any special conditions expected of the employee.

Systematic efforts to assist individuals in selecting an occupation or suitable employment on the basis of aptitude, education, etc.

The purposes, missions, and goals of an individual organization or its units, established through administrative processes. It includes an organization's long-range plans and administrative philosophy.

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

Violation of laws, regulations, or professional standards.

A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)

One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

A change or shift in personnel due to reorganization, resignation, or discharge.