Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered questionnaire to determine dietary supplement users among Japanese.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reproducibility and validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine the dietary supplement use. DESIGN: Questionnaire data were compared with dietary records (DR) in four 7 day periods for validity. FFQ1 and FFQ2 administered at an interval of approximately one year were compared for reproducibility. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A total of 361 samples were selected for a validation study of a questionnaire from the subgroup of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study on cancer and cardiovascular disease (JPHC Study) cohort II. Categories of dietary supplements in the FFQ were 'multivitamins', 'beta-carotene', 'vitamin C', 'vitamin E', and 'other supplements'. For each category, inquiries were made as to the brand name, frequency and duration of use. A dietary supplement user was defined as a subject who used a dietary supplement one or more times a week for a year or longer. RESULTS: Prevalence of overall supplement use was 10.9%. Percentage agreement between FFQ1 and FFQ2 was 91.7%. Sensitivity and specificity of supplement use by FFQ were 80.6% and 89.2%, respectively. Sensitivity was high for 'vitamin C'. When the self-reported categories were corrected, sensitivity for 'multivitamins' and 'vitamin E' improved. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ on dietary supplements used for the JPHC 5 y follow-up survey was valid to determine overall use and well-defined dietary supplement use such as vitamin C. Categories must be corrected when determining multivitamin and 'vitamin E'. (+info)
Results from two repeated 5 day dietary records with a 1 y interval among patients with colorectal polyps.
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BACKGROUND: Dietary factors are known to be associated with initiation and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), and also with CRC's major precursor, the colorectal polyp. In long-term intervention studies on colorectal polyps, dietary changes may therefore affect potential effects of the study intervention. OBJECTIVE: To examine potential dietary changes among polyp-patients randomly selected from a 3 y intervention study after 1 y. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Of 116 polyp-bearing out-patients (50% men), aged 50-76 y, who participated in the double-blind 3 y placebo-controlled endoscopic follow-up and intervention study against growth and recurrence of polyps, 30 patients were randomised (strata: sex, age and polyp size) to perform a repeated 5 day dietary record by weighing after 1 y. The patients received a daily mixture of vitamin C (150 mg), alpha-tocopherol (75 mg), beta-carotene (15 mg), selenium (101 microg) and calcium (1.6 g) or placebo (lactose) for a period of 3 y with annual colonoscopic examinations and polyps size measurements to test if the mixture was able to reduce polyp growth and recurrence. Polyps of >9 mm were removed, whereas the remainders and new discoveries of polyps <9 mm were left in situ until the end of the study. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients agreed to perform the repeated 5 day dietary record, and 86% performed the second record within 48-58 weeks after the first record. The results showed that, with the exception of vitamin D, milk and milk products, no significant differences were found between the two records. The median value of the Spearman's correlation coefficient for energy and energy-yielding nutrients was 0.66, for vitamins and minerals 0.58, and for foods 0.58. Individual differences between the records were found for most variables, but most of these were negligible. CONCLUSION: After 1 y, no major dietary changes were found which could be associated with a changed susceptibly for malignancy, and thereby affect potential effects of the study intervention. We may thus suggest that a potential changed susceptibility towards growth and recurrence of polyps, is due to the specific intervention, and not due to other major dietary changes. (+info)
Relationship of maternal protein turnover and lean body mass during pregnancy and birth length.
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Epidemiological evidence shows that small size at birth is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adult life. We have examined the relationships between size at birth and maternal body composition and protein turnover in normal pregnant women. A group of 27 multiparous Caucasian women with singleton pregnancies were studied at around 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. Body composition was determined by anthropometry, and whole-body protein turnover was estimated by using a single oral dose of [(15)N]glycine and the end-product method. The baby's weight and length were measured within 48 h of birth. Mothers with a greater lean body mass had higher rates of protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation. This association was largely accounted for by differences in the mother's visceral, rather than muscle, mass. Mothers who had higher protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation had babies that were longer at birth. After adjustment for the duration of gestation and the baby's sex, 26% of the variation in length at birth was accounted for by maternal protein synthesis at 18 weeks' gestation. Maternal protein intake was not associated with the baby's birth length. Thus the mother's ability to nourish her fetus is influenced by her body composition and her rate of protein turnover. Dietary intake does not adequately characterize this ability. (+info)
Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in a population based prospective cohort of Swedish women.
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BACKGROUND: The presumed protective effect of coffee consumption on colorectal cancer, which is supported by case control studies, has not been confirmed in prospective cohort studies. Cohort studies are few in number however and often suffer from a small number of cases, limited attention to confounding variables, and a low percentage of heavy coffee drinkers. METHODS: We examined data from a large population based cohort of Swedish women who were free from cancer at the start of follow up, with a wide range of coffee consumption, information on many potentially confounding variables, and a larger number of cases than any previous cohort study of coffee consumption and colorectal cancer. RESULTS: During an average of 9.6 years of follow up of 61 463 women aged 40-74 years, we observed 460 incident cases of colorectal cancer (291 with colon cancer, 159 with rectal cancer, 10 with cancer at both sites). We found no association between coffee consumption and colorectal cancer risk. The risk ratio for drinking four or more cups per day compared with none was 1.04 (95% confidence interval 0.63-1.69; p for trend 0.84). The findings were similar for cancers of the distal and proximal colon and rectum. CONCLUSIONS: The recently published affirmative conclusions regarding the protective effect of coffee consumption may be premature. For patients seeking advice about coffee consumption, the evidence suggests that moderate or even high consumption will probably not influence the risk of colorectal cancer. (+info)
Urinary calcium excretion in enterally fed disabled children.
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The urine calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) ratio was measured in 17 enterally tube fed disabled children. Urine Ca/Cr ratios were inversely related to dietary calcium intake in immobile children (r = -0.57, p < 0.05) but not in those who were able to stand or walk (mobile children) (r = 0.4, p = 0.51). None of the subjects had evidence of nephrocalcinosis or renal calculi detectable by renal ultrasonography. (+info)
Validity of DISHES 98, a computerised dietary history interview: energy and macronutrient intake.
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relative validity of a computerised dietary history instrument (DISHES 98). SETTINGS: Munich and Berlin. SUBJECTS: A total of 148 persons aged 19-59 y recruited from two research centres. DESIGN: A relative validation study. Energy and macronutrient intakes obtained with DISHES 98 were compared to those assessed with 3-day weighed dietary records and with a 24 h dietary recall. RESULTS: Intakes of energy, total, saturated and monounsaturated fat, polysaccharides and alcohol were significantly higher and intake of dietary fibre was significantly lower with the 3-day records than with DISHES 98. For intakes of total, animal and vegetable protein, total carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides and cholesterol the mean difference between DISHES 98 and the 3-day dietary records was less than 5% of the intake with DISHES 98. Pearson's correlation coefficients between DISHES 98 and 3-day records varied from 0.34 for intake of polyunsaturated fat to 0.69 for intake of disaccharides and from 0.27 for polyunsaturated fat to 0.65 for total carbohydrates between DISHES 98 and the 24 h recall. The proportion of participants classified into the same or adjacent quintile of intake varied between 66.9% for polyunsaturated fat and 90.4% for alcohol comparing DISHES 98 and 3-day records and between 60.2% for polyunsaturated fat and 78.4% for total carbohydrates comparing DISHES 98 and 24 h recalls. CONCLUSION: The observed differences between DISHES 98 and the other methods are in an acceptable range for assessing dietary intake in epidemiologic studies. (+info)
Dietary plant sterols alter the serum plant sterol concentration but not the cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations in young children (the STRIP Study). Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.
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Plant sterol supplementation reduces serum cholesterol concentration but may increase serum plant sterol concentrations, especially in children. We determined whether natural dietary plant sterols derived mainly from vegetable oil or margarine in early childhood affect serum concentrations of plant sterols (campesterol and sitosterol) and cholesterol precursor sterols (Delta-8 cholestenol, desmosterol, and lathosterol), reflecting endogenous cholesterol synthesis. We measured the serum sterol concentrations using gas liquid chromatography in 20 healthy 13-mo-old intervention children in a randomized, prospective study designed to decrease exposure of the children to known environmental atherosclerosis risk factors and in 20 control children. The diet of the intervention children was rich in plant sterols due to replacement of milk fat with vegetable fat, whereas the diet of the control children contained only small amounts of plant sterols. The intervention children consumed twice as much plant sterols as the control children (P < 0.001). Their serum concentrations of campesterol and sitosterol were 75% and 44% higher, respectively, than those in the control children (P < 0.001 for both), but serum cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that doubling dietary plant sterol intake almost doubles serum plant sterol concentrations in 13-mo-old children, but has no effect on endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Relative intestinal absorption of natural plant sterols from the diet in early childhood is similar to that in adults. (+info)
Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia.
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BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies show an inverse relation between nut consumption and coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of walnut intake on plasma fatty acids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein subclasses in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. DESIGN: Participants sequentially adhered to the following diets: 1) a habitual diet (HD), 2) a habitual diet plus walnuts (HD+W), 3) a low-fat diet (LFD), and 4) a low-fat diet plus walnuts (LFD+W). RESULTS: In 13 postmenopausal women and 5 men ( +/- SD age 60 +/- 8 y), walnut supplementation did not increase body weight despite increased energy intake and the LFD caused weight loss (1.3 +/- 0.5 kg; P < 0.01). When comparing the HD with the HD+W, linoleic acid concentrations increased from 29.94 +/- 1.14% to 36.85 +/- 1.13% and alpha-linolenic acid concentrations increased from 0.78 +/- 0.04% to 1.56 +/- 0.11%. During the LFD+W, plasma total cholesterol concentrations decreased by 0.58 +/- 0.16 mmol/L when compared with the HD and by 0.46 +/- 0.14 mmol/L when compared with the LFD. LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased by 0.46 +/- 0.15 mmol/L when compared with the LFD. Measurements of lipoprotein subclasses and particle size suggested that walnut supplementation lowered cholesterol preferentially in small LDL (46.1 +/- 1.9% compared with 33.4 +/- 4.3%, HD compared with HD+W, respectively; P < 0.01). HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased from 1.27 +/- 0.07 mmol/L during the HD to 1.14 +/- 0.07 mmol/L during the HD+W and to 1.11 +/- 0.08 mmol/L during the LFD. The decrease was seen primarily in the large HDL particles. CONCLUSIONS: Walnut supplementation may beneficially alter lipid distribution among various lipoprotein subclasses even when total plasma lipids do not change. This may be an additional mechanism underlying the antiatherogenic properties of nut intake. (+info)