Ex Vivo kinetics of early and long-term multifunctional human leukocyte antigen E-specific CD8+ cells in volunteers immunized with the Ty21a typhoid vaccine. (65/108)

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Roles of lysosomal proteolytic systems in AQP5 degradation in the submandibular gland of rats following chorda tympani parasympathetic denervation. (66/108)

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Identification of regulators of chaperone-mediated autophagy. (67/108)

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Bifurcation of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling by adaptor protein 3. (68/108)

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Multicenter phase II study of matured dendritic cells pulsed with melanoma cell line lysates in patients with advanced melanoma. (69/108)

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Mitochondrial dysfunction influences apoptosis and autophagy in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. (70/108)

Mitochondria are important regulators of both apoptosis and autophagy. One of the triggers for mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Recently, several studies have indicated that ROS may also be involved in the induction of autophagy. In the present study, we used H(2)O(2) to induce mitochondrial stress, examined apoptotic- and autophagic-related gene expression and observed LC3 protein (autophagosome presence marker) expression in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. In porcine four-cell parthenotes cultured for 5 days in NCSU37 medium containing 0.4% BSA, the developmental rate and mitochondrial distribution did not differ from that of the group supplemented with 100 microM H(2)O(2) but was significantly decreased in the group supplemented with 500 microM H(2)O(2) (P<0.05). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that whereas normal shaped mitochondria were observed in blastocysts from the control group, abnormal mitochondria (mitophagy) and autophagic vacuoles were observed in blastocysts from the group that received 500 microM H(2)O(2). Furthermore, addition of H(2)O(2) (100 microM and 500 microM) decreased cell numbers (P<0.05) and increased both apoptosis (P<0.05) and LC3 protein expression in the blastocysts. Real-time RT-PCR showed that H(2)O(2) significantly decreased mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL but increased pro-apoptotic genes, Caspase 3 (Casp3) and Bak, and autophagy-related genes, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (Map1lc3b) and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2). However, the addition of H(2)O(2) had no effect on mRNA expression levels in nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial-related genes, cytochrome oxidase (Cox) 5a, Cox5b and Cox6b1, in blastocysts. These results suggest that H(2)O(2) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction that results in apoptosis and autophagy, which is possibly related to porcine early embryo development.  (+info)

Microautophagy of cytosolic proteins by late endosomes. (71/108)

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Autophagy limits acute myocardial infarction induced by permanent coronary artery occlusion. (72/108)

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