Use of ultrasonic cleansing in managing the couplers of dialyzer systems.
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Dialysis-related complications have become a major concern as the number of patients receiving long-term maintenance dialysis increases. One cause of complications is contamination of the dialysis fluid. When dialysis fluid contaminated by bacteria or endotoxin (ET) or both has been used for a long time, cytokine production in vivo is enhanced and can lead to such complications as dialysis amyloidosis. The rate of dialysis-related complications might be reduced with a hemopurification method that uses a large amount of dialysis fluid as a substitution fluid (on-line hemodiafiltration) or an efficient dialyzer with enhanced internal filtration in which the dialysis fluid returns to the body as a replacement fluid; however, at the same time, there is an increased risk of ET entering the body because the dialysis fluid might be contaminated. Therefore, the dialysis fluid must be made aseptic, and the dialysis fluid line must be properly managed to prevent contamination of the dialysis fluid. A half-opened line is at great risk of contamination by living microbes, which can grow in dead spaces and where the flow of dialysis fluid is interrupted. The management of couplers is an important measure for maintaining cleanliness at the end of the dialysis fluid flow. We attempted to separate and regularly clean the main body of the coupler with ultrasonic equipment as a method of managing the conventional coupler. Using improved types of coupler, the water quality of the postcoupler flow was maintained at a level as high as that of the precoupler flow for the duration of the evaluation period without separate cleansing being done. Although separate once-a-week cleansing of the conventional coupler was able to keep ET values less than the detection limit, viable cell counts were unstable. On the other hand, twice-a-week ultrasonic cleansing eliminated almost all viable cells. No definite difference in ET values or viable cell counts was found between the cleansing groups, and ultrasonic cleansing was able, by itself, to provide a sufficient cleansing effect. We conclude that ultrasonic cleansing of conventional couplers is a useful method for maintaining the water quality of the postcoupler flow because the cleansing of the coupler twice or more a week is sufficient to keep the water quality of the postcoupler flow as high as that of the precoupler flow. (+info)
Relationships between sand and water quality at recreational beaches.
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Removal of estrogens from water using activated carbon and ozone.
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Estrogens (estron: E1; estradiol: E2; estriol: E3) are major water pollutants. For the removal of estrogens, activated carbon (AC) and ozone treatments were employed, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH of a single solution and multiple solution systems were investigated. The removal of estrogens increased with the amount of AC. The percentage of removed estrogens by AC in the single solution system was greater than that in the ternary solution system. The estrogens were completely removed using ozone, which also reduced COD and pH. The removal of estrogens increased the water quality and decreased the amount of organic carbon. (+info)
Cumulative impacts of mountaintop mining on an Appalachian watershed.
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