Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of the safety and tolerability of IC51, an inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine.
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Mucosal vaccination approach against mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus.
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To investigate the potential applicability of mucosal vaccines against mucosa-unrelated pathogens, a non-parenteral vaccination approach was taken as a prophylactic strategy against mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Intranasal (i.n.) immunization with a mouse brain-derived formalin-inactivated JE vaccine induced a robust virus-neutralizing antibody in mice, and this induction was augmented by co-administration with cholera toxin (CT) and pertussis toxin, but not with killed Bordetella pertussis. The antibody response induced by the i.n. administration of the JE vaccine with bacterial toxins was comparable in intensity to that induced by a parenteral immunization regime, and the former was considerably more effective in terms of delayed-type hypersensitivity and local antibody response. In addition, the adjuvant effects of bacterial toxins were much more prominent for the mucosal than the parenteral route. Two other non-invasive routes, oral and transcutaneous administration, were examined, but the i.n. route was by far the most effective. Finally, the vaccine efficacy of a chimeric fusion protein between the B subunit of CT and the JEV envelope protein showed some promise for the development of non-invasive JE vaccine. Our results suggest that the mucosal vaccination approach is feasible for a non-mucosal pathogen such as JEV, but that the adjuvant, carrier molecule, and administration route must be optimized for construction of an effective vaccine platform. (+info)
Investing in vaccines for developing countries: How public-private partnerships can confront neglected diseases.
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This commentary discusses the barrier of vaccine price on sustainable immunization programs in developing countries and offers examples of new mechanisms driven by public-private partnerships to overcome issues of affordability. These mechanisms include Advance Market Commitments with vaccine manufacturers, which take a demand-pull approach to ensure increased production of available vaccines or development of new vaccines for neglected diseases. A second approach applies a supply-push mechanism, such as technology transfer to developing-country manufacturers. A public-private partnership that set long-term, maximum public-sector pricing to increase access of a Japanese encephalitis vaccine for the developing world is highlighted. Lessons learned from this experience can be applied to address common obstacles to new vaccine introduction in resource-limited countries, including issues of affordability, manufacturing capacity, equity in access and quality assurance. (+info)
Vaccination for tropical mosquito borne encephalitis.
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Tropical mosquito borne encephalitis is an important condition in neurology. This bring public health burden for many countries. An important way to face up these infections is the vaccination. In this article, the author will detail and discuss on vaccination for two important tropical mosquito borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infection. (+info)
The rationale for integrated childhood meningoencephalitis surveillance: a case study from Cambodia.
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Japanese Encephalitis Among Three U.S. Travelers Returning from Asia, 2003-2008.
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a leading cause of encephalitis in Asia. The risk for Japanese encephalitis (JE) for most travelers is low, but varies by travel destination, duration, season, and activities. As part of routine surveillance and diagnostic testing, state health officials or clinicians send specimens from patients with unexplained encephalitis to CDC. To characterize the epidemiologic and clinical features of JE cases, CDC reviewed all laboratory-confirmed cases that occurred during 1992 (when a JE vaccine was first licensed in the United States) to 2008. Four cases were identified, including one previously reported. This report describes the three previously unpublished cases. All were Asian immigrants or family members who traveled to Asia to live or to visit friends or relatives and had not been vaccinated for JE. The three patients experienced fever with mental status changes, but JE was recognized early in the clinical course of only one patient. All recovered, but two patients had residual neurologic deficits. Travelers to Asia might be at increased risk for JE because of rural itineraries and lack of perceived risk. To protect against JE, travelers should seek medical advice on protective measures, including possible JE vaccination, well in advance of departure for Asia. While in Asia, travelers should use personal protective measures to reduce the risk for mosquito bites. Health-care providers should assess the risk for JE in travelers to Asia and provide appropriate preventive or supportive treatment measures. (+info)