A new variant of the Ntn hydrolase fold revealed by the crystal structure of L-aminopeptidase D-ala-esterase/amidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi.
(1/55)
BACKGROUND: The L-aminopeptidase D-Ala-esterase/amidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi (DmpA) releases the N-terminal L and/or D-Ala residues from peptide substrates. This is the only known enzyme to liberate N-terminal amino acids with both D and L stereospecificity. The DmpA active form is an alphabeta heterodimer, which results from a putative autocatalytic cleavage of an inactive precursor polypeptide. RESULTS: The crystal structure of the enzyme has been determined to 1.82 A resolution using the multiple isomorphous replacement method. The heterodimer folds into a single domain organised as an alphabetabetaalpha sandwich in which two mixed beta sheets are flanked on both sides by two alpha helices. CONCLUSIONS: DmpA shows no similarity to other known aminopeptidases in either fold or catalytic mechanism, and thus represents the first example of a novel family of aminopeptidases. The protein fold of DmpA does, however, show structural homology to members of the N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily. DmpA presents functionally equivalent residues in the catalytic centre when compared with other Ntn hydrolases, and is therefore likely to use the same catalytic mechanism. In spite of this homology, the direction and connectivity of the secondary structure elements differ significantly from the consensus Ntn hydrolase topology. The DmpA structure thus characterises a new subfamily, but supports the common catalytic mechanism for these enzymes suggesting an evolutionary relationship. (+info)
Modulation of the glutathione S-transferase in Ochrobactrum anthropi: function of xenobiotic substrates and other forms of stress.
(2/55)
The gluthathione S-transferase gene of the atrazine-degrading bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi (OaGST) encodes a single-subunit polypeptide of 201 amino acid residues (Favaloro et al. 1998, Biochem. J. 335, 573-579). RNA blot analysis showed that the gene is transcribed into an mRNA of about 800 nucleotides, indicating a monocistronic transcription of the OaGST gene. The modulation of OaGST in this bacterium, in the presence of different stimulants, was investigated. The level of expression of OaGST was detected both by measuring the mRNA level and by immunoblotting experiments. OaGST is a constitutive enzyme which is also inducible by several stimulants. In fact, atrazine caused an increase in the expression of OaGST even at concentrations which had no effect on growth rates of the bacteria. Moreover, the presence of other aromatic substrates of this bacterium, such as phenol and chlorophenols, leads to a marked enhancement in OaGST expression. In this case, the expression of OaGST was related to growth inhibition and membrane damage caused by these hydrophobic compounds, and to the adaptive responses of the cell membranes. On the other hand, toluene and xylene, two aromatic compounds not degradable by this bacterium, did not induce the OaGST expression. The same was observed for other stress conditions such as low pH, heat shock, hydrogen peroxide, osmotic stress, starvation, the presence of aliphatic alcohols or heavy metals. These results suggest a co-regulation of the OaGST gene by the catabolic pathways of phenols and chlorophenols in this bacterium. Therefore, OaGST could function as a detoxifying agent within the catabolism of these xenobiotics. (+info)
Gene cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and purification and characterization of the D-stereospecific amino-acid amidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi SV3.
(3/55)
The gene encoding the D-stereospecific amino-acid amidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi SV3 was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of 7.3 kb of genomic DNA revealed the presence of six ORFs, one of which (daaA) encodes the D-amino-acid amidase. This enzyme, DaaA, is composed of 363 amino-acid residues (molecular mass 40 082 Da), and the deduced amino-acid sequence exhibits homology to alkaline D-peptidase from Bacillus cereus DF4-B (32% identity), DD-peptidase from Streptomyces R61 (29% identity), and other penicillin-recognizing proteins. The DaaA protein contains the typical SXXK, YXN, and H(K)XG active-site motifs identified in the penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactamases. The daaA gene modified in the nucleotide sequence upstream from its start codon was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The activity of the recombinant DaaA enzyme in cell-free extracts of E. coli was 33.6 U. mg-1 with D-phenylalaninamide as substrate, which is about 350-fold higher than in extracts of O. anthropi SV3. This enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and three column chromatography steps. On gel-filtration chromatography, DaaA appeared to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. It had maximal activity at 45 degrees C and pH 9.0, and was completely inactivated in the presence of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride or Zn2+. DaaA had hydrolyzing activity toward D-amino-acid amides with aromatic or hydrophobic side chains, but did not act on the substrates for the DD-peptidase and beta-lactamase, despite their sequence similarity to DaaA. The characteristics of the recombinant DaaA are similar to those found for the native enzyme partially purified from O. anthropi SV3. (+info)
Occurrence of natural dixenic associations between the symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens and bacteria related to Ochrobactrum spp. in tropical entomopathogenic Heterorhabditis spp. (Nematoda, Rhabditida).
(4/55)
Bacteria naturally associated with the symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica. Bacterial isolates distinct from P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii were obtained from 33% of the samples. Fourteen bacterial isolates, from nematodes collected from three different Caribbean islands, were characterized by conventional phenotypic tests, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNAs). Isolates were grouped into three genotypes, each one being associated with one Caribbean island. Phenotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis showed that the Photorhabdus-associated bacteria were closely related to Ochrobactrum anthropi for the group from Guadeloupe, and to Ochrobactrum intermedium for the two groups from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. No pathogenicity of the Ochrobactrum spp. to the insects Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) was detected. Since Ochrobactrum spp. are considered as human opportunist pathogens, the mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control requires strict vigilance. (+info)
Brucella abortus and its closest phylogenetic relative, Ochrobactrum spp., differ in outer membrane permeability and cationic peptide resistance.
(5/55)
The outer membrane (OM) of the intracellular parasite Brucella abortus is permeable to hydrophobic probes and resistant to destabilization by polycationic peptides and EDTA. The significance of these unusual properties was investigated in a comparative study with the opportunistic pathogens of the genus Ochrobactrum, the closest known Brucella relative. Ochrobactrum spp. OMs were impermeable to hydrophobic probes and sensitive to polymyxin B but resistant to EDTA. These properties were traced to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) because (i) insertion of B. abortus LPS, but not of Escherichia coli LPS, into Ochrobactrum OM increased its permeability; (ii) permeability and polymyxin B binding measured with LPS aggregates paralleled the results with live bacteria; and (iii) the predicted intermediate results were obtained with B. abortus-Ochrobactrum anthropi and E. coli-O. anthropi LPS hybrid aggregates. Although Ochrobactrum was sensitive to polymyxin, self-promoted uptake and bacterial lysis occurred without OM morphological changes, suggesting an unusual OM structural rigidity. Ochrobactrum and B. abortus LPSs showed no differences in phosphate, qualitative fatty acid composition, or acyl chain fluidity. However, Ochrobactrum LPS, but not B. abortus LPS, contained galacturonic acid. B. abortus and Ochrobactrum smooth LPS aggregates had similar size and zeta potential (-12 to -15 mV). Upon saturation with polymyxin, zeta potential became positive (1 mV) for Ochrobactrum smooth LPS while remaining negative (-5 mV) for B. abortus smooth LPS, suggesting hindered access to inner targets. These results show that although Ochrobactrum and Brucella share a basic OM pattern, subtle modifications in LPS core cause markedly different OM properties, possibly reflecting the adaptive evolution of B. abortus to pathogenicity. (+info)
Crystal structure of a D-aminopeptidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi, a new member of the 'penicillin-recognizing enzyme' family.
(6/55)
BACKGROUND: beta-Lactam compounds are the most widely used antibiotics. They inactivate bacterial DD-transpeptidases, also called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), involved in cell-wall biosynthesis. The most common bacterial resistance mechanism against beta-lactam compounds is the synthesis of beta-lactamases that hydrolyse beta-lactam rings. These enzymes are believed to have evolved from cell-wall DD-peptidases. Understanding the biochemical and mechanistic features of the beta-lactam targets is crucial because of the increasing number of resistant bacteria. DAP is a D-aminopeptidase produced by Ochrobactrum anthropi. It is inhibited by various beta-lactam compounds and shares approximately 25% sequence identity with the R61 DD-carboxypeptidase and the class C beta-lactamases. RESULTS: The crystal structure of DAP has been determined to 1.9 A resolution using the multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) method. The enzyme folds into three domains, A, B and C. Domain A, which contains conserved catalytic residues, has the classical fold of serine beta-lactamases, whereas domains B and C are both antiparallel eight-stranded beta barrels. A loop of domain C protrudes into the substrate-binding site of the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of the biochemical properties and the structure of DAP with PBPs and serine beta-lactamases shows that although the catalytic site of the enzyme is very similar to that of beta-lactamases, its substrate and inhibitor specificity rests on residues of domain C. DAP is a new member of the family of penicillin-recognizing proteins (PRPs) and, at the present time, its enzymatic specificity is clearly unique. (+info)
Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of purine nucleosidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi.
(7/55)
A bacterium, Ochrobactrum anthropi, produced a large amount of a nucleosidase when cultivated with purine nucleosides. The nucleosidase was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 170,000 and consists of four identical subunits. It specifically catalyzes the irreversible N-riboside hydrolysis of purine nucleosides, the K(m) values being 11.8 to 56.3 microM. The optimal activity temperature and pH were 50 degrees C and pH 4.5 to 6.5, respectively. Pyrimidine nucleosides, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, NAD, NADP, and nicotinamide mononucleotide are not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The purine nucleoside hydrolyzing activity of the enzyme was inhibited (mixed inhibition) by pyrimidine nucleosides, with K(i) and K(i)' values of 0.455 to 11.2 microM. Metal ion chelators inhibited activity, and the addition of Zn(2+) or Co(2+) restored activity. A 1.5-kb DNA fragment, which contains the open reading frame encoding the nucleosidase, was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The deduced 363-amino-acid sequence including a 22-residue leader peptide is in agreement with the enzyme molecular mass and the amino acid sequences of NH(2)-terminal and internal peptides, and the enzyme is homologous to known nucleosidases from protozoan parasites. The amino acid residues forming the catalytic site and involved in binding with metal ions are well conserved in these nucleosidases. (+info)
Characterization, cloning and sequence analysis of the inducible Ochrobactrum anthropi AmpC beta-lactamase.
(8/55)
Ochrobactrum anthropi is resistant to most cephalosporins and penicillins due, at least in part, to the inducible expression of a single beta-lactamase. The beta-lactamase gene has been cloned and sequenced. It encodes an AmpC-type class 1 serine active-site enzyme that hydrolyses mainly cephalosporins and is resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid. Expression of the ampC gene is inducible via a typical AmpR regulator, which is encoded upstream of ampC. Inducible expression is retained following cloning of O. anthropi ampR-ampC into Escherichia coli, confirming that the signal for AmpR activation in O. anthropi is the same as that used in the Enterobacteriaceae. This is the first reported example of an AmpC beta-lactamase outside of the gamma-subdivision of the bacterial kingdom. Genomic searches of other non-gamma-subdivision bacteria revealed a homologous ampR-ampC cluster in the plant symbiont, Sinorhizobium meliloti. (+info)