Technical Note: Improved technique for fitting pigs with steered ileocecal valve cannulas. (9/43)

Collection of ileal digesta to evaluate AA digestibilities has become increasingly important in swine nutrition research. Steered ileocecal valve cannulation of pigs permits total collection of ileal digesta, while still allowing normal digesta flow during noncollection periods. This technique was modified and used with 64 crossbred barrows in five trials. Our procedural changes included preoperative i.v. administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, sharp incision through the muscle layers of the laparotomy wound, use of a heparinized saline lavage solution, replacement of the guide ring with a stylette, and fixing the outer cannula barrel in place with a hose clamp. The current technique involves a right flank laparotomy, parallel and distal to the last rib, with the pig under general anesthesia. A stainless-steel ring (inner ring = 2.0 mm thick, 35.0 mm i.d.) is introduced into the ileal lumen through an enterotomy proximal to the origin of the ileocecal fold. A nylon string attached to this ring is threaded through the ileum and ileocecal valve into the cecum using a silastic stylette, which encases the string. A second stainless-steel ring (outer ring = 2.0 mm thick, 34 mm o.d.) is fixed in place around the ileum, distal to the inner ring and just proximal to the ileocecal valve. A polyurethane cannula barrel (barrel = 100 mm long, 26 mm i.d., 32 mm o.d.; flange = 70 mm o.d.) is introduced into the cecal lumen via an enterotomy through the lateral cecal band and secured in place with two purse-string sutures. The cannula is exteriorized through an incision caudal and proximal to the intial laparotomy site, where it is plugged using a cylindrical stopper (26 mm o.d., 55 mm long) and held in place by a second cannula barrel (barrel = 43 mm length, 33 mm i.d., 41 mm o.d.; flange = 80 mm o.d.). Procedural changes decreased postsurgical complications, as evidenced by decreased seepage around the cannula and fewer and less severe adhesions noted at necropsy. Based on five trials, this technique is a reliable means of collecting ileal digesta for nutrient analyses.  (+info)

Lysine clonixinate vs naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. (10/43)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The process of inflammation is crucial in migraine, and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Despite their efficacy, the routine use of NSAIDs is limited by side effects as well as incomplete efficacy in some patients. Among the available options, lysine clonixinate (LC) and naproxen sodium (NS) have proved effective in migraine. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral formulations of LC and NS in the treatment of moderate or severe migraine attacks, with a double-blind, crossover design. METHODS: Seventy subjects (62 women, 8 men) between ages 18 and 71 years (mean age, 41) with migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society were prospectively enrolled. The patients were randomized into 2 groups and each participant treated 2 migraine attacks. Group 1 treated the first attack with LC and the second attack with NS. Group 2 treated 2 attacks in a counterbalanced order. Doses were 250 mg of LC or 550 mg of NS, which were encapsulated for equal appearance. Headache intensity, nausea, photophobia, and side effects were evaluated at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours after drug administration. Rescue drugs were allowed after 2 hours for those who didn't respond, and this was also compared between groups. RESULTS: Sixty patients (54 women, 6 men) completed the study. At 1 hour, 13.6% patients who used LC were pain-free compared with 11.9% who used NS (P = .78). At 2 hours, 35.6% patients who took LC and 32.2% who took NS were pain-free (P = .69). At baseline, 52.5% of the patients randomized to group 1 reported nausea, compared with 33.9% in group 2, and both drugs eliminated nausea: At both 1 hour and 2 hours, nausea diminished significantly for those taking LC, but only after 2 hours for those who took NS (P < .0001). Both drugs eliminated photophobia at 1 hour and 2 hours; however, LC was superior to NS in reducing photophobia at 2 hours (P = .027). Ten patients who took LC and 8 who took NS required rescue drugs after 2 hours. Twelve patients who used LC and 16 who took NS reported side effects. COMMENTS: Although this study did not include a placebo arm, which impairs any definitive efficacy claims, we found LC and NS to be similarly effective and well tolerated in patients presenting moderate or severe attacks of migraine.  (+info)

Effects of flunixin meglumine and transportation on establishment of pregnancy in beef cows. (11/43)

Objectives of these studies were to determine the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) administration on early embryonic mortality and circulating PG and cortisol concentrations in transported and non-transported cows. Cows (n = 483) from 3 locations were used to evaluate the effects of transportation and FM approximately 14 d after AI on the establishment of pregnancy and serum concentrations of progesterone, PGF metabolite (PGFM), and cortisol. Treatments were transport (n = 129), transport + FM (n = 128), no transport (n = 130), and no transport + FM (n = 96). Multiparous cows (n = 224) were used at 2 locations, and nulliparous cows (n = 259) were used at 1 location. The no transport + FM treatment was used at only 2 locations. Flunixin meglumine (approximately 1.1 mg/kg of BW; i.m.) was administered before the cows were separated into transportation groups. Transportation included 4 to 6 h of transportation, without calves, via semitractor trailer. Nontransported cows remained penned, with their calves in adjacent pens, during the same period as the transported cows. Blood samples were collected from all cows before and after treatment and, at 2 locations, approximately 3 h after the onset of treatment. Location affected AI pregnancy rate (P < 0.01). Treatment effects, although not significant (P = 0.16), were of a magnitude to be considered practically important. Cows that received transportation + FM tended (P = 0.07) to have greater AI pregnancy rates (74%) than those that did not receive FM (66%), irrespective of transportation. Cortisol concentration was greater (P < 0.05) for transported cows than for nontransported cows. Cows receiving FM had greater (P < 0.05) AI pregnancy rates than non-FM cows (71 vs. 61%, respectively). Cows receiving transportation had lower (P < 0.01) mean PGFM concentrations than nontransported cows (45.4 vs. 54.6 pg/mL, respectively), and cows receiving FM had lower (P < 0.01) mean PGFM concentrations than non-FM cows (39.4 vs. 60.6, respectively). We conclude that transportation of cows approximately 14 d after AI increased serum cortisol concentrations but did not affect AI pregnancy rates. However, treatment of cows with FM increased AI pregnancy rates, irrespective of whether they were transported.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetic interactions of flunixin meglumine and enrofloxacin in ICR mice. (12/43)

We examined the pharmacokinetic interactions of enrofloxacin and flunixin in male ICR mice that were subcutaneously (SC) administered with both or either one of the drugs. The experiments were performed on the following three groups: flunixin alone (2 mg/kg, SC), combination of flunixin (2 mg/kg, SC) and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg, SC), and enrofloxacin alone (10 mg/kg, SC). Blood samples were collected at 5, 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the drug administration, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin and enrofloxacin were evaluated from the plasma drug concentrations. Significant changes were detected in the pharmacokinetics of flunixin following its coadministration with enrofloxacin. Coadministration of flunixin and enrofloxacin resulted in a 41% increase of the area under the curve (AUC) and a 53% extension of the terminal half-life of flunixin; moreover, flunixin attained the maximum plasma drug concentration 2.75 times faster than when administered alone. The terminal rate constant and the maximum plasma drug concentration showed significant decreases of 34% and 33%, respectively, following the coadministration of enrofloxacin and flunixin as compared to those following the administration of flunixin alone. In contrast, no significant difference in the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin was detected following its coadministration with flunixin, as compared to those following the administration of enrofloxacin alone. Following the administration of enrofloxacin alone or its coadministration with flunixin, the plasma level of ciprofloxacin, the metabolite of enrofloxacin, was very low or undetectable. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of flunixin in ICR mice are altered by the coadministration of flunixin and enrofloxacin.  (+info)

Assessment of post-laparotomy pain in laboratory mice by telemetric recording of heart rate and heart rate variability. (13/43)

BACKGROUND: Pain of mild to moderate grade is difficult to detect in laboratory mice because mice are prey animals that attempt to elude predators or man by hiding signs of weakness, injury or pain. In this study, we investigated the use of telemetry to identify indicators of mild-to-moderate post-laparotomy pain. RESULTS: Adult mice were subjected to laparotomy, either combined with pain treatment (carprofen or flunixin, 5 mg/kg s/c bid, for 1 day) or without pain relief. Controls received anesthesia and analgesics or vehicle only. Telemetrically measured locomotor activity was undisturbed in all animals, thus confirming that any pain experienced was of the intended mild level. No symptoms of pain were registered in any of the groups by scoring the animals' outer appearance or spontaneous and provoked behavior. In contrast, the group receiving no analgesic treatment after laparotomy demonstrated significant changes in telemetry electrocardiogram recordings: increased heart rate and decreased heart rate variability parameters pointed to sympathetic activation and pain lasting for 24 hours. In addition, core body temperature was elevated. Body weight and food intake were reduced for 3 and 2 days, respectively. Moreover, unstructured cage territory and destroyed nests appeared for 1-2 days in an increased number of animals in this group only. In controls these parameters were not affected. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, real-time telemetric recordings of heart rate and heart rate variability were indicative of mild-to-moderate post-laparotomy pain and could define its duration in our mouse model. This level of pain cannot easily be detected by direct observation.  (+info)

Lysine clonixinate versus dipyrone (metamizole) for the acute treatment of severe migraine attacks: a single-blind, randomized study. (14/43)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are effective to treat migraine attacks. Lysine clonixinate (LC) and dipyrone (metamizol) have been proven effective to treat acute migraine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the intravenous formulations of LC and dipyrone in the treatment of severe migraine attacks. METHOD: Thirty patients (28 women, 2 men), aged 18 to 48 years with migraine according the International Headache Society (IHS) (2004) were studied. The patients were randomized into 2 groups when presenting to an emergency department with a severe migraine attack. The study was single-blind. Headache intensity, nausea, photophobia and side effects were evaluated at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the drug administration. Rectal indomethacin as rescue medication (RM) was available after 2 hours and its use compared between groups. RESULTS: All patients completed the study. At 30 minutes, 0% of the dipyrone group 13% of the LC group were pain free (p=0.46). At 60 and 90 minutes, 2 (13%) and 5 (33%) patients from the dipyrone group and 11 (73%) and 13 (86.7%) patients from the LC group were pain free (p<0.001). At 60 minutes, significantly more patients from the LC group were nausea-free (p<0.001). Regarding photophobia, there were no differences between groups at 60 minutes (p=0.11). The use of RM at 2 hours did not differ among groups (p=0.50). Pain in the site of the injection was reported by more patients of the LC group compared to the dipyrone group (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: LC is significantly superior to dipyrone in treating severe migraine attacks. LC promotes significantly more burning at the site of the injection.  (+info)

Analgesic efficacy of lysine clonixinate, paracetamol and dipyrone in lower third molar extraction: a randomized controlled trial. (15/43)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the analgesic effect of lysine clonixinate, paracetamol and dipyrone after lower third molar extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 90 individuals with clinical indication for inferior third molar extraction. The mean age of the sample was 22.3 years (DP +/-2.5). The individuals received the medication in unidentified bottles along with the intake instructions. The postoperative pain parameters were measured according to the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) and the data was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Friedman Test, with the latter used to test different time intervals for each one of the drugs. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 64 individuals, including 23 males (45.9%) and 41 females (64.1%) The mean age of the entire sample was 22.3 years (+/-2.5). The average length of the procedures was 33.9 minutes (+/-9.8). The distribution of mean values for this variable showed little variance for the different drugs (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Lysine Clonixinate did not show any substantial impact on the postoperative pain control when compared to other drugs.  (+info)

The behavioral assessment and alleviation of pain associated with castration in beef calves treated with flunixin meglumine and caudal lidocaine epidural anesthesia with epinephrine. (16/43)

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of flunixin megulmine in combination with caudal epidural anesthesia as a postoperative analgesic in beef calves following surgical castration, and 2) to consider stride length and pedometry as potential behavioral assessment tools for detecting postcastration pain. Surgical castration was performed in 101 beef calves randomly assigned to 3 treatment subgroups: 1) castration without anesthesia (SURG); 2) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia (SURG + EPI); 3) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia and flunixin meglumine (SURG + EPI + F). Several outcomes, including pedometer counts, changes in stride length, subjective visual assessment of pain, instantaneous scan sampling of the calves' postoperative activities, and the amount of movement and vocalization during the castration procedure, were measured to identify and quantify pain. The results indicated that stride length and the number of steps taken by calves after castration appear to be good measures of pain. Significant differences found between treatment groups for stride length and visual assessments suggest that flunixin meglumine can be considered to provide visible pain relief up to 8 hours postcastration.  (+info)