Criteria to evaluate bone mineralization in cattle: I. Effect of dietary phosphorus on chemical, physical, and mechanical properties.
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Fourteen Angus heifers (210 +/- 6 kg initial BW) were allotted randomly to either a low P (LP: .12% P, DM basis) or an adequate P (AP: .20% P, DM basis) diet fed for 14 to 16 mo under drylot conditions on concrete floors to determine the influence of dietary P on chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of bone. Three weeks postpartum, after 14 to 16 mo on their diets, heifers were slaughtered and the right and left third metacarpals (McIII) were excised; soft tissue was removed and metacarpals were frozen in .9% saline. Metacarpals were subjected to a three-point flexure test using an Instron Testing Machine with a crossload speed of 50 mm/min to determine mechanical properties. Broken McIII were reassembled and a 2-cm section was removed at point of loading for determination of chemical and physical properties. Breaking load (BL) was greater (P less than .05) for McIII from the AP than for those from LP heifers (1,348 vs 1,179 kg). Breaking strength (BS) was greater (P less than .05) for AP than for LP heifers (202.5 vs 189.2 MPa). Animals receiving AP diets had greater (P less than .01) bone mineral content (12.6 vs 11.2 g/2-cm slice) and percentage of bone ash (68.0 vs 67.2%) than did LP animals. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed between treatment groups in Ca, P, or Mg percentage in bone ash. Circular, elliptical, radiographic, and planimeter area indices all were greater (P less than .05) in AP than in LP animals (1,048, 729, 1,069, and 570 vs 932, 660, 957, and 523 mm2, respectively). These data indicate that mechanical properties of bovine third metacarpals are sensitive to dietary P and reflect P status in the bovine. Mineral content of bone was highly correlated with its mechanical and physical properties. (+info)
Criteria to evaluate bone mineralization in cattle: II. Noninvasive techniques.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the capabilities of dual photon absorptiometry (PA), radiographic photometry (RP), and ultrasound (U) to estimate bone mineral content (BMC) and bone strength of a group of bovine third metacarpals (McIII). Metacarpals were chosen for evaluating BMC and bone strength because of their accessibility and susceptibility to biomechanical stress. The right and left McIII of 14 Angus heifers (24 to 32 mo of age) were collected at slaughter and all soft tissues (including periosteum) were removed. The BMC was estimated at both the midpoint and 3 cm proximal to the midpoint on the McIII diaphysis. Metacarpals then were tested by three-point bending to determine breaking load (BL) and breaking strength (BS). Bones were reassembled and two 2-cm sections were removed, one at the midpoint and one 1 cm proximal to the midpoint section. Sections then were ashed and ash content was expressed as grams per 2-cm slice and defined as BMC. Correlation coefficients (r) between BMC vs PA, RP, and U were .908 (P less than .0001), .967 (P less than .0001), and .565 (P less than .0001), respectively; r values between BS vs PA, RP, and U were .406 (P less than .05), .429 (P less than .05), and .499 (P less than .01), respectively, and r values between BL vs PA, RP, and U were .870 (P less than .0001), .865 (P less than .0001), and .588 (P less than .001), respectively. These data indicate that noninvasive techniques are useful in predicting BMC and BL in the bovine. (+info)
Purification of a lectin from Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott and its pro-inflammatory effects.
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Validity and correspondence of non-invasively determined hemoglobin concentrations by two trans-cutaneous digital measuring devices.
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Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is the central diagnostic indicator for anemia, including nutritional anemia. The objective of this study was to compare the Hb values determined by two portable, non-invasive devices across a wide Hb spectrum against formal laboratory measurements, and with each other. Eighty Guatemalan adults (40 highland men, 40 lowland pregnant women) provided venous blood for formal Hb colorimetric determination. Hb was also registered sequentially on the Rad-87 pulse CO-Oximeter with Rainbow Set technology (Masimo) and Haemospect(R) (MBR Optical Systems) by non-invasive skin-probe contact procedures as per manufacturers' instructions. Whole blood Hb concentrations ranged from 7.8 to 18.5 g/dL (mean, 12.9+/-2.3 g/dL and median, 13.3 g/dL). Corresponding descriptive statistics were: range, 9.6 to 16.2 g/dL; mean, 12.1+/-1.5 g/dL; and median, 11.9 g/L, respectively, with the Rad-87 (nail bed). They were: range, 8.7 to 15.8 g/dL; mean, 12.7+/-1.8 g/dL; and median13.0 g/dL for the Hemospect(R) for forearm contact. They were: range, 9.1 to 17.5 g/dL; mean, 13.2+/-2.1 g/dL; and median, 13.4 g/dL for palm contact. The Pearson correlation coefficient of venous blood Hb with the former device's Hb values was r=0.59 (p<0.001), and r=0.94 (p<0.001) and r=0.90 (p<0.001) with those of the latter device at the palm and forearm, respectively. The inter-site Lin coefficient was r=0.84. Sensitivity and specificity were variable across devices, depending on Hb cut-off and measurement procedures. With Hb cut-off values of <12.0 g/dL for adult (non-pregnant women and <13.0 g/dL for adult men), the Haemospect device's performance here would provide adequate potential for screening purposes. (+info)
Bone ossification and carcass characteristics of wethers given silastic implants containing estradiol.
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Administration of growth promotants with estrogenic activity via hastening closure of the growth plate could have an economic impact on lambs because closure results in ovine carcasses being classified as yearlings. Twelve wether lambs approximately 12 mo old were given silastic implants filled with estradiol-17 beta and allotted randomly to be slaughtered 30, 60, 90, or 220 d after implantation to determine time of growth plate closure in relation to date of implanting. Seven comparable wethers not implanted served as controls. Four wethers implanted at 2 mo of age and slaughtered 220 d later also were included. Implanted wethers had serum concentrations of estradiol averaging 13.9 pg/ml over the 220-d implant period; controls averaged 2.7 pg/ml. Estradiol implants increased carcass maturity scores but fat deposition was not altered. Growth plate widths decreased (P less than .05) as wethers grew older and implants were in place for longer periods of time. Metacarpal growth plates in 12-mo-old lambs were completely ossified 220 d after implanting, but control wethers and wethers implanted at 2 mo maintained growth plate widths. Neither metacarpal nor metatarsal bone lengths differed (P less than .05) between control and implanted wethers. Growth plate ossification was not complete until 570 d of age in implanted lambs, even though bone length had stopped increasing by 408 d. Therefore, even though estradiol and other growth stimulants with estrogenic activity increase rate of ossification of the metacarpal growth plate, bone length or mature size is not limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) (+info)
Effect of plane of nutrition and age on carcass maturity of sheep.
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One hundred twenty ewe and wether lambs were fed high (76% TDN, 12.3% crude protein) or low (70.6% TDN, 16.1% crude protein) energy diets and slaughtered at average ages of 261, 356 or 469 d. High planes of nutrition for lambs at 356 or 469 d of age resulted in heavier carcasses, thicker fat depth and higher flank streaking scores compared to lambs fed low planes of nutrition. Rib bone, break joint and overall maturity scores were not influenced (P greater than .05) by diet. Metacarpal and metatarsal bones from lambs fed high planes of nutrition were slightly longer and heavier and required more force to break (P less than .05) compared with bones from lambs fed low planes of nutrition. The majority of the ewes fed high or low planes of nutrition had fused growth plates and possessed spool joints by 469 d; none of the wethers had spool joints. An additional 27 wethers were slaughtered at an average of 480, 578 or 662 d. Rib bone, break joint and overall maturity scores were not different (P greater than .05) for animals fed the high or low energy diets, but bone weight and shaft break force values were higher for those fed high energy diets. At 662 d of age, only 20% of the wethers on each dietary regimen possessed fused growth plates. Overall, plane of nutrition in market-weight lambs and yearlings had very little influence on the presence or absence of a break joint or on other bone maturity scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) (+info)
ADAM33 polymorphisms are associated with asthma and a distinctive palm dermatoglyphic pattern.
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Occult Compression Fracture of Metacarpal Head without Evidence of Avascular Necrosis.
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We report a case of 4th metacarpal head collapse of a 19-year-old healthy man. MRI revealed T1 low and T2 high regions in the collapsed 4th metacarpal head, as well as in the right 3rd and left 4th metacarpal head. Our initial diagnosis was occult compression fracture due to avascular necrosis, known as Dieterich's disease. However, pathological findings of surgically resected right 4th metacarpal head were compatible with transient osteoporosis and metacarpal head fracture followed by active tissue repair. The autologous osteochondral transplants from costchondral junction survived and maintained their size and shape even at 10-year follow-up. (+info)