The effect of measurement time when evaluating static muscle endurance during sustained static maximal gripping.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the useful measurement time when evaluating static muscle endurance by comparing various parameters during sustained static gripping for 1, 3 and 6 min. Fifteen males (mean +/- SD age 20.8 +/- 1.3 yr, height 172.9 +/- 4.6 cm, body mass 67.7 +/- 5.7 kg) and fifteen females [mean +/- SD age 20.2 +/- 0.9 yr, height 158.5 +/- 3.2 cm, body mass 55.9 +/- 4.6 kg] volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed the sustained static maximal grip test with a sagittal and horizontal arm position for 1, 3 and 6 min on different days. Eleven force-time parameters were selected to evaluate static muscle endurance. The trial-to-trial reliability of each measurement time of sustained static maximal gripping was very high (rxy = 0.887-0.981 (1 min), 0.912-0.993 (3 min), 0.901-0.965 (6 min)). The errors of exertion values between trials were very small (below 10%). A significant correlation was found in the following parameters: the final strength and the exponential function between 1 min and 3 min, all parameters except for the time required to reach 80% of maximal grip, the regression coefficient at post-inflection between 3 min and 6 min, and the decreasing rate between all measurement times (1 min, 3 min, and 6 min). Significant differences between the measurement times were found in all parameters except for the time to 60, 70, and 80% force decreases, and the regression coefficient of pre-inflection. There was a tendency that the longer the measurement time, the larger the decreasing force. It is suggested that for the 6 min measurement, the subjects unconsciously restrained the maximal gripping force, influenced by a psychological factor as the pain became greater. The 1 min measurement may evaluate only the remarkable decreasing phase of the decreasing force, and not evaluate the phase of an almost steady state. (+info)
The aim of this review is to analyse the studies on nandrolone metabolism to determine if it is possible for an athlete to test positive for nandrolone without having ingested or injected nandrolone. (+info)
Anabolic steroids in athelics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters.
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Thirteen experienced male weightlifters taking high-protein diets and regular exercise took part in a double-blind crossover trial of methandienone 10 or 25 mg/day to seeif the drug improved athletic performance. Their improvemments were significantly greater on methandienone than on placebo; their body weights rose (though this seemed to be associated with water retention); and systolic blood pressure rose significantly. Methandienone caused many side effects, and three men had to withdraw because of them. All side effects disappeared after the drug was stopped. Anabolic steroids are effective only when given combination with exercise and high-protein diet. We deprecate their use in athletics but can suggest no way of stopping it. (+info)
Physician prescribing patterns of oral corticosteroids for musculoskeletal injuries.
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BACKGROUND: There is considerable controversy as to when and if oral corticosteroids are indicated for musculoskeletal injury. Although the perception is that sports medicine physicians prescribe oral corticosteroids frequently, there is no documentation of this behavior in the literature. The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of the corticosteroid-prescribing patterns of primary care sports medicine physicians and look for common indications. METHODS: A two-page questionnaire was included in the registration packets of 195 physicians at a national sports medicine conference. RESULTS: Ninety-nine questionnaires were returned. Fifty-eight (58.6%) of the physicians reported prescribing oral corticosteroids for musculoskeletal injuries. Physicians who prescribed corticosteroids for injuries averaged 6.6 prescriptions per month. Prednisone was the corticosteroid prescribed by 82% of physicians. The average prescription length was 7 days. One half of the physicians (51.7%) tapered the dose. The most common starting dose (mode) was 60 mg. CONCLUSIONS: Despite little evidence to support their use, primary care sports medicine physicians commonly prescribe corticosteroids. (+info)
The current status of sports medicine training in United States internal medicine residency programmes.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the general status of sports medicine training in internal medicine residency programmes in the United States. METHODS: A cross sectional survey of the programme directors and chief residents of each of the 407 accredited internal medicine programmes listed in the 1999-2000 Graduate Medical Education Directory. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned by 231 of 404 (57%) programme directors and 233 of 404 (58%) chief residents. A chief and director of the same programme (paired responses) replied from 144 of 404 (36%) programmes surveyed. A formal sports medicine curriculum was reported by 22.1% of programme directors. Programmes with a formal curriculum were 2.9 times more likely to offer any of the sports medicine educational experiences (p<0.0001; Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel). Programmes with block rotations were more likely to include all of the educational experiences surveyed than those without (p<0.002 for each; chi(2) test). A total of 162 programmes included sports medicine as part of other rotations. Most programmes only included sports medicine as part of other rotations: 44.6% (103/231) of all programmes and 63.6% (103/162) of programmes with sports medicine as part of other rotations. Some 29.9% (69/231) of directors reported having an elective, and 3.9% (9/231) reported a required rotation. Almost a quarter (21.7%; 50/231) of directors reported that their residents received no clinical experience in sports medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Little attention is given to the subject of sports medicine when internal medicine residency curricula are developed in the United States. Thus only a small percentage of American internal medicine residency programmes provide significant training in sports medicine. (+info)
Reflection on the 1976 Toronto Olympiad for the physically disabled.
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A report is given on the various aspects of the 1976 Olympiad of the Physically Disabled. The aspects discussed are the historical background, planning and preparation of the Games, accommodation for amputees, blind and paraplegics, transport, games site, organisation of sports events, medical supervision, publicity of the Games, standards of performance and records and last, but by no means least, politics and sport. (+info)
ACCIDENTS IN CHILDHOOD: A REPORT ON 17,141 ACCIDENTS.
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The causes of injury to 17,141 children brought to the emergency department of a large pediatric hospital in one year were studied. The leading causes of injury were: falls, 5682; cuts or piercings, 1902; poisonings, 1597; and transportation accidents, 1368. Included in these are 587 falls on or down stairs, 401 cuts due to glass, 630 poisonings from household or workshop substances, 510 poisonings from salicylate tablets, and 449 accidents involving bicycles or tricycles. Other findings included 333 injuries to fingers or hands in doors, usually car doors; 122 instances of pulled arms; 384 ingestions and 53 inhalations of foreign bodies; 60 alleged sexual assaults, 58 chemical burns, 127 wringer injuries, and four attempted suicides. A rewarding opportunity in accident prevention exists for hospitals that undertake to compile and distribute pertinent source data. (+info)
EXERTIONAL HAEMOGLOBINURIA: A REPORT ON THREE CASES WITH STUDIES ON THE HAEMOLYTIC MECHANISM.
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Three cases of exertional haemoglobinuria are described. So far, the cause of the underlying haemolysis in this condition has not been satisfactorily explained, but in the cases described, the haemoglobinuric episodes appeared to be related to traumatic damage to the soles of the feet. Experimental studies support the hypothesis that the intravascular haemolysis results from mechanical damage to red cells in the soles of the feet. Furthermore, since adopting remedial measures, haemoglobinuria has not recurred in any of the patients, although they have continued to pursue their strenuous athletic activities. (+info)