Use of handheld computers with global positioning systems for probability sampling and data entry in household surveys. (17/70)

We introduce an innovative method that uses personal digital assistants (PDAs) equipped with global positioning system (GPS) units in household surveys to select a probability-based sample and perform PDA-based interviews. Our approach uses PDAs with GPS to rapidly map all households in selected areas, choose a random sample, and navigate back to the sampled households to conduct an interview. We present recent field experience in two large-scale nationally representative household surveys to assess insecticide-treated bed net coverage as part of malaria control efforts in Africa. The successful application of this method resulted in statistically valid samples; quality-controlled data entry; and rapid aggregation, analyses, and availability of preliminary results within days of completing the field work. We propose this method as an alternative to the Expanded Program on Immunization cluster sample method when a fast, statistically valid survey is required in an environment with little census information at the enumeration area level.  (+info)

Intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires for forearm fractures: a developing country perspective. (18/70)

PURPOSE: To evaluate treatment results of intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires for diaphyseal forearm fractures. METHODS: Between January 2001 and January 2004, 184 patients (122 men and 62 women) with 288 displaced diaphyseal forearm fractures underwent intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires. The wires were inserted by opening the fracture site because radiographic facility for closed pinning was unavailable. The time to union, functional recovery, and the complication rates were assessed. RESULTS: 11 patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 173 whose data was analysed. In 167 (97%) of the patients the fractures united, and in 14 (8%) of them union was delayed. The mean time to union for closed fractures was 13 (range, 7-16) weeks and for open fractures it was 15 (range, 12-22) weeks. The mean time in cast was 6 (range, 3-14) weeks. In all, 34/173 (20%) had complications: superficial infection (n=13), deep infection (n=4), cross-union between bones (n=4), open fracture 'needing' a skin graft (n=2), radial nerve palsy (n=3), paraesthesia (n=1), and non-union (n=7). Among the 173 analysed patients, the infection rate was 10% and the non-union rate was 4%. 130 (75%) of the patients had the wires removed; no re-fracture occurred after wire removal. Based on the Anderson criteria, 47 (27%) of the patients attained excellent, 78 (45%) satisfactory, and 39 (23%) unsatisfactory results. In 9 (5%) of the patients, union failed (7 plain non-union and 2 due to chronic osteomyelitis). CONCLUSION: Kirschner wires are much cheaper than plates and screws, and require minimal expertise for insertion and removal. They remain acceptable for stabilising displaced diaphyseal forearm fractures in developing countries.  (+info)

Collecting baseline information for national morbidity alleviation programs: different methods to estimate lymphatic filariasis morbidity prevalence. (19/70)

The lymphatic filariasis elimination program aims not only to stop transmission, but also to alleviate morbidity. Although geographically limited morbidity projects exist, few have been implemented nationally. For advocacy and planning, the program coordinators need prevalence estimates that are currently rarely available. This article compares several approaches to estimate morbidity prevalence: (1) data routinely collected during mapping or sentinel site activities; (2) data collected during drug coverage surveys; and (3) alternative surveys. Data were collected in Plateau and Nasarawa States in Nigeria and in 6 districts in Togo. In both settings, we found that questionnaires seem to underestimate the morbidity prevalence compared with existing information collected through clinical examination. We suggest that program managers use the latter for advocacy and planning, but if not available, questionnaires to estimate morbidity prevalence can be added to existing surveys. Even though such data will most likely underestimate the real burden of disease, they can be useful in resource-limited settings.  (+info)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of gastrointestinal tumors in Togo. (20/70)

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. (21/70)

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The role of case containment centers in the eradication of dracunculiasis in Togo and Ghana. (22/70)

As part of the global effort to eradicate dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), several endemic countries established case containment centers to provide treatment and support to patients with emerging Guinea worms to keep them from contaminating water sources. To assess the functioning, effectiveness, and public perception of this intervention, we visited eight centers and conducted surveys in 32 villages in Togo and Ghana. In the areas served by these centers, incidence dropped by 71% in Togo and 42% in Ghana from 2003 to 2004. Among persons with emerging worms, admission to the centers was associated with younger age (P value = 0.04) after controlling for occupation and gender. Overall, the centers functioned well and were regarded favorably: 99% of the 152 center-attendees expressed satisfaction with their stay. Strategically-located case containment centers in conjunction with other interventions appear to play an important role in the final effort to eradicate dracunculiasis.  (+info)

Incidence, seasonality, age distribution, and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis in Burkina Faso and Togo. (23/70)

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Coinfections with Schistosoma haematobium, Necator americanus, and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in children: chemokine and cytokine responses and changes after antiparasite treatment. (24/70)

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