Follow-up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: initial results of the SHIP trial. Southampton Heart Integrated Care Project.
(1/151)
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a nurse-led programme to ensure that follow-up care is provided in general practice after hospital diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) or angina pectoris. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial with stratified random allocation of practices to intervention and control groups within all 67 practices in Southampton and South-West Hampshire, England. The subjects were 422 adult patients with a MI and 175 patients with a new diagnosis of angina recruited during hospital admission or chest pain clinic attendance between April 1995 and September 1996. Intervention involved a programme of secondary preventive care led by specialist liaison nurses in which we sought to improve communication between hospital and general practice and to encourage general practice nurses to provide structured follow-up. The main outcome measures were: extent of general practice follow-up; attendance for cardiac rehabilitation; medication prescribed at hospital discharge; self-reported smoking, diet and exercise; and symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath. Follow-ups of 90.1 % of subjects at 1 month and 80.6% at 4 months were carried out. RESULTS: Median attendance for nurse follow-up in the 4 months following diagnosis was 3 (IQR 2-5) in intervention practices and 0 (IQR 0-1) in control practices; the median number of visits to a doctor was the same in both groups. At hospital discharge, levels of prescribing of preventive medication were low in both intervention and control groups: aspirin 77 versus 74% (P = 0.32), cholesterol lowering agents 9 versus 10% (P = 0.8). Conversely, 1 month after diagnosis, the vast majority of patients in both groups reported healthy lifestyles: 90 versus 84% reported eating healthy food (P = 0.53); 73 versus 67% taking regular exercise (P = 0.13); 89 versus 92% not smoking (P = 0.77). Take up of cardiac rehabilitation was 37% in the intervention group and 22% in the control group (P = 0.001); the median number of sessions attended was also higher (5 versus 3 out of 6). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention of a liaison nurse is effective in ensuring that general practice nurses follow-up patients after hospital discharge. It does not alter the number of follow-up visits made by the patient to the doctor. Levels of prescribing and reported changes in behaviour at hospital discharge indicate that the main tasks facing practice nurses during follow-up are to help patients to sustain changes in behaviour, to encourage doctors to prescribe appropriate medication and to encourage patients to adhere to medication while returning to an active life. These are very different tasks to those traditionally undertaken by practice nurses in relation to primary prevention, where the emphasis has been on identifying risk and motivating change. Assessment of the effectiveness of practice nurses in undertaking these new tasks requires a longer follow-up. (+info)
Anxiety amongst women with mild dyskaryosis: costs of an educational intervention.
(2/151)
BACKGROUND: A randomized controlled trial in primary care investigated whether a structured educational intervention had an impact on the psychological morbidity associated with a 6-month period of surveillance for mild dyskaryosis. In the context of high levels of sustained distress, and few differences in terms of objective measures of anxiety, the intervention led to a greater proportion of women who were comfortable with a 6-month interval before their next smear test. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the implications to general practices and the NHS, in terms of both costs and numbers of patient contacts, of a change from current policy to one of actively inviting all women with mild dyskaryosis to consult the practice nurse for the intervention. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized controlled trial, comparing the intervention with standard care. The setting was general practices in Avon and South Glamorgan, UK. The subjects were women under surveillance following their first ever mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear result. The main outcome measures were as follows. Costs were reported according to randomization group, from the viewpoint of general practices and the NHS. The main elements which were costed were those attributable to production of the package and training in its use, and the costs of consultations subsequent to the woman receiving her smear test result. In addition, since in practice the intervention might be applied in different circumstances to those prevailing in the trial, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the costs of the educational package as realistically as possible. RESULTS: Almost twice as many women in the intervention group compared with the control group visited their practice to discuss their result. From the perspective of the practices, a change from current policy to the intervention policy led to potential (negligible) savings of around pound sterling 3.50 per partner per year. From the NHS perspective, the intervention would lead to slightly increased costs of between pound sterling 1000 and pound sterling 2500 per year for an area performing 60000 tests per year. CONCLUSIONS: It is both feasible and acceptable for practice nurses to deliver the educational package. Moreover, from the perspective of a practice, the policy is effectively cost-neutral. The main implication for general practices is the change in the pattern of care provided: fewer women consulted their GP about their smear result and many more, following active encouragement, consulted the practice nurse. (+info)
Clinical interventions and outcomes of One-to-One midwifery practice.
(3/151)
BACKGROUND: Changing Childbirth became policy for the maternity services in England in 1994 and remains policy. One-to-One midwifery was implemented to achieve the targets set. It was the first time such a service had been implemented in the Health Service. An evaluation was undertaken to compare its performance with conventional maternity care. METHODS: This was a prospective comparative study of women receiving One-to-One care and women receiving the system of care that One-to-One replaced (conventional care) to compare achievement of continuity of carer and clinical outcomes. The evaluation took place in The Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, the Queen Charlotte's and Hammersmith Hospitals. This was part of a larger study, which included the evaluation of women's responses, cost implications, and clinical standards and staff reactions. The participants were all those receiving One-to-One midwifery practice (728 women), which was confined to two postal districts, and all women receiving care in the system that One-to-One replaced, in two adjacent postal districts (675 women), and expecting to give birth between 15 August 1994 and 14 August 1995. Main outcome measures were achievement of continuity of care, rates of interventions in labour, length of labour, maternal and infant morbidity, and breastfeeding rates. RESULTS: A high degree of continuity was achieved through the whole process of maternity care. One-to-One women saw fewer staff at each stage of their care, knew more of the staff who they did see, and had a high level of constant support in labour. One-to-One practice was associated with a significant reduction in the use of epidural anaesthesia (odds ratio (OR) 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) = 0.59 (0.44, 0.80)), with lower rates of episiotomy and perineal lacerations (OR 95 per cent CI = 0.70 (0.50, 0.98)), and with shorter second stage labour (median 40 min vs 48 min). There were no statistically significant differences in operative and assisted delivery or breastfeeding rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that One-to-One midwifery practice can provide a high degree of continuity of carer, and is associated with a reduction in the rate of a number of interventions, without compromising safety of care. It should be extended locally and replicated in other services under continuing evaluation. (+info)
Training nurse practitioners for general practice. The EROS Project Team.
(4/151)
BACKGROUND: For nurse practitioners (NPs) in general practice to substitute for general practitioners (GPs) in consultations, their educational needs require specification, and their effectiveness and acceptability to patients must be determined. There is limited evidence in the United Kingdom about training requirements or how NPs compare with GPs. AIM: To describe the education provided to trainee NPs (TNPs), describe their work, compare their practise with GPs, and determine their acceptability to patients. METHOD: Four TNPs were provided with a mainly practice-based education. After one year, TNP diagnoses and management decisions were compared with those of GPs for 586 patients. After being judged competent, TNPs conducted independent consultations. After two years, 400 independent consultations were analysed to describe TNPs' work and reasons for patients contacting the practice again. Opinions of a further 400 patients about their consultation with a TNP or GP, and willingness to consult a TNP in the future, were obtained. RESULTS: General practitioners and TNPs agreed on 94% of diagnoses and 96% of management decisions made. Early in training, TNPs transferred 38% of patients to the GP, of whom 34% were without a diagnosis and 40% without a management decision. In independent practice, 69% of patients consulting TNPs were female and fewer than 10% were aged over 65 years. TNPs were dealing with a wide range of diagnoses. Immediate referrals to GPs had decreased to 13%. In one-third of consultations, over-the-counter (OTC) medications were suggested and, in 63%, formulary medications were recommended, with prescriptions signed by GPs. Health education featured in 84% of consultations. After two weeks, 29% of patients had returned to the surgery, of whom 72% had been asked to return and 60% consulted about the original condition or its treatment. Eighty per cent of patients completed an opinion questionnaire. While 38% of TNP consulters would have preferred a GP consultation, they rated TNP consultations as good as or better than GPs' consultations. Patients with experience of previous TNP consultations gave the most positive ratings, were more likely to consult a TNP again, and about a wider range of conditions. TNPs' listening skills and explanations were particularly valued. CONCLUSIONS: Early in their training, TNPs made good diagnostic and treatment decisions, while their high level of patient transfers to GPs indicated residual uncertainty. In independent practice, their GP mentors judged them to be offering an effective service, with acceptable transfer and patient return rates. They were liked by patients and more so by patients with previous TNP experience. TNPs are a valuable substitute for GPs for patients wishing for a same-day consultation, and for younger and female patients who prefer a female TNP over a male GP. Limited authority to prescribe and refer to secondary care reduces NP efficiency. (+info)
Emergency airway management by intensive care unit nurses with the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the laryngeal tube.
(5/151)
When using the laryngeal tube and the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA), the medium-size (maximum volume 1100 ml) versus adult (maximum volume 1500 ml) self-inflating bags resulted in significantly lower lung tidal volumes. No gastric inflation occurred when using both devices with either ventilation bag. The newly developed medium-size self-inflating bag may be an option to further reduce the risk of gastric inflation while maintaining sufficient lung ventilation. Both the ILMA and laryngeal tube proved to be valid alternatives for emergency airway management in the experimental model used. (+info)
An assessment of need for health visiting in general practice populations.
(6/151)
BACKGROUND: An index of the need for health visiting in general practice populations in the United Kingdom was developed, using routinely held data, to inform decisions about the deployment of health visitors. METHODS: The following indicators of need for health visiting were developed by consensus among health visitors and others: the population aged under 5 years; elective admissions under 5 years; births under 2,500 g; deaths under 65 years; all expressed as rates per 10,000 people registered with general practices in Norfolk. All indicators were compared with the number of health visitors per 10,000 people, obtained by a postal survey of health visitors. The indicators were converted to Z-scores and summed to produce a composite score of need for each general practice. The results were compared with the results of a workload profile using data compiled by health visitors within one Primary Care Group. RESULTS: Health visitors are not allocated according to need at either the practice or Primary Care Group level. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the allocation suggested by this method and current allocation is 0.37 (p < 0.01). The correlation between this method and the allocation suggested by health visitors' workload profiling in one Primary Care Group was 0.76 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Health visitors are currently distributed according to historic patterns rather than need. This paper describes a simple method of determining need at general practice level, which can be used to allocate health visitors equitably. (+info)
NHS Direct: review of activity data for the first year of operation at one site.
(7/151)
BACKGROUND: NHS Direct was set up in 1998 and now covers all of England. One site in South East London, which went live in April 1999, has been studied to gain an insight into how NHS Direct is used and by whom. METHODS: Routine data from TAS was obtained from NHS Direct in South East London for its first year of operation. RESULTS: Data were collected on 56540 calls. Almost one-quarter of calls were for 0- to 5-year-olds. The service was busiest between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. and again between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. The majority of calls (68 per cent) were received during the out-of-hours period. Most calls to the service (56 per cent) are categorized with no urgency level, with 37 per cent of callers given advice on how to look after the problem themselves. Over the millennium celebration period the call volume tripled. However, calls tended to be less urgent, with more being from the older age groups. CONCLUSION: NHS Direct is an important service to parents of young children and can provide advice about when contact with another service is necessary to those who traditionally worry about this. (+info)
Utilizing traditional storytelling to promote wellness in American Indian communities.
(8/151)
Utilizing storytelling to transmit educational messages is a traditional pedagogical method practiced by many American Indian tribes. American Indian stories are effective because they present essential ideas and values in a simple, entertaining form. Different story characters show positive and negative behaviors. The stories illustrate consequences of behaviors and invite listeners to come to their own conclusions after personal reflection. Because stories have been passed down through tribal communities for generations, listeners also have the opportunity to reconnect and identify with past tribal realities. This article reports on a research intervention that is unique in promoting health and wellness through the use of storytelling. The project utilized stories to help motivate tribal members to once more adopt healthy, traditional life-styles and practices. The authors present and discuss the stories selected, techniques used in their telling, the preparation and setting for the storytelling, and the involvement and interaction of the group. (+info)