Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in Karachi--identification of potential risk factors.
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The objective of the study was to provide an overview of the demographics of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in Karachi South (1995-2001), and identify potential risk factors. Cases recorded for Karachi South, at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1(st) January 1995 to 31(st) December 2002 were analysed. For maximum completion of data cancer cases, recorded from 1(st) January 1995 to 31(st) December 2001 were included for final analysis. The age standardized incidence rates per 100000 population (ASIRs) for cancer of the oral cavity (excluding salivary gland) in Karachi South were 17.1 and 16.5 in males and females whereas the ASIRs for cancer of the pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) were 7.1 and 2.4 in males and females, respectively. The oral pharyngeal ratios were 2.4 and 6.9 for males and females and gender ratios (M F) were 1.04 for the oral cavity and 3.0 for the pharynx. The mean ages were 51 years (95% CI 49.6; 52.2) and 56.1 years (95% CI 54.4; 57.8) respectively. Cancer of the oral cavity ranked 2(nd) in Karachi in both genders. Cancer of the pharynx ranked 7(th) in males and 14(th) in females. Approximately 97% of the oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers were histologically confirmed. The majority of the oral (47.1%) and pharyngeal (51.9%) cancer cases presented as grade II lesions, and were discovered at advanced stages. Of the cancers reported during 1995-2001, 60.4% of the oral and 78.1% of the pharyngeal lesions had spread to a distant site at the time of diagnosis. Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 96.5% and 91.8% of the totals. The incidences of these cancers are comparable to the highest risk regions of the world. As distinct from other geographical areas oral cancer is as common in females as in males, which may reflect the pattern of exposure to known risk factors such as betal quid, arecanut and tobacco and the absence of alcohol as a risk factor in both genders. Apergillus contamination of arecanut could also be a risk factor but no confirmation studies or quantification is available. Despite the common risk factors, incidence of pharyngeal cancer is three times higher in men as compared with women. The keys to reducing the incidence and mortality due to oral and pharyngeal cancers are prevention and control, emphasizing cessation of tobacco use and cancer screening. However a targeted cancer and tobacco control program does not presently exist in Pakistan. (+info)
Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Shanghai, with emphasis on diet.
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A population-based case-control study of oral and pharyngeal cancer was conducted in Shanghai, China, from 1988 to 1990, in which 204 (115 male, 89 female) incident cases and 414 (269 male, 145 female) controls were interviewed. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as occupational exposures to asbestos and to petroleum products and the use of kerosene stoves in cooking, were associated with increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. In addition, more cases than controls reported having chronic oral diseases and false teeth. Dietary intakes of 42 major foods and selected salt-preserved or deep-fried foods during the past 10 years, ignoring any recent changes, were measured by a structured quantitative food questionnaire. After adjusting for known etiological factors, risks decreased with increasing intake of fruits, particularly oranges and tangerines, and some vegetables, including dark yellow vegetables and Chinese white radish. Men in the highest tertile of intake of these fruits and vegetables had about 30-50% the risk of those in the lowest tertile, with a less pronounced effect among women. A new finding was an excess risk associated with high consumption of salt-preserved meat and fish. The findings from this study provide further evidence that dietary factors play an important role in the development of oral and pharyngeal cancer. (+info)
CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX: RESULTS OF THERAPY.
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Prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma varies considerably, depending on its site and stage of development. In the past, laryngectomy was considered the treatment of choice for all but very early lesions. Results of therapy and five-year survival rates were relatively good, but the patient deprived of his larynx frequently presented difficulties in rehabilitation.Recent advances in radiotherapy techniques have permitted treatment of a greater proportion of patients with laryngeal carcinoma by this means, with encouraging results. Results of a survey in the Toronto area suggest that radiotherapy should be used as primary treatment in early and intermediate stages of the disease; radical excision combined with radiotherapy is indicated for treatment failures among early cases and for those with far-advanced disease or carcinoma outside the larynx proper. With this program five-year survival rates are comparable to those achieved when laryngectomy is the primary treatment used, and two-thirds of those who survive maintain laryngeal function. (+info)
Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales.
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Cancer mortality during 1970-85 of immigrants from East and West Africa and the Caribbean to England and Wales is described. Overall cancer mortality was raised in West African males (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25-1.54), and non-significantly raised in West African females (RR 1.14, 0.96-1.37) compared to mortality in the England and Wales-born population. Much of the increased risk was due to very high rates of liver cancer in males (RR 31.6, 23.8-41.9), but rates were also raised for a wide range of other cancers in each sex. Only lung and brain cancer had significantly decreased mortality. In East Africans, overall cancer mortality was low in males (RR 0.63, 0.56-0.70), and in females (RR 0.80, 0.72-0.89). Mortality was significantly low for cancers of the stomach, pancreas and testis, and Hodgkin's disease in males, for cervical cancer in females, and for lung cancer and melanoma in both sexes. Cancer sites with significantly raised mortality included oropharyngeal cancer, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma in both sexes. In Caribbean immigrants overall cancer rates were significantly low in males (RR 0.71, 0.68-0.74) and in females (RR 0.76, 0.73-0.80). Mortality was significantly low for many cancers including colorectal, lung, testis and brain cancers. Mortality was significantly raised only for cancer of the prostate in males, of the placenta in females, and of the liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in both sexes. Overall, mortality was high from prostatic cancer and liver cancer, and was low from brain cancer, in predominantly ethnic African immigrant groups. Both East and West African immigrants had raised rates of leukaemia. All of the migrant groups had high rates of multiple myeloma and low rates of testicular, ovarian and lung cancer. Genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to these patterns are discussed. (+info)
CYTOPATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO HUMAN TUMORS. I. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
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Armstrong, D. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), G. Henle, N. L. Somerson, and L. Hayflick. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. I. Isolation and biological aspects. J. Bacteriol. 90:418-424. 1965.-Mycoplasmas were isolated from cell cultures of two benign human tumors. The first isolate contained two mycoplasmas, one a well-known human species (Mycoplasma hominis type I) and frequent tissue culture contaminant, and the other a recently reported new type. The second isolate was a mycoplasma of the newly described type. The mycoplasmas could be reisolated, after one or more passages through tissue culture, from extracts of the original tumor tissue. The relationship of the organisms to the neoplasms remains obscure. Both isolates produce cytopathic effect (CPE) and acidification of medium in a variety of tissue cultures. The CPE may be diminished, but not abolished, by increasing concentrations of arginine in the tissue culture media. Infection of various tissue cultures with the mycoplasmas did not result in interference to super-infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. (+info)
CYTOPATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO HUMAN TUMORS. II. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
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Hummeler, K. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), D. Armstrong, and N. Tomassini. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. II. Morphological aspects. J. Bacteriol. 90:511-516. 1965.-Cytopathic effects (CPE) produced in HeLa cell cultures by two strains of mycoplasmas (F-11 and F-12) were studied by light and electron microscopy. CPE, which was marked by cytoplasmic vacuolization, did not appear to depend on intracellular mycoplasma infection. The cytopathogenic mycoplasmas appeared to be similar, both morphologically and in their intra- and extracellular distribution, to noncytopathogenic mycoplasmas previously studied by others. The probability that the CPE is related to depletion of essential nutrients is discussed, and the fine structure of the mycoplasmas is described. (+info)
Carotid sinus syndrome after carotid artery surgery.
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A 63 year old woman had been intensively treated for recurrent carcinoma of the neck. Following acute vascular surgery of the carotid artery, she developed the vasodilatory type of the carotid sinus syndrome. The presentation of this type of the syndrome was remarkable, since it is usually associated with primary or metastatic carcinoma in the neck region. Previous cancer treatment may have modified the course of disease in this patient, which ultimately had a lethal outcome. (+info)
Oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer as a cause of death among Swiss cooks.
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In an analysis of Swiss mortality data (1979-1987) excess mortality due to oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer was found among cooks, and the rate was very high in the age group < 55 years. The peak number of cases was observed among cooks in the age category 45-49 years. In the standard population the highest number of such deaths was observed between 65 and 69 years of age. The numbers of alcohol-related causes of death were also elevated among the cooks, while the numbers of smoking-related deaths were not. Although the dominant role of combined alcohol and tobacco consumption for the development of oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer has been confirmed by many studies, other factors (eg, volatile carcinogenic compounds formed during the cooking process) may contribute to the excess mortality from oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer among cooks. The question of the relevance of such factors will have to be answered by further studies. (+info)