A randomized study to decrease the use of potentially inappropriate medications among community-dwelling older adults in a southeastern managed care organization. (33/183)

BACKGROUND: Despite progress in describing the problem of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use, there have been few prospective studies demonstrating that interventions with specific medication criteria can make a difference in decreasing the use of problematic drugs in older adults. OBJECTIVE: To design an intervention study to change physician behavior regarding PIM prescribing to older patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective randomized block design was used during an 18-month period from January 2001 to June 2002. The study population was primary care physicians (n = 355) in the Medicare + Choice product line of a southeastern managed care organization and their patients 65 years and older. There were 170 physicians in the treatment group and 185 in the control group. Physicians were assigned to the treatment or usual-care, groups using a randomization table, and each group included physicians who had and had not prescribed a PIM. RESULTS: Approximately 71% (84/118) of the physicians in the intervention group who prescribed a PIM completed and faxed back at least 1 potentially inappropriate medication form to the managed care organization. On 15.4% (260/1692) of the medication forms, physicians made some change regarding PIM use. CONCLUSIONS: Although many studies have addressed medication use among older adults, intervention studies aimed at influencing physician prescribing in this population are limited. This study describes a low-cost, replicable method to contact and educate physicians on drug therapy issues in older adults.  (+info)

Clinical monograph for drug formulary review: erectile dysfunction agents. (34/183)

BACKGROUND: Significant advances in the pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction (ERD) have occurred in recent years, most notably the introduction of sildenafil, the first oral selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, in 1998. Sildenafil quickly gained acceptance by the medical community and the public because of its broad efficacy for different types of ERD and its ease of use. Two PDE5 inhibitors, vardenafil and tadalafil, have since joined sildenafil to compete in the ERD market. A review was conducted by the Drug Information Service of a pharmacy benefits manager (PBM) to determine the relative merits and place in therapy of commonly used ERD drugs as part of drug formulary management process and decision making by the Pharmacy & Therapeutics (P&T) committee. OBJECTIVE: To provide readers with a comprehensive clinical monograph on ERD drugs written from a managed care perspective. METHODS: The PBM clinical monograph is designed to provide health plans with an evidence-based review of drugs, therapeutic classes, and disease states with a managed care focus. For each therapeutic class or disease review, an extensive and thorough literature search of MEDLINE is conducted for efficacy, safety, effectiveness, and humanistic and economic data. Drug/disease-state databases (UptoDate online, MICROMEDEX), U.S. Food and Drug Administration clinical reviews, key Internet sites, medical/pharmacy-related news sites, clinical guidelines, and AMCP dossiers are also reviewed. Formulary drug monographs prepared by the Drug Information Service of the PBM include a critical analysis and summary of disease-oriented and patient-oriented clinical outcomes, effectiveness, and humanistic data. Additional data considered and included in the formulary review process are clinical attributes, patent expirations/generic competition, off-label or pending indications, and pharmacoeconomic data. RESULTS: Despite the lack of head-to-head comparative studies, all 3 PDE5 inhibitors appear to have equivalent efficacy in the treatment of general ERD and ERD associated with diabetes and postprostatectomy. Sildenafil has additional efficacy data in the management of ERD associated with spinal cord injury and antidepressant medications. Tadalafil has the longest duration of action (up to 36 hours); this feature can be both beneficial (greater sexual spontaneity) or possibly detrimental (greater exposure to drug, delayed adverse events). All 3 PDE5 inhibitors appear to be generally well tolerated and have similar contraindications and warnings. However, vardenafil is the only PDE5 inhibitor with a cardiac conduction precaution. Alprostadil products are recommended in current ERD guidelines as second-line therapy for those who have not responded or cannot take the oral PDE5 inhibitors. Overall, higher clinical efficacy rates are achieved with intracavernous than with transurethral administration. CONCLUSION: A large amount of clinical efficacy and safety data has been published since the market launch of sildenafil in 1998. Sildenafil has the greatest body of efficacy and safety evidence. No comparative studies have been conducted with any of the PDE5 inhibitors. Differences in study populations, primary end points, and measurement tools make comparisons difficult. However, all PDE5 inhibitors appear to be roughly equivalent in efficacy, with minor differences in adverse event profiles. Until more comparative data are available, economic considerations will be a significant factor in choosing ERD products for formulary inclusion.  (+info)

Personal digital assistant-based drug information sources: potential to improve medication safety. (35/183)

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the potential for personal digital assistant (PDA)-based drug information sources to minimize potential medication errors dependent on accurate and complete drug information at the point of care. METHODS: A quality and safety framework for drug information resources was developed to evaluate 11 PDA-based drug information sources. Three drug information sources met the criteria of the framework: Eprocrates Rx Pro, Lexi-Drugs, and mobileMICROMEDEX. Medication error types related to drug information at the point of care were then determined. Forty-seven questions were developed to test the potential of the sources to prevent these error types. Pharmacists and physician experts from Creighton University created these questions based on the most common types of questions asked by primary care providers. Three physicians evaluated the drug information sources, rating the source for each question: 1=no information available, 2=some information available, or 3 = adequate amount of information available. RESULTS: The mean ratings for the drug information sources were: 2.0 (Eprocrates Rx Pro), 2.5 (Lexi-Drugs), and 2.03 (mobileMICROMEDEX). Lexi-Drugs was significantly better (mobileMICROMEDEX t test; P=0.05; Eprocrates Rx Pro t test; P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Lexi-Drugs was found to be the most specific and complete PDA resource available to optimize medication safety by reducing potential errors associated with drug information. No resource was sufficient to address the patient safety information needs for all cases.  (+info)

Effects of electronic prescribing on formulary compliance and generic drug utilization in the ambulatory care setting: a retrospective analysis of administrative claims data. (36/183)

OBJECTIVE: Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) provides formulary information at the point of care. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of e-prescribing on formulary compliance and generic utilization. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of pharmacy claims data from a large national managed care organization. A sample of 95 providers using predominantly e-prescribing was randomly selected (e-prescriber group). A matched sample of 95 traditional prescribers was selected (traditional prescriber group), matched to the e-prescriber group by zip code and medical specialty. A total of 110,975 paid pharmacy claims, for the 12 months from August 1, 2001, through July 31, 2002, were analyzed to assess the effect of e-prescribing on formulary compliance and generic utilization. All paid pharmacy claims were examined for each group; for the e-prescriber group, this included all claims, not just those prescribed using an e-prescribing device. A written qualitative survey was distributed to physicians and office managers to assess e-prescribing usage, sources of formulary information, and effects of e-prescribing on office resources. RESULTS: Both predominantly e-prescribers and traditional prescribers demonstrated high levels of formulary compliance, 83.2% versus 82.8%, respectively (P=0.32). Formulary compliance for these groups did not differ from the overall prescriber population (82.0%). There was not a difference in generic drug utilization rates between e-prescribers and traditional prescribers (absolute rates 37.3% versus 36.9%, P=0.18). Qualitative survey responses supported previously reported research indicating reductions in calls both to and from pharmacies for prescription orders. CONCLUSIONS: An examination of paid pharmacy claims from a large, national managed care organization demonstrated no differences between predominantly e-prescribers and traditional prescribers in measures of formulary compliance or generic drug utilization. Future studies should examine keystroke data at the point of care to observe more detail about drug selection methods.  (+info)

Collection of medical drug information in pharmacies: Drug Event Monitoring (DEM) in Japan. (37/183)

To establish a system for collecting and reporting information from community pharmacists such as that on adverse effects, the Japan Pharmaceutical Association (JPA) conducts Drug Event Monitoring (DEM). In the fiscal year 2002, a survey was carried out to clarify the incidence of sleepiness due to antiallergic drugs. The investigated active ingredients were ebastine, fexofenadine hydrochloride, cetirizine hydrochloride, and loratadine. Community pharmacists asked the following question to patients who visited their pharmacies: "Have you ever become sleepy after taking this drug?" During a 4-week survey period, reports of 94256 cases were collected. To evaluate the incidence of sleepiness, we analyzed cases in which reports showed alleged absence of concomitant oral drugs, and drug use in conformity with the dose and method described in package inserts. The incidence of sleepiness was significantly different among the drugs (chi(2)-test, p<0.001). The observed incidences of sleepiness due to the drugs (8.8-20.5%) were higher than those described in each package insert (1.8-6.35%). This may be because an active question was used ("Have you ever become sleepy after taking this drug?"). Active intervention by pharmacists may be useful for collecting more information on improvement in the QOL of patients and safety. In addition, the pharmacists were asked to report events other than "sleepiness" in the free description column of the report. Some symptoms not described in the package inserts were reported, suggesting that DEM may lead to the discovery of new adverse effects. These results suggest that community pharmacists have a good opportunity to collect information in DEM, and safety information such as that on adverse effects can be obtained from pharmacies.  (+info)

Off-label prescribing to children: attitudes and experience of general practitioners. (38/183)

AIM: To identify experience with and attitudes towards paediatric off-label prescribing in primary care. METHOD: A prospective questionnaire survey was sent to a sample of Scottish primary care practices (346 doctors in 80 general practices located throughout Scotland). RESULTS: Two hundred and two (58%) completed questionnaires were returned. Over 70% of GPs admitted to being familiar with the concept, and 40% to knowingly prescribing off-label. The most important sources of paediatric prescribing information were the British National Formulary (81%), personal experience (71%) and previous prescription notes (45%). The most common reason given by GPs for off-label prescribing was prescribing for a younger age than recommended, although prescribing data confirm that age is the least important and dose the most important reason for such prescribing. When asked to comment upon different causes for off-label prescribing, 80% of respondents expressed appropriate awareness of and concern for the described scenarios. Over 97% of GPs ranked development of paediatric formulations and clearer dosage information more highly than clinical trials as a means to reducing off-label prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high levels of off-label prescribing in primary care in the UK, the majority of GPs claimed to be familiar with the concept, although less than half were aware of this common practice. A clear disparity between perceived and actual reasons for off-label prescribing was noted, possibly due to a reliance on personal experience, colleague experience or previous patient prescription notes as a guide to prescribing.  (+info)

Computational methods for the design of effective therapies against drug resistant HIV strains. (39/183)

The development of drug resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment of HIV infection. The extraordinary replication dynamics of HIV facilitates its escape from selective pressure exerted by the human immune system and by combination drug therapy. We have developed several computational methods whose combined use can support the design of optimal antiretroviral therapies based on viral genomic data.  (+info)

A review of the use of CAM therapy and the sources of accurate and reliable information. (40/183)

OBJECTIVE: To describe how pharmacists can answer the call by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies to become more involved in evaluating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and to suggest resources pharmacists can access to be better prepared to advise their patients about these therapies. SUMMARY: Information published by the IOM in January 2005 clearly indicates that the American public considers CAM therapies increasingly to be .conventional. lifestyle choices rather than .alternative. practices. Some managed care organizations (MCOs) have offered CAM services for at least 8 years, and one of the nation.s largest MCOs created a network of CAM providers in 2003 with a 30% discount on provider fees. Pharmacists report an increase in questions regarding the use of herbal products and dietary supplements. As experts in drug-drug interactions, there is the expectation that pharmacists are a source of information for drug-herb interactions. Yet some surveys show pharmacists are uncomfortable answering questions about these products because, although there is an increase in the integration of CAM and conventional medicine, there are few scientific studies available to guide the clinical decisions that are necessary. The Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) have increased funding of CAM research. There is a particular need for clinicians to become involved in assessing the safety and efficacy of these products. At least one health plan has created, through its pharmacy and therapeutics committee, a scientifically based, pocket-sized CAM guide that clinicians rated as somewhat to very helpful as a counseling aid. CONCLUSION: With the increasing volume of information on CAM aimed at consumers by the press, television, Internet, and other media, it is critical for pharmacists to remain current in their knowledge. Pharmacists should know what the IOM is saying about CAM and develop relationships with the CAM providers in their communities. Pharmacists should know what reliable information resources are available and be able to evaluate the literature to help patients and providers interpret what they read and hear. It is important for pharmacists to have access to and be involved in ongoing evaluation of CAM therapies being used by so many people.  (+info)