Consequences of physicians' ownership of health care facilities--joint ventures in radiation therapy.
(25/139)
BACKGROUND: Physicians are increasingly the owners of health care facilities to which they refer patients for services but at which they do not practice. We studied such ownership arrangements, known as "joint ventures," in the field of radiation therapy, examining their effects on access, use of services, costs, and quality. METHODS: Because 44 percent of free-standing facilities providing radiation therapy in Florida in 1989 were joint ventures, as compared with 7 percent elsewhere (95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 10 percent), we compared data for Florida with comparable data for the remainder of the United States. We also compared radiation-therapy facilities in Florida that were established as joint ventures with those that were not. Since most data were derived from entire populations rather than from samples, any differences found were of necessity statistically significant. RESULTS: No joint-venture facilities providing radiation therapy were located in inner-city neighborhoods or rural areas, but 11 percent of other free-standing facilities and hospital-based facilities were located in such areas. Among free-standing facilities, joint ventures received 39 percent of their revenues from patients with well-paying insurance coverage, as compared with 31 percent for facilities that were not joint ventures (P < 0.01). The frequency and costs of radiation-therapy treatments at free-standing centers were 40 to 60 percent higher in Florida than in the rest of the United States; there was no below-average use of radiation therapy at hospitals or higher cancer rates that explained the higher rates of use or higher costs in Florida. Radiation physicists at joint-venture facilities (the principal personnel involved in quality control other than physicians) spent 18 percent less time with each patient over the course of treatment than did their counterparts at free-standing facilities that were not joint ventures (P < 0.05). Mortality among patients with cancer in Florida was not lower than the U.S. average, even though joint ventures are much more common in that state. CONCLUSIONS: Joint ventures in radiation therapy appear to have adverse effects on patients' access to care. They also appear to increase the use of services and costs substantially. Some indicators show that joint ventures cause either no improvement in quality or a decline. Our results add to the evidence indicating that physicians' self-referral generally has negative consequences. We recommend legislation to ban ownership of joint ventures by referring physicians. Such legislation needs to be carefully designed in order to achieve its objectives and forestall new, financially abusive arrangements. (+info)
Medicare program; revisions to payment policies under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 2004. Final rule with comment period.
(26/139)
This final rule will refine the resource-based practice expense relative value units (RVUs) and make other changes to Medicare Part B payment policy. The policy changes concern: Medicare Economic Index, practice expense for professional component services, definition of diabetes for diabetes self-management training, supplemental survey data for practice expense, geographic practice cost indices, and several coding issues. In addition, this rule updates the codes subject to the physician self-referral prohibition. We also make revisions to the sustainable growth rate and the anesthesia conversion factor. These changes will ensure that our payment systems are updated to reflect changes in medical practice and the relative value of services. We are also finalizing the calendar year (CY) 2003 interim RVUs and are issuing interim RVUs for new and revised procedure codes for CY 2004. As required by the statute, we are announcing that the physician fee schedule update for CY 2004 is -4.5 percent, the initial estimate of the sustainable growth rate for CY 2004 is 7.4 percent, and the conversion factor for CY 2004 is $35.1339. We published a proposed rule (68 FR 50428) in the Federal Register on Part B drug payment reform on August 20, 2003. This proposed rule would also make changes to Medicare payment for furnishing or administering certain drugs and biologicals. We have not finalized these proposals to take into account that the Congress is considering legislation that would address these issues. We will continue to monitor legislative activity that would reform the Medicare Part B drug payment system. If legislation is not enacted soon on this issue, we remain committed to completing the regulatory process. (+info)
Medicare program, changes to the hospital outpatient prospective payment system and calendar year 2004 payment rates. Final rule with comment period.
(27/139)
This final rule with comment period revises the Medicare hospital outpatient prospective payment system to implement applicable statutory requirements and changes arising from our continuing experience with this system. In addition, it describes changes to the amounts and factors used to determine the payment rates for Medicare hospital outpatient services paid under the prospective payment system. These changes are applicable to services furnished on or after January 1, 2004. Finally, this rule responds to public comments received on the August 12, 2003 proposed rule for revisions to the hospital outpatient prospective payment system and payment rates (68 FR 47966). (+info)
Medicare program; reduction in Medicare Part B premiums as additional benefits under Medicare+Choice plans. Final rule.
(28/139)
This final rule revises the regulations to provide for a Medicare+Choice organization to offer a reduction in the standard Medicare Part B premium as an additional benefit under one or more Medicare+Choice (M+C) plans. The legislation specifies that the reduction to the Medicare Part B premium cannot exceed the standard Medicare Part B premium amount and cannot be applied to surcharges. Surcharges are increased premiums for late enrollment and for reenrollment. The Medicare Part B premium may be collected by a variety of methods: Paid directly to the Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services by the beneficiary; collected as an adjustment to any Social Security, Railroad Retirement, or Civil Service Retirement benefits; paid by an employer as part of an annuity package; or, paid by the State for individuals enrolled in a qualifying State Medicaid program. This legislation applies to benefits under Medicare M+C plans offered by an M+C organization electing this option, beginning January 1, 2003. This final rule revises the regulations to set out the basic rules under section 606 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA) for adjustment and payment of the Medicare Part B premium. (+info)
Racial differences in influenza vaccination among older Americans 1996-2000: longitudinal analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey.
(29/139)
BACKGROUND: Influenza is a common and serious public health problem among the elderly. The influenza vaccine is safe and effective. METHODS: The purpose of the study was to determine whether frequencies of receipt vary by race, age group, gender, and time (progress from 1995/1996 to 2000), and whether any racial differences remain in age groups covered by Medicare. Subjects were selected from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (12,652 Americans 50-61 years of age (1992-2000)) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey (8,124 community-dwelling seniors aged 70+ years (1993-2000)). Using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, we estimated the relationship between race, age group, gender, time and the main outcome measure, receipt of influenza vaccination in the last 2 years. RESULTS: There has been a clear increase in the unadjusted rates of receipt of influenza vaccination for all groups from 1995/1996 to 2000. However, the proportions immunized are 10-20% higher among White than among Black elderly, with no obvious narrowing of the racial gap from 1995/1996 to 2000. There is an increase in rates from age 50 to age 65. After age 70, the rate appears to plateau. In multivariate analyses, the racial difference remains after adjusting for a series of socioeconomic, health, and health care related variables. (HRS: OR = 0.63 (0.55-0.72), AHEAD: OR = 0.55 (0.44-0.66)) CONCLUSIONS: There is much work left if the Healthy People 2010 goal of 90% of the elderly immunized against influenza annually is to be achieved. Close coordination between public health programs and clinical prevention efforts in primary care is necessary, but to be truly effective, these services must be culturally appropriate. (+info)
Health-related quality of life among older adults with arthritis.
(30/139)
BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a key outcome in arthritis, but few population-based studies have examined the relationship of specific arthritic conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with HRQOL. METHODS: Older adults in Pennsylvania completed a mail version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HRQOL modules. Medicare data were used to identify subjects with OA, RA, and no arthritis diagnosis. We compared HRQOL responses among these groups, and we also examined relationships of demographic characteristics to HRQOL among subjects with arthritis. RESULTS: In analyses controlling for demographic characteristics and comorbidity, subjects with OA and RA had poorer scores than those without arthritis on all HRQOL items, including general health, physical health, mental health, activity limitation, pain, sleep, and feeling healthy and full of energy. HRQOL scores were also lower for those with RA compared to OA. Among individuals with arthritis, all subject characteristics (including age, race, sex, nursing home residence, marital status, income, and comorbid illnesses) were significantly related to at least one HRQOL item. Older age, nursing home residence, and greater comorbidity were the most consistently associated with poorer HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study show that both OA and RA have a significant impact on multiple dimensions of HRQOL among older adults. Results also suggest the CDC HRQOL items are suitable for use among older adults and in mail surveys. Due to the rising number of older adults in many countries, the public health burden of arthritis is expected to increase dramatically. Efforts are needed to enhance access to medical care and disseminate self-management interventions for arthritis. (+info)
Medicare program; changes to Medicare payment for drugs and physician fee schedule payments for calendar year 2004. Interim final rule with comment period.
(31/139)
This interim final rule implements the provisions of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MPDIMA) of 2003, Pub. L. 108-173, which are applicable in 2004 to Medicare payment for covered drugs and physician fee schedule services. These provisions revise the current payment methodology for Part B covered drugs and biologicals that are not paid on a cost or prospective payment basis; make changes to Medicare payment for furnishing or administering drugs and biologicals; revise the geographic practice cost indices and change the physician fee schedule conversion factor. The 2004 physician fee schedule conversion factor will be $37.3374. The 2004 national anesthesia conversion factor (prior to making adjustment for the geographic practice cost indices) will be $17.4969. The information contained in this final rule related to payment under the physician fee schedule supercedes the information contained in the November 7, 2003, final rule to the extent that the two are inconsistent. All other provisions of the November 7, 2003, final rule are unchanged unless otherwise noted. This rule also extends the "opt-out" provisions of 1802(b)(5)(3) of the Social Security Act to dentists, podiatrists, and optometrists. (+info)
Medicare program; manufacturer submission of manufacturer's average sales price (ASP) data for Medicare Part B drugs and biologicals. Interim final rule with comment period.
(32/139)
This interim final rule with comment period will implement the provisions of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) related to the calculation and submission of manufacturer's average sales price (ASP) data on certain Medicare Part B drugs and biologicals to CMS by manufacturers. (+info)