HSV1 latency sites after inoculation in the lip: assessment of their localization and connections to the eye.
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PURPOSE: To localize the sites of HSV1 latency in mice after a primary infection induced by injection into the lip and to assess their connection to the eye. METHODS: The SC16 strain of HSV1, or a recombinant virus containing the HSV1 latency-associated transcript (LAT)-promoter driving expression of the LacZ reporter gene, were injected into the left upper lip. Tissues from animals killed at 6, 28, 180, and 720 days postinoculation (dpi) were analyzed for LATs, either by in situ hybridization (ISH) or by identifying LAT-promoter-driven transgene expression. HSV1 antigens were detected by immunochemistry. RESULTS: At 28 dpi, all the neurologic structures that were acutely infected at 6 dpi exhibited a pattern of virus gene expression consistent with HSV1 latency--that is, LATs with no detectable HSV1 antigens. LAT staining differed among structures: intense and widespread within trigeminal neurons, intermediate within the sympathetic intermediolateral cell group of the spinal cord and the facial motor nucleus, and weak in other sites. Long-term expression of LATs (positive at 180 and 720 days) was observed only in tissues where the staining was intense or intermediate at 28 dpi. CONCLUSIONS: After inoculation into the upper lip of mice, HSV1 established latency in several nervous system structures that have direct or indirect connections with ocular tissues. These results suggest that after an oral primary infection, the most frequent in humans, HSV1 may establish latency in several sites connected to the eye and may finally result in herpetic ocular disease involving the cornea, the iris, or even the retina. (+info)
Foot, hand, face and eye representation in the human striatum.
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The present study aimed at determining the three-dimensional organization of striatal activation during foot, hand, face and eye movements. Seven right-handed, healthy volunteers were studied at 1.5 T using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. The tasks consisted of self-paced flexion/extension of the right and left fingers and right toes, contraction of the lips and saccadic eye movements. For foot, hand and face movements, striatal activation was mainly found in the putamen with a somatotopical organization, the foot area being dorsal, the face area more ventral and medial, the hand area in between. Overlap between somatotopic territories was present, more prominent for hand-face than for foot-face or foot-hand areas. In the putamen, the activated areas of the ipsi- and contralateral hand areas were not identical, suggesting a partial segregation of the ipsi- and contralateral striatal sensorimotor projections. For saccadic eye movements, bilateral activation was observed at the junction between the body and the head of the caudate nucleus and in the right putamen. These data present evidence for a somatotopic organization of the human striatum which corresponds with the topography of corticostriatal projections described in the non-human primates. (+info)
The structural basis of the philtrum and the contour of the vermilion border: a study of the musculature of the upper lip.
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The course and insertion pattern of muscle fibres in the philtrum of the human upper lip were studied in seven post-mortem specimens using serial histological sections and a reconstruction method using sheets of Plexiglas. The fibres of the musculus orbicularis oris entering the upper lip from one side were observed to decussate in the midline and proceed to insert into the skin of the opposite side lateral to the philtral groove. The philtral ridges appeared to represent the medial borders of bilateral muscle insertion zones of the lip in which the fibres of the m. orbicularis oris raised the level of the skin by splaying out and inserting into it. Contributions to philtral form also came from the musculus levator labii superioris as it descended as far medially as the philtral ridge to insert into the vermilion border lateral to the median groove, and from fibres of the musculus nasalis which inserted into the philtral ridges superiorly. The philtral groove corresponded to the more compact median decussation of the orbicularis oris where lip thickness was also reduced by the relative absence of muscle fibre insertions into the skin. The displacment of the vermilion border giving rise to Cupid's bow appeared to result from the lifting action of the m. levator labii superioris lateral to the median groove in conjuction with a depressor action by the m. orbicularis oris on the median tubercle. (+info)
Lip kinematics for /p/ and /b/ production during whispered and voiced speech.
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In the absence of voicing, the discrimination of "voiced" and "voiceless" stop consonants in whispered speech relies on such acoustic cues as burst duration and amplitude, and formant transition characteristics. The articulatory processes that generate these features of whispered speech remain speculative. This preliminary investigation examines the articulatory kinematics differences between whispered /p/ and /b/, which may underlie the acoustic differences previously reported for these sounds. Computerized video-tracking methods were used to evaluate kinematic differences between voiced and voiceless stops. Seven subjects produced the target utterances "my papa puppy" and "my baba puppy" in voiced and whispered speech modes. The results revealed that mean peak opening and closing velocities for /b/ were significantly greater than those for /p/ during whispered speech. No differences in peak velocity for either oral closing or opening were observed during voiced speech. The maximum distance between the lips for oral opening for /b/ was significantly greater than for /p/ during whisper, whereas no difference was observed during voiced speech. These data supported the suggestion that whispered speech and voiced speech rely on distinct motor control processes. (+info)
Speech movements do not scale by orofacial structure size.
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The potential role of a size-scaling principle in orofacial movements for speech was examined by using between-group (adults vs. 5-yr-old children) as well as within-group correlational analyses. Movements of the lower lip and jaw were recorded during speech production, and anthropometric measures of orofacial structures were made. Adult women produced speech movements of equal amplitude and velocity to those of adult men. The children produced speech movement amplitudes equal to those of adults, but they had significantly lower peak velocities of orofacial movement. Thus we found no evidence supporting a size-scaling principle for orofacial speech movements. Young children have a relatively large-amplitude, low-velocity movement strategy for speech production compared with young adults. This strategy may reflect the need for more time to plan speech movement sequences and an increased reliance on sensory feedback as young children develop speech motor control processes. (+info)
The Kabuki syndrome: four patients with oral abnormalities.
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The aim of this paper is to report the oral signs and symptoms of four patients with Kabuki syndrome. All had oral abnormalities affecting the palate, teeth, and/or lips, including wide spacing between the teeth, screwdriver-shaped upper incisors, hypodontia, delayed tooth eruption, narrow spacing in the upper canine area, large pulp chambers of the upper incisors and permanent molars, external root resorption of the upper central incisors and permanent molars, a division of the lower third of the root canal in normally one-rooted teeth, tooth retention, retrognathia of the upper jaw, a high palate or cleft lip/palate, and microforms of lower lip fistula. (+info)
A comparative study of age-related changes between palatal and labial salivary glands.
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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article was to compare age-related histomorphometric changes between palatal and labial salivary glands (PSG and LSG, respectively). STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of the mean proportional volume (MPV) of the acinar component (AC), ductal component (DC) and of the inflammatory component (IC) was performed on 120 samples of PSG and LSG obtained from subjects with no known history of salivary gland tumors/diseases. Samples were divided into young (n=30, < or =30y), adult (n=45, 31-60y) and old (n=45, >60y) age groups. RESULTS: In PSG, a significant decrease in MPV of AC (p<0.0001) with a concomitant significant increase in MPV of DC (p<0.0001) was found among all age groups. In LSG, a significant decrease in MPV of AC (p=0.002) with a concomitant increase in MPV of DC (p=0.002) was found between the adult and old age groups. A significant increase in MPV of IC in PSG was found between the young and adult groups (p<0.0001), while in LSG it became evident only between the adult and old groups (p<0.0001). Inflammatory and ductal components demonstrated the same pattern of age-related changes in both PSG and LSG. CONCLUSIONS: In light of these results, it is suggested that earlier and continuous changes in PSG, as compared to LSG, may partially explain the more frequent involvement of PSG in pathologic conditions. (+info)
Psychological management of two cases of self injury on the paediatric intensive care unit.
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Self injury has not been previously reported in an intensive care setting. Two cases are presented of ventilator dependent children with high spinal cord lesions who exhibited an unusual form of self mutilation, namely lip biting. The key to extinguishing this behaviour was to address the children's psychological needs. (+info)